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Since, antibiotics are no longer as effective against many infectious diseases, natural sources of antibacterial medicines are important in the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Among the many different types of wild medicinal plants, mangroves are highly promising natural sources of antibacterial agents. This study compared Bruguiera cylindrica antibacterial activity in three different solvents-ethanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Antibacterial experiment the ethyl acetate bark extracts of Bruguiera cylindrica were found to be efficient against pathogenic bacteria of both gram-positive and gram-negative strains. Three type of extracts showed significant antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B.Cylindrica is used as a mangrove plant in folk medicine to cure various diseases and disorders which include tumors, blood clotting, infections, fevers, pains etc., The Present study was to isolation, purification and characterization of antibacterial compound from the leaves along with phytochemical analysis. Healthy leaves of B. cylindrica were collected from natural habitat, washed, air dried and ground into powder. The solvents, such as chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and butanol were used to extract the powdered leaves. Crude extracts were tested for phytochemical constituents like carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, steroids, triterpenoids flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and phenols. Antimicrobial activities for crude extracts were tested against bacteria and fungi using standard well diffusion agar plate method. The highest antibacterial activity was identified in ethyl acetate extract, which was further purified using column chromatography. Activity-guided ethyl acetate fraction contains potential compound was used for structure elucidation using LC-MS, FTIR and NMR studies. Mass spectrometry of purified compound showed major peak at 6.901 minutes with a molecular weight of 256.32 g/mol, suggesting that the compound belongs to carboxylic acid group with a molecular formula CHN2O3 when compared to LC-MS standard from the NIST library. The Pure compound from Bruguiera cylindrica showed the stretch at 2561 indicated the presence of (O-H) hydroxyl group, 3341 N- H group, a stretch at 1709 indicated the presence of C=O group. The data obtained showed the presence of nitrogen containing amine, amide and carboxylic acid functional groups 7-(dimethylamino)-3ethyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)-oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid with a molecular formula CHN2O3. Based on 1H NMR spectrum and database of NIST, purified fraction was identified as 7-(dimethylamino)-3ethyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)-oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid. The results show that B cylindrica contains significant phytochemical and antibacterial activity against tested bacteria and fungi that helps to scientifically understand potentiality of tribal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to determine the bactericidal and cytotoxic properties of two mangrove plants commonly used in traditional medicine: Bruguiera cylindrica (leaf) and Rhizophora mucronata (stilt root). The selected plant parts were subjected to solvent polarity-based extraction. Of the solvent extracts, the acetone, ethyl acetate leaf extract of B. cylindrica and acetone stilt root extract of R. mucronata were chosen for further study as they exhibited minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations between 0.5 and 1.0 mg.ml-1 against MTCC 435, Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli. The well and disk diffusion analysis of these mangrove extracts showed inhibition zone between 6 - 16 mm diameter for the bacterial pathogens. Similarly, the mangrove extracts displayed > 98 % reduction of viable counts for MTCC 435, E. coli and V. cholerae at different time intervals between 8 - 16 h. Electron microscope analyses of the bacterial cells treated with mangrove extracts confirmed the bactericidal properties by cellular aggregation and leakage. Further, the cytotoxicity evaluation of mangrove extracts with Henrietta Lacks cell lines did not show any viability interference up to 200 µg.ml-1, indicating their non-toxicity to human cells and biocompatibility for drug development. The research findings suggest that the acetone, ethyl acetate leaf extract of B. cylindrica and the acetone stilt root extract of R. mucronata could be used as a bactericidal resource against V. cholerae, MTCC 435 and E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove-associated bacteria are of industrial interest due to their diverse and versatile enzyme properties. This study investigates the culturable bacteria from a wide range of habitat in a Bruguiera cylindrica mangrove ecosystem in North Sumatra. Screening of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes showed multiple potential traits in amylase, cellulase, chitinase, phosphatase, protease, and urease production by bacterial isolates. Molecular identification based on 16S rDNA region of a potential strain, Vibrio alginolyticus Jme3−20 is then reported as a newly proteolytic agent. The strain also showed a stable growth under salinity (NaCl) stress with considerable phosphate solubilization activities. Protease activity was enhanced by optimizing the 0.5 % (w/v) sucrose and soy peptone in the fermentation medium. SDS-PAGE and zymogram analysis showed the presence of a 35-kDa MW protease. Hence, our study revealed important insights into the bacterial diversity and activity in mangrove ecosystems, evidencing the importance of microbial exploration in this ecosystem.

