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Chronic renal failure is the loss of the ability of kidneys to excrete waste products, concentrate urine, electrolytes and fluid balance leading to retention of creatinine, urea and other metabolic waste products in the body. The present study was planned to evaluate and correlate Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA) with the severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and with BUN and creatinine in dogs. Twenty four dogs presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex of LLUVAS, Hisar (India), diagnosed to be suffering from renal failure on the basis of history, clinical signs and ultrasonographic findings were included in the study. The dogs were divided into three categories (atypical, mild and severe) based on the duration of presentation of cases after emergence of the clinical signs. Six apparently healthy dogs were taken for comparsion with affected ones. Serum from all the affected and apparently healthy animals was used to evaluate SDMA using ELISA kits, whereas BUN and creatinine were determined using biochemistry autoanalyzer. SDMA was significantly (20-fold) elevated in dogs suffering from renal failure as compared to the control group. Significant (p<0.01) positive correlations of SDMA with BUN and serum creatinine were found in all three categories of dogs indicating that serum SDMA can be a biomarker for detection of CKD earlier than does measurement of serum creatinine in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-and-a-half-month-old Golden Retriever male pup was presented at VCC, LUVAS, Hisar with a history of inappetance, tick infestation, diarrhoea with occasional blood and shivering for two weeks. The animal was reportedly unresponsive to previous treatment. On physical and clinical examination, the pup was having fever, pale conjunctiva, dehydration, emaciation paraparesis, stained anal region with faeces, hyperpnoea and tachycardia. For diagnosis and assessing the severity of clinical condition, the pet was subjected to haemato-biochemical, blood smear and faecal examination. Mild anaemia and leucocytosis was observed on haematological examination. Thin blood smear examination for haemoprotozoan infection revealed Hepatozoan canis while Isospora spp. infection was detected up on faecal examination. Faecal sample was also subjected to culture and antibiogram where Proteus and E. coli organisms were isolated. The pup was treated with antibiotic oxytetracycline @ 10 mg/kg b.wt., o.d., i/v and sulphamethoxazole with trimethoprim @ 30 mg/kg b.wt. p.o. o.d. for 5 days, along with supportive therapy. After three days of treatment enteritis was cured. After few days of mild recovery, the pet started to show signs of involuntary crying, neuralgia, paraparesis and succumbed to death after 8 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of chronic demodectic mange, non responsive toroutene therapy and complicated with secondary skin and urine tract infection and lameness is reported in the present case report. Successful management of complicated canine demodicosis in a pure bull dog breed with Ivermectin and sensitive antibiotics is elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study to develop a multiples polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for simultaneous detection of S. aureus, S. agalactiae and S. dysgalactiae from mastitic buffalo milk. Topics discussed include how multiplex PCR assay can check mastitis milk samples which does not show any bacterial growth under conventional culture conditions and multiples PCR assay as a screening test for epidemiological study and for accurate and timely treatment of mastitis.

Aim: To determine the etiology of clinical mastitis in Murrah buffaloes and to develop an antibiogram of organisms isolated. Materials and Methods: A total of 564 quarter milk samples of 144 buffaloes suffering from clinical mastitis received in Veterinary College Central Laboratory were inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey's lactose agar and sabouraud dextrose agar. Bacteria isolated were characterized to the species level and subjected to in-vitro antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Results: Out of 564 quarters examined for mastitis, 320 (56.73%) quarters were found culturally positive showing isolation of Staphylococcus aureus 140 (38.04%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae 112 (30.43%), Streptococcus agalactiae 13 (3.53%), Escherichia coli 74 (20.10%) and Corynebacterium pyogenes 29 (7.88%). On carrying antibiogram staphylococci and streptococci revealed high sensitivity towards chloramphenicol, gentamicin, amikacin and enrofloxacin. Streptococci showed high sensitivity towards ceftriaxone and cefaperazone also. E. coli was found highly sensitive to chloramphenicol and gentamicin. C. pyogenes was sensitive to the majority of antibiotics. Conclusion: S. aureus was the most predominant bacteria isolated from mastitis cases and irrespective of the isolates chloramphenicol was found to be most sensitive when tested in-vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression profile of proinflammatory cytokines including TNFαa, IL1β, IL6 and IFNγ were investigated in milk somatic cells of subclinical mastitis affected buffaloes using real time PCR assay. Relative expression levels of target mRNAs were analysed by comparison with the expression of the housekeeping gene, β-actin within each animal. Highest relative transcript level of TNFα (44.93 ± 1.16) was observed followed by IL1β (19.92 ± 1.78), IL6 (4.72 ± 1.96) and IFNγ (2.55 ± 2.23) from milk somatic cells of subclinical mastitis with respect to healthy ones. Lowest upregulation of IFN-γ in the present study attributed to the isolation of only Gram positive bacteria (staphylococci and streptococci) from subclinical mastitis cases. Monitoring of cytokines involved in the regulation of immune responses during the infection is useful in determining cytokine markers that could be utilized as a forecasting tool in the early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a crossbred cow aged four years presented with lumpy jaw caused by Actinomyces bovis that fully recovered with combination of both surgical intervention and drug therapy. Topics discussed include brief background on actinomycosis, findings from the explorative procedure performed, and the administration of a combination of Streptomycin sulphate and Procaine peniciilin.

