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Background and Aims: Assessment of the severity of substance use disorders (SUDs) in a culture-sensitive manner can help gauge the current condition of the substance user and assess change with time. The present study aimed to develop a scale for the assessment of the severity of SUDs in the Indian clinical context. Methods: Based upon the review of literature on previously available instruments and a consultative meeting of experts, a clinician-rated scale was developed that finally comprised 41 items. A briefer 5-item scale with current and lifetime versions was also developed. The scales were applied to patients with SUDs at six different clinical sites. Results: The instrument was applied to 720 patients (98.2% males, mean age: 34.6 years). The Cronbach's alpha of the full scale was 0.852. The inter-rater reliability Pearson correlation coefficient of the full-scale was r = 0.821 (P < 0.001), and the intra-class correlation coefficient single measure was 0.800 (95% confidence interval: 0.724-0.956). A four-factor solution was suggested to be the most tenable. The mean application duration of the full scale was 13.4 minutes, and that of the briefer version was 2 minutes. Conclusion: This validated scale could be a potentially useful assessment measure for the severity of SUDs in the Indian context. The utility lies in the simplicity of administration and scoring and the balance between brevity and thorough assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the prevalence of autism has been increasing globally, there is a search for the causative factors behind the rise. The point of view presented here examines the possibility of children brought up in social deprivation and watching television being at higher risk for developing autistic symptoms. The association is evident in the clinical experience of child psychiatrists and in several recent studies. There is no conclusive evidence for a causative role for increased television viewing causing autistic disorder. However, caution may need to be exercised in those children who are at risk.

Aspergillosis is a challenging fungal infection. Voriconazole is an antifungal drug belonging to the triazole group, commonly used for treating invasive aspergillosis, Cryptococcus neoformans and candida infections. We present a case of a man in his late 70s diagnosed with rhino-orbital invasive aspergillosis who developed voriconazole-induced psychosis as an idiosyncratic, adverse drug reaction (ADR); however, he responded to the cessation of intravenous voriconazole and, after starting on an oral antipsychotic, haloperidol. Clinicians need to be cognizant of this rare, idiosyncratic and iatrogenic ADR to voriconazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies have shown increase in health-risking behavior and a decline in health-promoting behavior among medical students during their stay in medical school. This study aims to determine the prevalence and reason for substance abuse among the undergraduate medical students in a selected medical college in Puducherry. Material and Methods: This was a facility-based explanatory mixed method study conducted from May 2019 to July 2019. Assessment of their substance abuse was done using ASSIST questionnaire. Substance use was summarized as proportions with 95% CI. Results: A total of 379 participants were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 20 years (± 1.34). The most prevalent substance use was alcohol (10.8%). About 1.9% and 1.6% of students surveyed consume tobacco and cannabis, respectively. Conclusion: Facilitating factors for substance use as perceived by the participants were stress, peer pressure, easy availability of substances, socialization, curiosity, and awareness knowledge about safe limits of alcohol and tobacco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: To assess the incidence of postpartum depression, maternal confidence about parenting and maternal–infant bonding characteristics in first-time mothers. : First-time mothers are usually unprepared for the transition into motherhood and may find it difficult to cope-up with this challenge leading to parenting stress, maternal–infant bonding disorders, and mental health problems. : This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary centre in South India, on 151 primigravid mothers who delivered a live-born healthy infant after 37 weeks' gestation. Assessment was done using Patient Health Questionnaire scale, Tamil version of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire and Maternal Confidence Questionnaire on the 2nd or 3rd postpartum day. : Incidence of postpartum depression was found to be 18.5%, with 6% having features of severe depression. All mothers had good perceived maternal confidence. Nearly one-third had one or more of the maternal–infant bonding disorders. Those who had a vaginal delivery were associated with bonding disorders (OR = 10.3; 95% CI 2.13–47.21) whereas moderate to severe postpartum depression was not associated with it on multivariate analysis. : First-time mothers were found to have good confidence in the transition to motherhood. However, the high incidence of maternal–infant bonding difficulty, especially in those with moderate to severe depression, suggests the need for initiating systematic and routine screening for postpartum mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency leads to accumulation of homocysteine that increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes like preterm birth and low birth weight (LBW) of the neonate. We explored the association of genetic variants of key vitamin B12 and folate metabolising enzymes (MTHFR C677T