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Submersion is a clinical term describing a tooth depressed below the occlusal plane. In this case report, we present the treatment of a patient who had totally submerged primary maxillary second molar, which caused impaction of the second premolar and space loss in the maxillary arch due to tipping of adjacent teeth. A 12-year-old girl was referred to the pediatric dentistry clinic. The intra-oral examination revealed that right maxillary second primary molar was localized buccal side of posterior maxillary alveolar process, being almost completely covered by gingiva and adjacent teeth inclined closing the space of the related teeth completely. Periapical radiograph demonstrated that maxillary second premolar was impacted. Based on clinical and radiographic findings, maxillary primary second molar was extracted. Headgear was used for the distalization of maxillary right first molar in order to create space for the impacted second premolar. Eruption begun spontaneously 6 months later.

District heating and cooling (DHC) systems are gaining importance due to their ability to integrate renewable and waste heat sources and connect with other infrastructures. However, the complexity of DHC systems rises as technical components and potential interactions grow, and energy demands increase. Heat transportation via water flow involves time- and temperature-dependent changes based on mass flow rates and heat losses, influenced by the dynamic properties of consumers and distribution pipes. To optimise DHC operations and simulate their complexities, dynamic modelling tools are necessary. However, dynamically simulating large-scale DHC networks are computationally demanding. One method to improve district heating networks (DHNs) is to replace dynamic pipe models with static models, simplifying the network's topological complexities. This paper proposes a framework for simulating DHNs using the NetworkX Python package to create and manipulate complex networks and the Modelica environment to simulate physical systems. The study highlights the constraints of the pipe replacement workflow due to its dependence on seasonal variation. The findings indicate that replacing pipe models can reduce CPU time by 30% to 65% in simulations, depending on the required accuracy during the summer season.

Purpose: We suggested that polymorphic differences affect the performance of cyclists. In this study we designed the experiment to identify collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) rs1800012 polymorphism in cyclists. Methods: We isolated genomic DNA from buccal epithelial cells of 38 cyclists. We followed COL1A1 rs1800012 single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping technology protocol. We reported allele frequencies for rs1800012 gene variants of cyclists in our kohort. Results: Our results indicated the differences of the distribution of COL1A1 rs1800012 SNP between cyclists. The numbers and percentages of CC, AC and AA genotypes for rs1800012 polymorphism that we obtained were 24 (63%), 13 (34%) and 1 (3%), respectively. The distributions of C and A alleles were counted as 61 (80%) and 15 (20%). Conclusions: There was difference in the genotype and also allele distribution between cyclists. Carriers of a C allele as compared to carriers of the allele A are more prone to cyclism. Larger homogenous cohorts may help clarify the association between COL1A1 rs1800012 polymorphism and physical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:A functional polymorphism on the 16th exon of the alpha-actinin-3 gene has an effect on the protein structure and cellular signaling and therefore on muscle contraction. In this study, we aimed to analyze the alpha-actinin-3 rs1815739 polymorphism in 3-dimensional malocclusions and different craniofacial skeletal patterns.Methods: Forty-nine volunteering subjects enrolled for the study. Genotyping of alpha-actinin-3 rs1815739 polymorphism was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Pre-orthodontic cephalometric radiographs were traced using NemoTech cephalometric tracing software. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows was utilized to carry out statistical analysis. P < .05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: The respective numbers and the percentages of alpha-actinin-3 rs1815739 polymorphisms for RR, RX, and XX genotypes were 39 (79.6%), 4 (8.2%), and 6 (12.2%), respectively. Twenty-one patients had low angle vertical patterns and 17 patients had Class I and the same number of the patients had Class III facial patterns. But none of these had statistically significant difference in terms of alpha-actinin-3 rs1815739 polymorphism and in vertical or sagittal facial patterns, and mandibular incisor inclination. When we examined the maxillary anteroposterior position, we found a significant difference between rs1815739 polymorphisms (P < .05). Also, we detected a significant difference between rs1815739 polymorphism and maxillary incisor inclination (P < .05).Conclusion: Maxillary incisor inclination and maxillary anteroposterior position are associated with alpha-actinin-3 rs1815739 polymorphism in a Turkish cohort.