Copper is an essential micronutrient for normal plant metabolism and it is involved in number of physiological processes in plants but at the same time, at concentrations above threshold level, it acts as a potential stress factor. In this study, the phytoremediation potential of Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume with respect to Cu was evaluated for the first time. Various physiochemical and anatomical parameters were analyzed in three-month-old healthy plantlets of B. cylindrica on exposure to different concentrations of CuSO4 (0, 0.05, 0.15, and 0.25 mM)for 20 d. Higher uptake and accumulation of Cu in the roots indicates that the roots are the primary site of Cu accumulation and thus the plant perform as an excluder. Tolerance index values (TI > 60) reveals the phytoremediation potential of this plant. Metabolites are accumulated in plants to cope up with the oxidative damage due to Cu stress. Increased rate of proline and free amino acids content and soluble sugar content especially in leaves of B. cylindrica subjected to CuSO4 contributes toward higher osmolality so as to counter the reduced water transport from roots. Nonenzymatic antioxidants like ascorbic acid, glutathione, and phenolics are the ROS scavenging compounds in the Defense system of B. cylindrica toward higher concentrations of CuSO4, and of these, phenolics accumulation plays greater role in the antioxidative function in B. cylindrica in response to Cu stress. The histochemistry of B. cylindrica revealed the prominent occurrence of star-shaped calcium oxalate crystals when exposed to 0.25 mM CuSO4, and it seems to be a prominent defense mechanism under Cu stress. Also a remarkable finding was the accumulation of Cu in the xylem vessels of plants on exposure of 0.25 mM CuSO4 as compared to control. The infrared spectra were analyzed to compare the functional groups in the phenolics and carbohydrate constituents of control and CuSO4-treated B. cylindrica plantlets and it indicated that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are involved in the Cu binding so as to achieve tolerance to Cu. Thus this study revealed the potential role of B. cylindrica as a promising candidate for phytostabilization of copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume is an important true mangrove species and is the common mangrove species in Thailand. Studies related to the genetic diversity and population structure of B. cylindrica are limited. Here, the genetic diversity and population structure of 78 B. cylindrica accessions from the mangrove forests in Thailand were explored using 2611 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A low level of genetic diversity was inferred from the genetic diversity parameters (Ho = 0.289, He = 0.257, and I = 0.400). The results of STRUCTURE, a principal component analysis (PCA) and a maximum-likelihood (ML) tree suggested that the genetic structure of the studied B. cylindrica populations fell into two clusters corresponding to geographical regions. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) pointed to higher levels of variation within populations than between populations, and the mean pairwise genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.225) indicated high genetic population differentiation. This study revealed the genetic variation of B. cylindrica along the coast of Thailand for the first time and also provides valuable genetic information for this species that will be helpful for management and conservation of the species. • The major genetic clusters were generally consistent with geographical regions. • Low level of genetic diversity was revealed in Bruguiera cylindrica populations. • High genetic differentiation among population was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The antioxidant activities of two Indian mangrove plants, Bruguiera cylindrica and Ceriops decandra, were investigated. Materials and Methods: Total phenolics and total flavonoid contents of the mangroves were determined using folin-ciocalteu reagent method and aluminium chloride method, respectively. Antioxidant capacity was assessed by the following methods: 1,1 - diphenyl - 2- picryl hydroxyl (DPPH.) quenching assay; 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS.+) cation decolorization test; scavenging capacity towards hydroxyl ion radicals (.OH); reductive capacity; and antihemolytic activity. Results: The mangroves yielded 233.3 ± 0.062 and 283.31 ± 0.04 mg gallic acid equivalent/g phenolic contents and 11.6 ± 0.12 and 15.1 ± 0.02 mg quercetin equivalent/g flavonoid contents. The methanol extracts of both mangroves exhibited high antiradical activity against DPPH., ABTS.