and A1298C, MTR A2756G, TCN-2 C776G) with preterm birth and LBW in South Indian women. MTHFR A1298C heterozygotes (AC) were at higher risk for preterm delivery, whereas TCN-2 C776G heterozygotes (CG) were at higher risk for both preterm delivery and LBW. MTHFR C677T, A1298C and MTR A2756G haplotype CAG was protective for preterm delivery (p=.036, OR = 0.475; 95% CI: 0.233–0.97), whereas, haplotype CCG increasing the risk of preterm birth by 1.8 folds (p=.018, OR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.09–2.98). These results underscore the significance of vitamin B12 and folate in the pathophysiology of preterm birth and LBW. What is already known on this subject? Polymorphisms of vitamin B12 and folate metabolising genes have been reported to influence preterm birth and LBW, but the reports are not consistent. What do the results of this study add? We observed a relationship of MTHFR A1298C and TCN-2 C776G with preterm birth, and significant association of TCN-2 C776G with LBW in infants. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Identification of women carrying these polymorphic risk alleles may benefit from early nutritional modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited Indian data on the epidemiology of hospital-based restraint practices and the knowledge and attitude of caregivers toward restraint. Therefore, this study aimed to report the frequency and pattern of restraints in a general hospital psychiatry setting and assess the knowledge and attitude about restraint practices among caregivers of patients. Methods: We calculated the frequency of restraints (physical and chemical) over one year. The knowledge and attitude toward restraint were assessed in 75 caregivers each of patients from inpatient and outpatient settings, using a questionnaire designed by the authors and pretested in a pilot study. Results: The frequency of any form of restraint was 19%. The frequency of chemical and physical restraints was 19% and 0.5%, respectively. Less than 20% of caregivers in both groups reported that restraint was either stigmatizing (5.33% inpatient caregivers vs. 12% outpatient caregivers), cruel (8% inpatient caregivers vs. 15.33% outpatient caregivers), or a measure of punishment (9% inpatient caregivers vs. 16% outpatient caregivers). No significant difference was found between knowledge and attitude about restraint between caregivers of outpatients and inpatients, except for a significantly greater number of caregivers of outpatients reporting that the restraint practices in the hospital were similar to those adopted by faith healers or religious/spiritual centers. Conclusion: The frequency of either physical or chemical restraint was less compared to the existing international and Indian data. In addition, most caregivers of patients of both outpatients and inpatients did not report a negative attitude toward restraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been identified as two severe mental disorders that are associated with a considerable amount of disability. These disorders create significant impairment in many aspects of an individual's life. Objective: This study was undertaken to compare the disability associated with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (F20.0-F20.9) (n = 30) or BPAD (F30.0-F39) (n = 30) as per the International Classification of Diseases-10. The level of disability was assessed by the Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale. A semi-structured pro forma was used to assess the sociodemographic and clinical parameters. Results: The level of disability was mild in 17 (56.7%) subjects, moderate in 12 (40%) subjects among patients with BPAD. In Schizophrenia, 20 (66.7%) subjects had a mild disability and 10 (33.3%) had a moderate level of disability. The mean global disability score among patients with BPAD was significantly higher than in those with schizophrenia (7.57 + 2.84) versus 6.93 + 2.94, t = 0.846, P = 0.033. Conclusion: The level of disability among individuals diagnosed with BPAD was higher mostly related to self-care and work-related domain disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the management of psychiatric disorders during the perinatal period. Topics discussed include an overview of psychological conditions in the perinatal period, general approach to the patient in perinatal psychiatry, and risk benefit analysis of medications and management planning.

Background and Aims: Relapse is a major clinical concern in alcohol use disorders. The magnitude of the problem, poor access and availability of treatment, and changing social milieu placed India in a challenging position. This was a systematic review of Indian studies on rates and determinants of relapse to alcohol. Methods: Systematic search (January 1980-May 2020) was carried out on PubMed and Google Scholar to select studies that presented either rates or predictors (or both) to alcohol. Relapse was broadly defined based on the characterization in the included articles. