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Maritime transport helps the development of the economy of countries. Improving the current situation in this type of transport requires the application of modern software tools for assessment, analysis and forecasting.

Constanta Port is the largest port on the Black Sea. Only here are operated the largest ships that have access through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. Of these, the largest tonnage is operated in berths 80 – 84 belonging to COMVEX SA. In the port there are also terminals for operating bulk cargo belonging to SOCEP and Minmetal. During the operation of ships, transport and storage of bulk cargo, basic activities of the terminal, losses of bulk materials occur, which periodically collected are waste because they no longer meet the original characteristics of the goods. According to GD 111/2002, these quantities of materials are called technological losses and are a mixture of iron ore, bauxite, coke and coal. The mineral components of this waste, defined as mineral waste, are from the handled materials, and which are of the highest quality. This quantity cannot be shipped to customers and therefore the respective quantities of goods represent operating and storage losses. Periodically, this mixture must be removed so that the land surfaces on which the stacks of materials are formed remain clean. The production of mineral waste is closely linked to the activity of the Ore Terminal. The mineral mixture from cleaning operations is stored in temporary storage dumps. In addition to the fact that these quantities of goods represent losses, they also represent an impact on the environment. The storage of this waste involves occupying important, available, adjacent areas and sometimes production areas. This also has implications for the operator's handling capacity as it requires additional operations involving energy consumption, labour consumption, vehicle use, etc. In conclusion, this scenario negatively affects the economic and social development of the company operating with bulk materials. Due to the specificity of the bulk cargo handling terminal, between 1991 and until now, significant quantities of mineral waste valued at approx. 650.000 t. Similar wastes are a characteristic of large ports, which transit such bulk goods, such as: Rotterdam – EMO operator – Netherlands, Dunkirk and Sollac sur Mer – France, Tianjin – China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will make an analysis of the exports registered in Constanta County in the period 2011-2021 inclusive. Although there are statistical data available, there are no works that have addressed this topic. Constanta County is on the first places in the country in terms of production and export, holding also the largest port on the Black Sea. The flow and composition of exported goods are important to know, both for statistical reasons, but especially for economic and social reasons.

The return of Dobrogea to Romania in 1878 marked the starting point for the modernization of the land between the Danube and the Black Sea. Constanța had become the most important city in this part of the country, thanks to its political renewal and the increased interest of both national and local authorities. Constanța thus became a metaphorical open gate to the whole world, through its port as well as through ample tourism; the city was home to beautiful hotels, coveted for the opportunity to have fun, relax and recover in equal measure. But undoubtedly the „star” of the city is the Sea. The combination of traditional Orientalism and Europeanism, determined by the openness to the whole world, made Constanța a cosmopolitan city, with particularly meaningful particular features. The development of Constanta can also be seen through the eyes of those who visited it and who left us testimonies in this regard. Some impressions of V. Grozescu, M.D. Ionescu-Dobrogianu, Petru Vulcan et al. for overtime readers are provided in this article.