+, and .OH radicals. The reductive capacity of the extracts increased with increasing concentration of samples. The extracts also inhibited H2O2 induced hemolysis in cow blood erythrocytes. The antioxidant activities were found stronger than that of the reference standard, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). The antioxidant activity of mangrove plants was correlated with total phenolics and flavonoid contents. Conclusion: Both plants can be considered as good sources of natural antioxidants for medicinal uses. Further studies are necessary to isolate active principles responsible for the overall antioxidant activity of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaves of Bruguiera cylindrica plants grown in the greenhouse and irrigated with fresh water (FW plants) and those from salt-adapted plants from the seacoast (SW plants) showed about 5-fold and 3-fold increase in respiration, respectively, when immersed in 4M NaCl solution. The increase in respiration was not due to dehydration effect of high salt concentration, since PEG-imposed dehydration stress to the leaves led to an inhibition of respiration rates in both FW and SW plants. The salt-induced increase in respiration rate was specific to monovalent cations, especially Na+ and K+, but not divalent or trivalent cations, and to Cl−, but not other anions. Pretreatment of leaves of FW plants with 1mM amiloride, an inhibitor of the Na+ / H+ antiporter, reduced the NaCl-induced respiration surge. At least some part of the observed respiratory increase could therefore be for providing energy for ion transport, since the Na+ / H+ antiport activity is driven by activities of the tonoplast and plasma membrane H+-ATPases and H+-PPases. Respiration of the leaves from both FW and SW plants was accounted for by the COX pathway and was inhibited by KCN. But 4M NaCl-induced increase in FW, but not SW plants, was inhibited by the AOX inhibitor, SHAM. Also, generation of ROS was reduced by treatment with KCN, but increased with SHAM. This pointed to a protective role of AOX in reducing ROS generation during salt-induced respiration. Our results indicated that NaCl-induced increase in leaf respiration of B. cylindrica plants irrigated with fresh water was required for (a) salt transport and (b) reducing the harmful effects of ROS that are known to accompany increased respiratory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, we have identified and isolated 126 salinity tolerant cDNAs from the root of a mangrove plant, Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blume by using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and bacterial functional screening. Sequencing of 51 subtracted cDNA clones that were differentially expressed in the root of B. cylindrica exposed to 20 parts per thousand (ppt) NaCl water revealed 10 tentative unique genes (TUGs) with putative functions in protein synthesis, storage and destination, metabolism, intracellular trafficking and other functions; and 9 unknown proteins. Meanwhile, the 75 cDNA sequences of B. cylindrica that conferred salinity tolerance to Escherichia coli consisted of 29 TUGs with putative functions in transportation, metabolism and other functions; and 33 with unknown functions. Both approaches yielded 42 unique sequencess that have not been reported else where to be stress related and might provide further understanding of adaptations of this plant to salinity stress. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Differential response of Bruguiera cylindrica to individual (CuSO 4) and combined (CuSO 4 NaCl) effect was evaluated. The plantlets were treated with control, 0.15 mM CuSO 4 , 400 mM NaCl and 0.15 mM CuSO 4 + 400 mM NaCl. Under combined stress, higher accumulation of Cu in the roots indicate that the roots are the primary site of Cu accumulation and thus the plant perform as an excluder and photosynthetic efficiency reduced drastically and significant enhancement in the superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals which increase membrane lipid peroxidation, leading to cellular damage and destruction. As evidenced from SEM-EDXMA, increase in Cu and Na+ levels in xylem and pith regions of leaf and stem and the presence of deeply stained structures, denoting the probable formation of complex containing the metal. Increased CaOx crystal forming cells (crystal idioblasts) reveals the regulation of bioaccumulated Cu and Na+ by complexing with CaOx. Thus the study suggested that, 400 mM NaCl and 0.15 mM CuSO 4 treatments does not have negative impact on plant growth, the NaCl tolerance potential compromised in the presence of mild CuSO 4 concentration during combined stress. • Differential responses of B. cylindrica towards combined (NaCl + CuSO4) stress was evaluated for the first time. • 400 mM NaCl and 0.15 mM CuSO4 treatments beneficial when applied individually, for the plant growth and stress tolerance. • The combination of Cu along with CaOx crystals is an effective internal tolerance mechanism in B. cylindrica. • NaCl tolerance potential of B. cylindrica is highly compromised in the presence of mild CuSO 4 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]