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses standard for reporting systematic reviews. Results: Thirty-six studies were selected for the qualitative synthesis from the 68 studies. In the pooled sample of 2481 participants, the relapse rate ranged from 3.4% to 90%. The study duration varied from 1 to 36 months. Results suggested that the rates were overall higher in the observational than interventional studies and in studies from states with community prevalence of alcohol use >15% than in those <10%. There was significant heterogeneity among studies. Risk factors of relapse identified were demographic (e.g., younger age), psychological (e.g., craving), situational (e.g., peer influence), stressful life situations (e.g., financial problems), and family history of alcohol use. Conclusion: Relapse is likely in a substantial proportion of participants. Addressing the risk factors might help in delaying relapse. Future studies could concentrate on inclusive study design and robust methodology, to examine and understand the rates and risk factors of relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mental disability is a common condition but is considered as an invisible disability. The disability certificate in psychiatry remains underexplored. Some reasons are issues of confidentiality, stigma, lack of awareness in the public, and the hesitancy in the mental health professionals. We aim to provide a brief profile of patients with mental illness issued disability certificates from a psychiatric unit over a five-year period (2013–2017). Methods: Our retrospective study is based on the data available from the copies of the issued disability certificates from a psychiatric unit that functions in a multispecialty tertiary care teaching government hospital in Southern India. Patients undergoing treatment in psychiatry apply for a disability certificate to the medical superintendent of the hospital. Each applicant undergoes a detailed workup to ascertain the diagnosis, and the mental disability is assessed using Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale (IDEAS). Those with intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) are assessed by a clinical psychologist for quantifying intelligence quotient, based on which the disability certificate is issued. Data were extracted and analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: Over five years, 258 disability certificates were issued. A total of 218 were for mental illness and 40 were for IDD. Schizophrenia was the commonest primary diagnosis. There was no gender predominance, nor the influence of gender on different domains of IDEAS except on work domain dysfunction due to mental illness. The validity period was not mentioned in 81% of the issued certificates for mental illness. Conclusions: This descriptive study found a lower number of certificates issued from the psychiatric unit. Schizophrenia remains the main psychiatric diagnosis for which a disability certificate was issued. We did not assess the utilization pattern of the issued certificates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glutamatergic theory of schizophrenia postulates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) dysfunction. Anti-NMDA receptor antibodies may be present in some patients with psychosis. Fifteen patients presenting with acute psychotic states having one additional clinical feature suggestive of autoimmune etiology were recruited. Serum antibodies against NMDA-receptor were tested at baseline and at follow-up using Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique. None of the 15 patients had positive anti-NMDA antibody at baseline or at follow-up. The study failed to detect anti-NMDA antibodies in patients with acute psychotic states with clinical suspicion of autoimmunity. This does not rule out other mechanisms of NMDA receptor dysfunction in these patients. The glutamatergic theory of schizophrenia postulates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) dysfunction. Anti-NMDA receptor antibodies may be present in some patients with psychosis. Fifteen patients presenting with acute psychotic states having one additional clinical feature suggestive of autoimmune etiology were recruited. Serum antibodies against NMDA-receptor were tested at baseline and at follow-up using Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique. None of the 15 patients had positive anti-NMDA antibody at baseline or at follow-up. The study failed to detect anti-NMDA antibodies in patients with acute psychotic states with clinical suspicion of autoimmunity. This does not rule out other mechanisms of NMDA receptor dysfunction in these patients. • Patients with acute psychosis and features of possible autoimmune etiology were taken. • The serology was negative at baseline and at follow-up after a period of few weeks. • The study does not rule out other possible causes of NMDA-receptor dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Cognitive impairments are common among patients with alcohol dependence. It may involve frontal executive dysfunction, global cognitive impairments, or both. Motivation to quit alcohol involves recognition of alcohol use as a problem. This ability may be construed as a cognitive symptom. Aims: The aim is to study the frequency of cognitive dysfunction among patients with alcohol dependence and to study the association between cognitive dysfunction and the motivation to quit alcohol. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six adult males with alcohol dependence (International Classification of Diseases-10) who had completed a course of detoxification and who did not have active withdrawal symptoms or acute medical illnesses were recruited for this study. Their cognitive functions were tested using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Their motivation levels were assessed using the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale. Clinical details were collected using a semi-structured pro forma. Results: Global cognitive impairment (MoCA <26) was seen in 81% and frontal executive dysfunction (FAB <12) in 16% of patients. Higher MoCA and FAB scores correlated with better education, while lower FAB scores correlated with higher age. The 14 patients (25%) with good motivation did not differ in age, education, years of dependence, or MoCA or FAB scores from poorly motivated patients. FAB