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Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) affects nursery and growing pigs, and is characterized by wasting, failure to thrive, pale skin, respiratory distress, diarrhoea and sometimes jaundice. Macroscopic findings are aspecific, but lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid tissues is one of the histological hallmarks [Vet. Q. 24 (2002) 109]. Spontaneous cases of PMWS were studied to evaluate proliferative activity and apoptosis as mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cell depletion in lymph nodes. The presence of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genome in the processed material was confirmed by in situ hybridization (ISH). The lymph node pattern of depletion was graded as initial, intermediate or final stage according to histological criteria in 10 superficial inguinal nodes from piglets with PMWS which died spontaneously or were slaughtered by euthanasia. The apoptotic and proliferative fraction were investigated by monoclonal antibody MIB1 immunohistochemistry and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-nick end labeling) methods, respectively, and compared to three normal cases. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparison between the MIB1 index (number of positive cells per 100 nuclei) in controls and PMWS cases revealed a decrease of proliferation in both lymphoid and medulla-like tissues in the initial group (respectively, P=0.0017 and 0.024) but not in the intermediate (respectively, P=0.25 and 0.88) or final (respectively, P=0.47 and 0.81) cohorts. The apoptotic index (number of apoptosis/apoptotic bodies in 100 cells) revealed a statistically significant decrease only in the initial group (one-way ANOVA P=0.05). The proliferation/apoptosis ratio (MIB1/APO ratio) assessed to determine cell turnover disclosed a significant decrease of cell turnover from initial to final PMWS cases (Spearman’s rank test: P=0.027). Decreased cell proliferation and not increased apoptosis seems to be the most important variable leading to cell depletion in PMWS lymphoid tissues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]