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Background and Purpose: Anatomic changes during head and neck radiotherapy can impact dose delivery, necessitate adaptive replanning, and indicate patient‐specific response to treatment. We have developed an automated system to track these changes through longitudinal MRI scans to aid identification and clinical intervention. The purpose of this article is to describe this tracking system and present results from an initial cohort of patients. Materials and Methods: The Automated Watchdog in Adaptive Radiotherapy Environment (AWARE) was developed to process longitudinal MRI data for radiotherapy patients. AWARE automatically identifies and collects weekly scans, propagates radiotherapy planning structures, computes structure changes over time, and reports important trends to the clinical team. AWARE also incorporates manual structure review and revision from clinical experts and dynamically updates tracking statistics when necessary. AWARE was applied to patients receiving weekly T2‐weighted MRI scans during head and neck radiotherapy. Changes in nodal gross tumor volume (GTV) and parotid gland delineations were tracked over time to assess changes during treatment and identify early indicators of treatment response. Results: N = 91 patients were tracked and analyzed in this study. Nodal GTVs and parotids both shrunk considerably throughout treatment (−9.7 ± 7.7% and −3.7 ± 3.3% per week, respectively). Ipsilateral parotids shrunk significantly faster than contralateral (−4.3 ± 3.1% vs. −2.9 ± 3.3% per week, p = 0.005) and increased in distance from GTVs over time (+2.7 ± 7.2% per week, p < 1 × 10−5). Automatic structure propagations agreed well with manual revisions (Dice = 0.88 ± 0.09 for parotids and 0.80 ± 0.15 for GTVs), but for GTVs the agreement degraded 4–5 weeks after the start of treatment. Changes in GTV volume observed by AWARE as early as one week into treatment were predictive of large changes later in the course (AUC = 0.79). Conclusion: AWARE automatically identified longitudinal changes in GTV and parotid volumes during radiotherapy. Results suggest that this system may be useful for identifying rapidly responding patients as early as one week into treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During radiation therapy (RT) of head and neck (HN) cancer, the shape and volume of the parotid glands (PG) may change significantly, resulting in clinically relevant deviations of delivered dose from the planning dose. Early and accurate longitudinal prediction of PG anatomical changes during the RT can be valuable to inform decisions on plan adaptation. We developed a deep neural network for longitudinal predictions using the displacement fields (DFs) between the planning computed tomography (pCT) and weekly cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Sixty-three HN patients treated with volumetric modulated arc were retrospectively studied. We calculated DFs between pCT and week 1–3 CBCT by B-spline and Demon deformable image registration (DIR). The resultant DFs were subsequently used as input to our novel network to predict the week 4 to 6 DFs for generating predicted weekly PG contours and weekly dose distributions. For evaluation, we measured dice similarity (DICE), and the uncertainty of accumulated dose. Moreover, we compared the detection accuracies of candidates for adaptive radiotherapy (ART) when the trigger criteria were mean dose difference more than 10%, 7.5%, and 5%, respectively. The DICE of ipsilateral/contralateral PG at week 4 to 6 using the prediction model trained with B-spline were 0.81 0.07/0.81 0.04 (week 4), 0.79 0.06/0.81 0.05 (week 5) and 0.78 0.06/0.82 (week 6). The DICE with the Demons model were 0.78 0.08/0.82 0.03 (week 4), 0.77 0.07/0.82 0.04 (week 5) and 0.75 0.07/0.82 0.02 (week 6). The dose volume histogram (DVH) analysis with the predicted accumulated dose showed the feasibility of predicting dose uncertainty due to the PG anatomical changes. The AUC of ART candidate detection with our predictive model was over 0.90. In conclusion, the proposed network was able to predict future anatomical changes and dose uncertainty of PGs with clinically acceptable accuracy, and hence can be readily integrated into the ART workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop a linear accelerator (LINAC)-based adaptive radiation therapy (ART) workflow for the head and neck that is informed by automated image tracking to identify major anatomic changes warranting adaptation. In this study, we report our initial clinical experience with the program and an investigation into potential trigger signals for ART. Offline ART was systematically performed on patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer on C-arm LINACs. Adaptations were performed at a single time point during treatment with resimulation approximately 3 weeks into treatment. Throughout treatment, all patients were tracked using an automated image tracking system called the Automated Watchdog for Adaptive Radiotherapy Environment (AWARE). AWARE measures volumetric changes in gross tumor volumes (GTVs) and selected normal tissues via cone beam computed tomography scans and deformable registration. The benefit of ART was determined by comparing adaptive plan dosimetry and normal tissue complication probabilities against the initial plans recalculated on resimulation computed tomography scans. Dosimetric differences were then correlated with AWARE–measured volume changes to identify patient-specific triggers for ART. Candidate trigger variables were evaluated using receiver operator characteristic analysis. In total, 46 patients received ART in this study. Among these patients, we observed a significant decrease in dose to the submandibular glands (mean ± standard deviation: −219.2 ± 291.2 cGy, P < 10−5), parotids (−68.2 ± 197.7 cGy, P =.001), and oral cavity (−238.7 ± 206.7 cGy, P < 10−5) with the adaptive plan. Normal tissue complication probabilities for xerostomia computed from mean parotid doses also decreased significantly with the adaptive plans (P =.008). We also observed systematic intratreatment volume reductions (Δ V) for GTVs and normal tissues. Candidate triggers were identified that predicted significant improvement with ART, including parotid Δ V = 7%, neck Δ V = 2%, and nodal GTV Δ V = 29%. Systematic offline head and neck ART was successfully deployed on conventional LINACs and reduced doses to critical salivary structures and the oral cavity. Automated cone beam computed tomography tracking provided information regarding anatomic changes that may aid patient-specific triggering for ART. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]