scores, but not MoCA, were associated with poor motivation. All nine patients with FAB <12 were poorly motivated to quit alcohol; likelihood score = 5.731, P = 0.017. Conclusions: Four-fifths of patients with alcohol dependence had global cognitive impairments after the detoxification period. One-sixth had frontal executive dysfunction. Cognitive functions were not significantly correlated with the duration of dependence. Presence of frontal executive dysfunction was associated with almost six times likelihood that the patient will be poorly motivated to quit alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fishermen have a high burden of alcohol-related morbidity. The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) is used to classify individual to have harmful use of alcohol and probable alcohol dependence. Hence, this study was conducted among fishermen in a selected fishermen community in Puducherry, South India, to (a) assess the proportion of harmful alcohol use and probable dependence to alcohol among alcohol users using AUDIT tool and (b) find the sociodemographic factors associated with harmful alcohol use and probable dependence among alcohol users. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the fishermen above 18 years of age in a selected "fishing hamlet." A house-to-house survey was conducted to identify the fishermen. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic details. AUDIT tool was administered by interviewer to those fishermen who used alcohol in the past 1 year. Data were entered and analyzed using EpiData software. The proportion of harmful use of alcohol and probable dependence among alcohol users was expressed as percentage. Chi-square test was used to find association between sociodemographic factors with harmful use of alcohol and probable dependence. Results: Of 304 fishermen included in the study, 241 (79%) reported alcohol use in the past 1 year. Of 241 alcohol users, four-fifths (82%) had some formal education and two-thirds (67%) had monthly income <3000 INR. "Harmful use" of alcohol was noted in 76.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 71.1%–81.7%) and probable alcohol dependence in 12.4% (95% CI: 8.9%–17.2%). None of the individual characteristics of alcohol users were associated with either harmful use of alcohol or probable dependence. Conclusion: Among fishermen who use alcohol, eight out of ten have harmful use of alcohol. There is a need to screen for alcohol-related disorders among fisherman and adopt brief intervention strategies to counter problems of harmful use of alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is an important public health concern as estimates of the prevalence of AUD range at 4%–6% in the Indian population. Currently, there is limited literature on the pharmacotherapeutic interventions for AUD in the Indian setting. It is imperative to identify the possible variations in their effects from Western studies, and hence the current review was attempted to perform a comprehensive evaluation and critical appraisal of the methodology of the evidence on pharmacological strategies of relapse prevention of AUD in the Indian setting. A total of 18 studies were included in the review. Disulfiram was the most common pharmacological agent to be studied. The initial literature before 2000 focused primarily on disulfiram, whereas the studies in the next decade compared it to acamprosate and naltrexone and emerging interest in anticraving agents such as baclofen and topiramate had been noted over the past few years. No studies were available on newer agents such as ondansetron, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or formulations such as depot and implants. Deterrent agents were found to be better when compared to anticraving agents in terms of abstinence and relapse, whereas the latter were more effective for control of craving. Among the pharmacological agents studied, the greatest evidence exists for disulfiram for relapse prevention which could be due to affordability of disulfiram and social support in the Indian context. The chief methodological limitations include the lack of randomized trials and objective measures for assessing abstinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alcohol use is a widely prevalent problem and poses hazard during work for certain groups such as fishermen. Disorders such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperkinetic Disorder (ADHD) correlate with early onset and greater severity of alcohol use disorders. Aims: We planned to study the frequency of ADHD among fishermen in a fishing hamlet of southern India using adult ADHD self-reported scale (ASRS) and correlated with the severity of alcohol use disorder as evidenced by age at initiation of alcohol use, presence of harmful use, or dependence use as defined by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Subjects and Methods: This was a community-based interview using AUDIT questionnaire for severity of alcohol use and the ASRS to detect ADHD. Results: The prevalence of adult ADHD among fishermen in this study was 25.7% using the critical items of the ASRS. ADHD was about twice as likely in participants with dependence as those without dependence (odds ratio = 2.10). ADHD was also more likely in participants with onset of use before 30 years of age than others (25.1% vs. 15.4%) (P = 0.27). Discussion: We found a high frequency of alcohol use among fishermen (79.8%). However, only 9.9% had alcohol dependence which is higher than the general population (2.3%) in the region. Fishermen with alcohol dependence were twice as likely to have ADHD as those without alcohol dependence. Conclusion: In a community-based survey of