Search

Determining the relative energies of transport states in organic semiconductors is critical to understanding the properties of electronic devices and in designing device stacks. Futhermore, defect states are also highly important and can greatly impact material properties and device performance. Recently, energy‐resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ER‐EIS) is developed to probe both the ionization energy (IE) and electron affinity (EA) as well as sub‐bandgap defect states in organic semiconductors. Herein, ER‐EIS is compared to cyclic voltammetry (CV) and photoemission spectroscopies for extracting IE and EA values, and to photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) for probing defect states in both polymer and molecular organic semiconductors. The results show that ER‐EIS determined IE and EA are in better agreement with photoemission spectroscopy measurements as compared to CV for both polymer and molecular materials. Furthermore, the defect states detected by ER‐EIS agree with sub‐bandgap features detected by PDS. Surprisingly, ER‐EIS measurements of regiorandom and regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) show clear defect bands that occur at significantly different energies. In regioregular P3HT the defect band is near the edge of the occupied states while it is near the edge of the unoccupied states in regiorandom P3HT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable-pressure electron-beam lithography (VP-EBL) employs an ambient gas at subatmospheric pressures to reduce charging during electron-beam lithography. VP-EBL has been previously shown to eliminate pattern distortion and provide improved resolution when patterning poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) on insulating substrates. However, it remains unknown how water vapor affects the contrast and clearing dose nor has the effect of water vapor on the negative-tone behavior of PMMA been studied. In addition, water vapor has recently been shown to alter the radiation chemistry of the VP-EBL process for Teflon AF. Such changes in radiation chemistry have not been explored for PMMA. In this work, VP-EBL was conducted on conductive substrates to study the effect of water vapor on PMMA patterning separately from the effects of charge dissipation. In addition, both positive and negative-tone processes were studied to determine the effect of water vapor on both chain scission and cross-linking. The contrast of PMMA was found to improve significantly with increasing water vapor pressure for both positive and negative-tone patterning. The clearing dose for positive-tone patterning increases moderately with vapor pressure as would be expected for electron scattering in a gas. However, the onset set dose for negative-tone patterning increased dramatically with pressure revealing a more significant change in the exposure mechanism. X-ray photoelectron spectra and infrared transmission spectra indicate that water vapor only slightly alters the composition of exposed PMMA. Also, electron scattering in water vapor yielded a much larger clear region around negative-tone patterns. This effect could be useful for increasing the range of the developed region around cross-linked PMMA beyond the backscattered electron range. Thus, VP-EBL for PMMA introduces a new means of tuning clearing/onset dose and contrast, while allowing additional control over the size of the cleared region around negative-tone patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A free‐standing high‐output power density polymeric thermoelectric (TE) device is realized based on a highly conductive (≈2500 S cm−1) structure‐ordered poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate film (denoted as FS‐PEDOT:PSS) with a Seebeck coefficient of 20.6 µV K−1, an in‐plane thermal conductivity of 0.64 W m−1 K−1, and a peak power factor of 107 µW K−2 m−1 at room temperature. Under a small temperature gradient of 29 K, the TE device demonstrates a maximum output power density of 99 ± 18.7 µW cm−2, which is the highest value achieved in pristine PEDOT:PSS based TE devices. In addition, a fivefold output power is demonstrated by series connecting five devices into a flexible thermoelectric module. The simplicity of assembling the films into flexible thermoelectric modules, the low out‐of‐plane thermal conductivity of 0.27 W m−1 K−1, and free‐standing feature indicates the potential to integrate the FS‐PEDOT:PSS TE modules with textiles to power wearable electronics by harvesting human body's heat. In addition to the high power factor, the high thermal stability of the FS‐PEDOT:PSS films up to 250 °C is confirmed by in situ temperature‐dependent X‐ray diffraction and grazing incident wide angle X‐ray scattering, which makes the FS‐PEDOT:PSS films promising candidates for thermoelectric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconducting polymers are promising materials for manufacturing optoelectronic devices, such as large‐area solar cells or small light‐emitting diodes, through the use of printing technologies. In their oxidized form, π‐conjugated polymers become good electrical conductors and their optical absorption shifts to the infrared region. It is demonstrated that conducting polymers can be integrated in bolometers for IR detection. A bolometer is a thermally isolated thin device that absorbs IR radiation and translates a temperature change into a change in electrical resistance. While commercial bolometers are usually made of complex architectures comprising several materials (that is, an IR absorbing layer, a conducting layer, and a thermally insulating layer), the first polymer bolometer is demonstrated with a freestanding layer of poly(3,4‐ethylene‐dioxythiophene) having high IR absorption, low thermal conductivity, and good thermistor action in one single layer. The solution processability of conducting polymers, their compatibility with high‐resolution printing technologies, and their unique combination of optoelectronic properties can lead to a breakthrough for low‐cost uncooled IR cameras, which are in high demand for security and safety applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although high-temperature oxide superconductors have been studied since 1986, the static and dynamic behaviors of magnetic vortices generated by applied magnetic fields and electrical currents remain controversial. These phenomena are important for at least two reasons: (1) vortex motion generates dissipation causing degraded performance in practical superconducting devices; and (2) the high transition temperatures (Tc≊100 K), short coherence length (≤10 Å) and strong crystalline anisotropy of high-Tc oxides are predicted to cause novel structural rearrangements or melting transitions of the ''vortex lattice'' at temperatures T well below the superconducting/normal phase boundary Hc2(T). Recent mechanical oscillator studies of relatively isotropic, low-Tc superconductors reveal dissipation anomalies and frequency shifts similar to those observed in high-Tc materials, challenging current theories for the vortex state of superconductors. [Work supported by NSF and Research Corp.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]