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Apoptosis plays a crucial role in brain development by ensuring that only appropriately growing, migrating, and synapse-forming neurons and their associated glial cells survive. This process involves an intimate relationship between cell–cell interactions and developmental cues and is further impacted by environmental stress during neurogenesis and disease. Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the major myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system, largely form after this wave of neurogenesis but also show a selective vulnerability to cell death stimuli depending on their stage of development. This can affect not only embryonic and early postnatal brain formation but also the response to demyelinating pathologies. In the present review, we discuss the stage-specific sensitivity of OL lineage cells to damage-induced death and how this might impact myelin survival and regeneration during injury or disease.Cell Death and Differentiation (2008) 15, 1178–1186; doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.70; published online 16 May 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]