The current configuration of urban settlements, in which the need of using intra-urban spaces and lands is increasing, has rapidly triggered the reduction of the areas occupied by green spaces and the destruction of the ecological, economic and social benefits they offer. As such, the aim of this study is to evaluate the meteorological parameters within the Tăbăcărie Park of Constanța and to consult local community for sustainable evolution development strategies of the area. Methodologically, the study was based on meteorological measurements, involving three atmospheric parameters (temperature, relative humidity, wind) in the period May-June 2021 and the additional use of a questionnaire applied online to residents, to analyze their perception in relation to the decisions of public institutions regarding park's management. The study was completed by a physical survey of a students group and an interdisciplinary team regarding the park's quality and its improvement solutions. Final results highlighted the variability of the same parameters measured in different key points of the park, these values being related to the physical-geographical conditions in each point. The effective management of the park as a whole is a first step towards the "city of the future". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive urbanization represents an increasingly significant challenge in relation to the management of aquatic urban spaces, leading to the alteration and contamination of lake bodies. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of urbanization on the natural environment by evaluating the water quality of Tăbăcăriei Lake, a Natura 2000 site, part of a lake complex, along with Siutghiol Lake. The analysis methodology included measuring the level of certain water quality parameters (e.g. nitrates, phosphates, CO2, dissolved oxygen), carried out between March and September 2022. Additionally, a questionnaire was applied to the local community, which sought to highlight its perception related to the anthropogenic impact on water quality, the pollution problems observed in the lake basin and the consequences regarding the degradation of the protected area. The results revealed that there are exceedances of the water quality parameters, the causes being the discharges of waste and contaminated water directly into the lake. The analysis shows that excessive urbanization causes the imbalance and pollution of urban lake spaces, and it is necessary to implement a specific ecological protection management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on Collaborative Parking Management in Constanta, Romania, examining the role of public policies and citizen participation in improving the availability and quality of parking spaces. The study's general objective is to evaluate citizens' perceptions of parking spaces in Constanta and identify potential solutions to improve the current situation. To achieve this, the study outlines six specific objectives, including analyzing parking space availability, evaluating the quality of parking infrastructure, examining opinions on parking regulation and costs, investigating the impact on the environment, assessing the influence on vehicle and pedestrian safety, and identifying solutions for parking management improvement. The research tool utilized for this study was an online questionnaire, which included six dimensions related to parking space availability and quality, regulation and costs, impact on the environment, and safety, as well as a section for participants to make recommendations. This study aims to provide insight into the current state of parking in Constanta and offer practical solutions for improving the parking situation through collaboration between citizens and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on urban mobility in Constanta, Romania and other cities around the world. This has resulted in reduced travel, increased bicycle and pedestrian trips, fewer taxicabs, and shorter public transport hours. It has also generated increased challenges for local authorities regarding safety, hygiene, air quality, road network management and public trust in public transit systems. On the other hand, the pandemic presents many opportunities for cities to rethink their urban mobility plans and adopt more sustainable transport solutions. This paper will look at the challenges and opportunities posed by the pandemic on urban mobility in Constanta and the measures that can be taken to mitigate the negative impacts while taking advantage of the opportunities it provides. This paper aims to provide an overview of the perception of urban mobility in the city of Constanța, Romania. It draws upon the results of a survey conducted among citizens in the city, which asked respondents to assess their perception regarding the quality, availability, and efficiency of urban mobility services in their area. The results show that most respondents feel that the availability of urban mobility services is limited and that the quality and efficiency of these services are poor. Additionally, majority of respondents feel that the lack of public transportation options and the lack of bicycle lanes impede urban mobility in Constanța. The paper concludes by suggesting that the city should consider investing in improved public transportation options and bike lanes in order to increase its urban mobility. Additionally, public education surrounding urban mobility and transportation safety is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of information, consultation, and communication in Romanian Local Public Administrations within the Online Sphere, where digital transition supplements traditional methods and introduces new opportunities and challenges. The focus is on public engagement in online communications, especially concerning public consultation invitations from local administrations. Data from Facebook posts by the municipalities of Constanta and Cluj-Napoca was analyzed using FanPageKarma and RStudio, providing insights into public participation. The research underscores the importance of online platforms in promoting transparency, citizen engagement, and collaborative decision-making in open governance. It reveals that despite the number of public consultation posts being relatively low, they affirm the commitment to participatory governance. Interestingly, posts not explicitly inviting public consultation saw higher engagement rates, suggesting the necessity of appealing content and audience understanding. The study also found that urban planning posts had lower engagement, indicating a potential need for simpler communication strategies for technical topics. The findings highlight that while digital platforms have been used effectively for citizen engagement, there is a need for continuous improvement and adaptation to maintain transparent and inclusive governance. The research adds to our understanding of the strategies employed in digital transitions and the importance of gauging public perception of online communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Triple Entente (France, Great Britain and Russia) and The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) were in a fierce arms race and war preparations, both of them looking for new allies and raw materials for leading the war. On 28th of June / 11th of July 1914, World War I broke out. As the war progressed, Romania could no longer remain neutral as it was decided when war started. There was pressure on the Romanian state and also promises. During this time, the 9th Infantry Division was deployed in the Quadrilateral. Division's headquarter was established in Silistra city, 17th Infantry Brigade was in Bazargic city and 34th Infantry Regiment was in Constanța garrison. During this time, it was planned to fill the gaps in armament and the logistic materials. Also, the fortification works at the newly established sites were rushed and the old ones in Turtucaia, Silistra, Cernavodă and Hârșova were reinforced. In 1915 the armies of Bulgaria and Greece were mobilized. They declared that arming was "just a simple measure of precaution and not a hostile purpose against Romania". In 1916, they were aware that against a superior enemy in numbers and arms, Romanian army was not able of a serious resistance in South Dobruja. On 14th of July / 27th of July 1916, Turtucaia and Silistra were put on the defensive positions. During night between 19th-20th of August / 1st-2nd of September, Bulgarian and German troops attacked simultaneously the entire sector of the front line from the Turtucaia's bridgehead area. On 24th of August / 6th of September 1916, the military actions at Turtucaia were dramatic and the last ones taken in that area. After the defeat of the Romanian army at Turtucaia, in November 1916, most of Dobruja, except the Danube Delta, was occupied by the troops of the Central Powers until November 1918. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although developments in the Balkans were important in process leading up to the First World War, Romania's military power, the strategic importance of tje Constanta Port all on the radar of Germany -one of most powerful states of that period. The Romanian army's victory in Second Balkan War was a priority in determining balances in Balkans before the First World War. Moreover, its military deterrent was a key issue that would end up dictating which political power would eventually dominate the Balkans. On the other hand, the Constanta Port, proved instrumental in determining the weight of Russia in the Balkans, as well as in offering it economic benefits via export of Romanian oil abroad. The port was at an advantage position-wise because it connected Ottoman Empire with Germany, and because it defended the Black Sea Strait in the North during the First World War. In this study, we shall analyse pre-WWI Romania's military capacity as well as the strategic importance of Constanta Port using German sources. We will also take a look at what lead to the Romanian army's defeat during the war, and why Constanta Port was so significant in bringing balance to the Black Sea region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a lot to say about the agricultural performance of Constanța County, but they are best reflected in this article. Constanta County has 707,129 hectares of land, of which 87% is arable. The natural potential of the region and the climatic conditions are favorable for the development of agricultural activities, therefore the main agricultural crops grown here are wheat, corn, potatoes, oilseeds and vegetables. Regarding the area of vineyards by fruit, the South-East region ranks first in the country, being known both domestically and internationally. Also, the industrialization and processing of agricultural products is provided by 136 companies specialized in the food industry.