According to the literature, the genetic makeup of athletes contributes to their athletic performance. Athletic performance depends on genetic and environmental factors relating to the athlete. The study of sports genetics includes extensive research into identifying genes that affect athletic performance. Psychological factors affect athletic performance and so dopamine contributes to the determination of that performance. One of the neurotransmitters of the dopaminergic system is dopamine, which affects the athlete mentally and psychologically. The dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) rs1800497 polymorphism affects the brain’s dopaminergic system and athletic performance. This study aimed to determine the genotype and allele distributions of the DRD2 rs180047 polymorphism in football players and compare them with the control group. For this purpose, 21 football players were enrolled in our study. Genotyping was performed by PCR after DNAs were isolated from buccal epithelial cells. When we examined the genotype distributions, the AG and GG were found as 5 (24%) and 16 (76%), respectively. No AA genotype was found for DRD2. When allelic distributions were examined in the athlete group, the A allele was counted as 5 (12%) and the G allele as 37 (88%). In our study cohort, the DRD2 rs1800497 polymorphism was found to be dominated by the GG genotype and the G allele. We believe that the DRD2 A allele is associated with addiction and thus with athletic performance. However, more studies with athletes from different branches are needed to reveal the effect of DRD2 rs1800497 polymorphism on athletic performance.

Purpose: Trauma care poses many challenges in small hospitals in rural settings. This report was designed to assess the role of a rural general surgeon with trauma patients. Methods: A cohort study was designed using a retrospective analysis of a cohort at Bozkır Community Hospital that included trauma patients admitted to the emergency department between June 2007 and May 2009. The patients of group 1 were those treated during the first year of the study period, when the hospital staff was only non-specialist physicians. In the second year, a general surgeon was added to the staff, and the patients from this period constituted group 2. Results: The top three leading causes of injuries were falls (46.5 %), piercing/cutting injuries (38.2 %), and assault (6.5 %). The frequency of trauma due to falls was higher in group 1, and assault and piercing/cutting injuries were higher in group 2 ( p < 0.001 for each). The percentage of discharged and transferred patients was not significantly different between groups ( p = 0.065 and p = 0.082, respectively). Similar mortality rates were also detected (group 1: 0.5 %, group 2: 0.3 %, p = 0.479). Conclusions: The presence of a solo general surgeon was not found to be adequate for improving the outcome for trauma patients in a rural hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Psoriasis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease frequently associated with serious comorbidities. Objectives To investigate the systemic inflammatory burden in psoriasis and to assess the correlation between traditional and novel inflammatory markers and the severity of the disease. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 50 healthy volunteers. Data including demographics, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores, and laboratory results were analyzed and compared. Results Compared with the control group, the psoriatic patients had significantly higher high sensitive C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leukocyte, neutrophil, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio, and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and significantly lower HDL cholesterol levels (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in procalcitonin, lymphocyte, monocyte, hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width, platelet, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, glucose, alanine aminotransaminase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels between the two groups (p > 0.05). The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score was positively correlated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and monocyte to HDL cholesterol ratio, and negatively correlated with lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (p < 0.05). Study limitations This was a single-center study with relatively limited numbers of patients and controls. Conclusions The data show that high sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte to HDL cholesterol ratio can be used as markers of systemic inflammation in patients with psoriasis. Moreover, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, monocyte to HDL cholesterol ratio and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio are closely related to the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score, and they may be regarded as objective indicators in determining the disease severity.