Aim: This study aims to determine the etiology of urinary tract infection (UTI) in dogs and to develop an antibiogram of organisms isolated. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were collected either through catheterization or cystocentesis from 35 dogs suspected of UTI admitted to VCC, LUVAS, Hisar. Bacteria were identified on the basis of cultural characteristics in 22 samples, and all the isolates were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Results: The urine samples found positive for bacteria yielded pure colony growth in 77.27% and mixed growth in 22.73% samples, respectively. Escherichia coli (29.62%) and Streptococcus spp. (29.62%) were the most prevalent microorganisms followed by Staphylococcus spp. (22.22%), Klebsiella spp. (11.11%), Pseudomonas spp. (3.7%), and Bacillus spp. (3.7%). Overall, maximum sensitivity of isolates was found toward ceftriaxone/tazobactam (88.88%) and least toward amoxicillin and cloxacillin (29.62%). Conclusion: E. coli and Streptococcus spp. were the most predominant bacteria isolated from UTI affected dogs. In vitro sensitivity revealed a significant proportion of bacteria to be multidrug resistant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study was undertaken to ascertain the clinical observation and haemato-biochemical studies on fever of unknown origin (FUO) in buffaloes which were presented for treatment at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar. Materials and Methods: The investigation was conducted on total 106 clinical cases presented at "TVCC, LUVAS, Hisar." Diseased animals having history of fever and increased rectal temperature were considered for the current study. Diagnosis of FUO was done on the basis of negative parasitological examination, culture examination, fecal and urine test. The cases in which etiology could not be established (such as pneumonia, metritis, traumatic reticuloperitonitis, urinary tract infection, trypanosomosis, diaphragmatic hernia, Brucellosis, and foreign body) were considered as true cases of FUO. Results: Out of 106 clinical cases different etiologies were identified in 76 (71.70%) cases including pneumonia, traumatic pericarditis, trypanosomosis, bacteremia, etc. and 30 cases (28.30%) remained undiagnosed even after detailed investigation. The mean rectal temperature (104.43±0.16°F), respiration rate (56.57±1.51/min) and pulse rate (83.40±1.77/min) of animals (n=30) suffering from FUO were significantly higher, whereas ruminal movement (1.00±0.23) was significantly lower compared to healthy control group. The mean value of hemoglobin, lymphocytes, and packed cell volume were significantly lower, whereas mean value of neutrophils was significantly higher compared to that of healthy control animals. Mean value of serum levels of glucose, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine were found to be significantly higher, whereas mean value of calcium value was significantly lower in all clinically affected animals compared to the healthy control group. Conclusion: About 28.30% cases of fever in buffaloes were found to be of unknown origin. Haemato-biochemical findings in cases of FUO in buffaloes revealed relative neutrophilia with lymphopenia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, significantly increased AST, ALT, and CPK along with adversely altered kidney function indicators (elevated BUN and serum creatinine). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study was undertaken to ascertain the incidence and clinical vital parameters in cases of primary ketosis in Murrah buffaloes brought to teaching veterinary clinical complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar and from adjoining villages of the district Hisar, Haryana, India. Materials and Methods: The investigation was conducted on 24 clinical cases (out of total 145 screened) of primary ketosis. The diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of clinical signs and significantly positive two tests for ketone bodies in urine (Rothera's and Keto-Diastix strip test). Data collected were statistically analyzed using independent Student's t-test. Results: Overall incidence of disease in these areas was found to be 16.55% and all the animals were recently parturited (mean: 1.42±0.14 month), on an average in their third lactation (mean: 2.38±0.30) and exhibited clinical signs such as selective anorexia (refusal to feed on concentrate diet), drastic reduction in milk yield (mean: 64.4±5.35%), ketotic odor from urine, breath, and milk and rapid loss of body condition. All the clinical vital parameters in ketotic buffaloes (body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and rumen movements) were within normal range. Conclusion: Primary ketosis in Murrah buffaloes was the most common seen in the third lactation, within the first 2 months after parturition with characteristics clinical signs and no variability in vital parameters. The disease has severe effect on the production status of affected animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]