fishermen, the prevalence of alcohol dependence was about 10%. The presence of alcohol dependence predicted a two times higher likelihood of ADHD among fishermen than those without alcohol dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Published scientific literature on cycle acceleration over the course of bipolar disorder has been equivocal. The present analysis aimed to find whether episode duration and cycle lengths become shorter over the course of bipolar disorder with predominantly manic polarity.Methods: The present study comprised 150 patients diagnosed with bipolar I disorder using SCID-I for DSM-IV TR. The course of illness was charted according to the NIMH Life Chart Methodology - Clinician Retrospective Chart (NIMH - LCM CRC). Spearman correlation was used to assess the relationship of episode duration and cycle length with the number of episodes.Results: The mean age of the sample was 37.8 years and the average duration of illness was 13.4 years. Unipolar mania comprised 52.7% of the sample. The episode duration and the cycle length decreased with increasing number of episodes (r=-0.245, p<0.001 & r=-0.299, p<0.001 respectively).Conclusion: The present study suggests that over the course of bipolar I disorder, cycle length and episode duration become shorter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a set of distressing symptoms experienced around the time of menstrual flow. Hormonal changes may underlie these symptoms which can lead to difficulties in day-to-day functioning and poor quality of life. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 300 students attending the science stream at a women's college of Puducherry were administered self-reported questionnaires to obtain sociodemographic, dietary, lifestyle and family details. The Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form was used to assess PMS, a symptom checklist was used to assess premenstrual dysphoric disorder and Short From 36 was used to assess quality of life. Results. The prevalence of PMS was 62.7%. Back, joint and muscle aches were the most common symptoms followed by abdominal heaviness and discomfort. PMS was associated with a poorer quality of life across all domains. About half the students had affective symptoms in the premenstrual phase. Conclusion. Dietary and lifestyle factors such as consumption of sweets and lack of physical activity were associated with the presence of PMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connection between menstruation and psychosis has been recognized since the 18th Century. However, there are few case reports available in modern times describing about 30 patients with this condition. The psychosis may occur in the premenstrual phase in some patients and in others it begins with the onset of menses. Polymorphic psychosis is the commonly described clinical picture in these patients with an admixture of mood symptoms and psychotic symptoms. We describe a 42-year old lady who developed psychotic symptoms with the onset of her menses. The patient had irritability and aggression, persecutory ideas, hallucinatory behavior, increased religiosity, formal thought disorder, disorganized behavior and poor self-care lasting for about 20 days after which she will spontaneously remit for about 10 days till the onset of her next menses. These symptoms began about 13 years after her last childbirth and were present in this cyclical manner for the last seven years. She was admitted in view of gross disorganization and was treated with 4 mg per day of risperidone. She did not develop symptoms with onset of her next menstrual period and was discharged. She maintained well on the prophylaxis for a period of three months. After that, she discontinued medications and had a relapse of symptoms lasting the first two weeks of her menstrual cycle and remained well for about two weeks thereafter. Hormonal assays did not reveal abnormal levels of gonadal hormones. We discuss the association between menstrual cycles and the potential association of psychosis with estrogen levels. Various conditions that lead to fluctuation in estrogen levels, such as menopause, postpartum period as well as post-oopherectomy period have been described to lead to a risk for psychotic symptoms. Similarly, the cyclical changes in estrogen levels during the course of a menstrual cycle leads to psychosis in some women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol addiction is a chronic relapsing syndrome. Benzodiazepines remain as the mainstay for detoxification, taking care of the acute withdrawal syndrome. There is fear of dependence and abuse of benzodiazepines on prolonged use. Here, we selectively interviewed ten cases who were on longer duration of benzodiazepines to elicit their potential perceived benefits, attitudes, and any adverse effect. Three patients experienced adverse effects. None of them had features of benzodiazepine dependence. We opine that in select cases, benzodiazepine use should persist beyond detox period, and its benefits continue beyond the acute withdrawal phase while monitoring their safety/adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol withdrawal is commonly encountered in general hospital settings. It forms a major part of referrals received by a consultation-liaison psychiatrist. This article aims to review the evidence base for appropriate clinical management of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. We searched Pubmed for articles published in English on pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal in humans with no limit on the date of publication. Articles not relevant to clinical management were excluded based on the titles and abstract available. Full-text articles were obtained from this list and the cross-references. There were four meta-analyses, 9 systematic reviews, 26 review articles and other type of publications like textbooks. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a clinical diagnosis. It may vary in severity. Complicated alcohol withdrawal presents with hallucinations, seizures or delirium tremens. Benzodiazepines have the best evidence base in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, followed by anticonvulsants. Clinical institutes withdrawal assessment-alcohol revised is useful with pitfalls in patients with medical comorbidities. Evidence favors an approach of symptom-monitored loading for severe withdrawals where an initial dose is guided by risk factors for complicated withdrawals and further dosing may be guided by withdrawal severity. Supportive care and use of vitamins is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the architectures and usability issues of web-based software tools are discussed. For the development of automobile lighting components, various designers, developers and manufacturing personnel are involved, each group needing different software tools. On the one hand, traditional part designers use powerful, 3D CAD systems that usually run on UNIX machines. On the other hand, product engineers, optical engineers and marketing personnel have limited access to such CAD systems. In this Smartlite project, several software tools were thus developed and then tested using two different user interfaces (UIs); the first was based on a commercial CAD system and the second was based on a web browser. The specific focus of this study is a user-based comparison between the new web-based UIs, and the UIs on commercial CAD systems. The usability data have been collected from the users and showed that the web-based UIs provided comparable functionality with the CAD-based UIs in terms of performance and usefulness. For the criteria of accessibility, the web-based tools out-performed the CAD-based tools. As well as the comparison of software tools for different user groups, different communication architectures of the web-based modules were tested and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing an "intelligent link" between conventional CAD systems and different analytical tools like finite element analysis packages is a significant concern in design automation. This paper proposes the use of knowledge engineering for the unification process and outlines the dimensions of an overall framework for an integrated CAD/FEM system A prototype system for structural design of aircraft wings has been implemented in this integrated environment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a life threatening adverse effect. • Atypical presentation of NMS can occur with atypical antipsychotics. • Our case had atypical presentation of NMS with Olanzapine and Risperidone. • Primary presentation was fever with altered sensorium rather than rigidity. • Hence leading to diagnostic dilemmas and treatment difficulties. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a potentially fatal adverse effect of antipsychotics. Atypical presentation of NMS with drugs which are not potential D2 blockers raises question for an alternative hypothesis for NMS. A 30 year old male presented with irritability, assaultive behavior, persecutory delusion and auditory hallucination for three days. Past history of 3 similar episodes. 1st episode preceded by fever and associated with cerebral edema. Subsequent episodes not preceded by fever and patient was treated with Risperidone and Olanzapine. After admission patient was started on Risperidone along with THP when he had fever, tremors, altered sensorium and rigidity at 3 mg dose. After stopping Risperidone fever and rigidity improved with worsening of psychotic symptoms. Following this Olanzapine was started and very gradually uptitrated to 7.5 mg when patient had recurrence of fever and disorientation without tremors and minimal rigidity. Both the instances blood investigations including CPK levels were normal except for thrombocytopenia and leucopenia. Provisional impression of NMS was made in both instances. After stopping Olanzapine fever subsided with improvement of blood counts. Following this patient had catatonic symptoms for which patient received 9 sessions of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In atypical presentations of NMS, hyperthermia and muscle rigidity may be absent, posing diagnostic dilemma. So there is a need for broadening the diagnostic criteria and NMS must be considered with a high index of suspicion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is an uncommon clinical entity. An electroencephalogram (EEG) helps in diagnosis of NCSE, in cases without overt motor manifestations of seizures such as automatisms. We describe an 18-year-old patient with NCSE, who had presented with catatonia and suicidal attempts. There were no automatisms or eye signs indicative of seizure. He had an episode of tonic neck deviation followed by incontinence, which first alerted us to the possibility of epilepsy. An abnormal EEG and a clinical response along with correction of EEG abnormalities with diazepam clarified the diagnosis. Management and hospital course are described in brief. The patient had residual symptoms, suggestive of a postictal state at discharge. The case shows the importance of keeping NCSE as a differential diagnosis, in cases presenting with catatonic symptoms, perplexity, and confusion. The presence of fleeting hallucinations and behavioral disturbances indicate limbic seizures in such cases, presenting in a catatonic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]