Amaç: D vitamini kasların gelişmesinde, kasılmasında ve rejenerasyonunda görev alan önemli bir moleküldür. Çalışmamızda profesyonel Türk atletlerde D vitamin reseptör (VDR) Fok1 (rs 2228570) ve Bsm1 (rs1544410) polimorfizmlerinin dağılımını araştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntem: Çalışmamıza 13 kadın ve 14 erkek atlet olmak üzere 27 sporcu katılmıştır. DNA izolasyonları sonrasında D vitamini reseptörü polimorfizmleri gerçek zamanlı PZR (RT-PCR) metodu ile saptanmıştır. Bulgular: Fok1 polimorfizmi açısından atletlerin 12’si CC, 5’i CT ve 10’u ise TT genotipindedir. Kadın atletlerin 6’sı CC, 2’si CT ve 5’i ise TT genotipinde bulunmuştur. Erkek atletlerde 6 sporcu CC, 3 sporcu CT ve 5 sporcu ise TT genotipindedir. Bsm1 polimorfizmi için 9 atlet AA, 14'ü AG, 4’ü ise GG genotipindedir. Kadın atletlerin 3’ü AA, 8’i AG ve 2’si GG genotipindedir. Erkek atletlerin 6’sı AA, 6’sı AG ve 2’si GG genotipinde saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Çalışma grubumuzda Fok1 polimorfizmi için CC genotipi ve C allelinin, Bsm1 içinde AG genotipinin ve A allelinin baskın olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın VDR geninin atletik performansa etkisinin araştırılması için yapılacak yeni çalışmalar için referans olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

Background: The most commonly preferred treatment method for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease is surgery. Peroperative and postoperative hemorrhages may develop frequently because of the increased vascularity of the region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adrenalin, a potent vasoconstrictor agent, on pilonidal sinus operations in comparison to a control group. Methods: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical study was designed and 51 patients with symptomatic, uncomplicated pilonidal disease were included (44 males and 7 females; mean age 24.5, range 16–44 years). Adrenalin 0.1 mg with 10 ml 0.9% NaCl (1/100,000 dilution) was injected through the incision tracts to all layers and the base of the incision area in group 1 (n = 21). The same process was applied to group 2 (n = 21) with 10 ml physiological serum solution. Then, after removal of the sinus and its tracks, a suction-type drain was placed in the pouch in all cases and the incision was primarily closed. Peroperative and postoperative hemorrhage, and operation time were accepted as the evaluation criteria. Cases were followed for 6 months postoperatively. Results: The amount of peroperative hemorrhage was 6.5 ± 3.5 ml in group 1 and 17.5 ± 9.5 ml in group 2 (p < 0.001). The postoperative hemorrhage was 11 ± 7.5 ml in group 1 and 13.5 ± 6 ml in group 2 (p > 0.05). The operation time was 14 ± 5 min in group 1 and 22 ± 8.5 min in group 2 (p < 0.05). No reactionary hemorrhage, hematoma or recurrence was seen during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Adrenalin injection is quite effective to decrease peroperative bleeding and operation time, but it does not decrease postoperative bleeding and the need for a drain. Copyright © 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

May liver transaminases substitute for computed tomography in evaluation of blunt liver injury? B Background: b Although computed tomography (CT) has become the standard diagnostic modality for patients with blunt liver trauma, it is costly and Results in a marked increase in radiation exposure. B Methods: b Transaminase levels of all patients with blunt abdominal trauma admitted to our clinic from 2009 to 2014 were analysed, and compared to radiological findings and final outcome. [Extracted from the article]

B Background: b Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an important therapeutic tool in patients with hepato-pancreatobiliary diseases. Complication rate in patients 70 years and older was 32.2 % (n=10) compared to 35.3 % in patients younger than 70 (n= 18) (p >0.05). [Extracted from the article]

B Background: b Hydatid cysts are caused by Echinococcus granulosus and commonly located in lungs and liver. In this case report, we aim to present a rare pancreatic hydatid cyst causing sinistral hypertension. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed 100x76 mm smooth bordered cystic lesion containing septations in the body and tail of the pancreas compressing the splenic artery and vein causing sinistral portal hypertension. [Extracted from the article]