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The position of juvenile judges who decide upon child protection matters, in particular upon supervision orders, has changed enormously in the Netherlands in the past decade. The juvenile judge was originally an active judge in the field of child protection orders and was responsible for both decision-making and the implementation of a protection order. Since 1995 the juvenile judge has become a more passive judge who no longer has any role in the implementation of supervision orders. In this article the interaction of the juvenile judge with the child protective services (Child Welfare Council and Youth Care Agency) will be discussed, both focusing on tensions related to the judicial position of the judge and tensions that can arise in practice between the professional organisations and the juvenile judge. It is concluded that juvenile judges can play an important role in improving the cooperation between the different actors in the field of child protection. Furthermore, the judicial role of the juvenile judge will probably change in the near future and will include a conflict solving role for problems that arise when supervision orders are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some members of the vegetal kingdom can achieve surprisingly fast movements making use of a clever combination of evaporation, elasticity, and cavitation. In this process, enthalpic energy is transformed into elastic energy and suddenly released in a cavitation event which produces kinetic energy. Here, we study this unusual energy transformation by a model system: A droplet in an elastic medium shrinks slowly by diffusion and eventually transforms into a bubble by a rapid cavitation event. The experiments reveal the cavity dynamics over the extremely disparate timescales of the process, spanning 9 orders of magnitude. We model the initial shrinkage as a classical diffusive process, while the sudden bubble growth and oscillations are described using an inertial-(visco)elastic model, in excellent agreement with the experiments. Such a model system could serve as a new paradigm for motile synthetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]