In this paper I will make an analysis of the exports registered in Constanta County in the period 2011-2021 inclusive. Although there are statistical data available, there are no works that have addressed this topic. Constanta County is on the first places in the country in terms of production and export, holding also the largest port on the Black Sea. The flow and composition of exported goods are important to know, both for statistical reasons, but especially for economic and social reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living Labs are an innovative concept that combines research, governance, and citizens, using technology and knowledge. Using design thinking techniques as a method of approach, this innovative idea builds a bridge between decision makers and stakeholders, promoting a shared vision of growth and innovation at the community level. The coastal zone is an extremely dynamic area in terms of human and natural activities. This is a particularly sensitive area to climate change, necessitating ongoing adaptation and mitigating action. This paper aims to introduce the application of the Living lab concept in the management of the coastal area of Constanta (Romania). The concept of the Living Lab means involving citizens along with public bodies and research structures. This new coastal management model will use the design thinking approach and will consider the pressures that exist between the activities that occur in the examined coastal zone. In the study, "Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Mass Tourism Management Model Related to the Impact on the Local Community in Constanța (Romania)", published in MDPI Inventions on 28 June 2021, a coastal management model was built that took into consideration only the data given by the government. In this paper, the authors aim to expand their research by including data from independent sources, using the concept of a Living Lab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present article is to publish amphora stamps found during recent archaeological research in Tomis, on the western shore of the Black Sea, focusing this time on stamps found in 2006. The stamps originate from Rhodos, Knidos, Sinope, and Thasos.

Quality management plays an important role in the tourism activity as a comprehensive approach that continues to be an inseparable part of the success and evolution of tourism and the development of tourist regions. The objective of this paper is to highlight the emerging issues related to the dynamics of contemporary tourism in Constanța. As specific objectives, which we want to address in this paper would be: improving activities, modernizing the flow, technologicalization, sustainable responsibility and defining organizational characteristics. At the cognitive level, only the simple association of quality management with the development of tourist regions can provide positive results in terms of the theoretical approach of the notion in choosing, defining, mapping the tourist product or service.

Traditionally and socially, the tourism in Constanta is considered to be important to the local economy. Sun and beach locations are both a draw for locals and tourists to the city, on the Black Sea. However, vacation-oriented activities in the city only have a seasonal cycle. In this paper, we proposed to analyze the mass tourist activity in Constanta, taking into account economic, social, and environmental conditions. Additionally, we attempted to build a model based on the data available. The model was developed using a PESTEL analysis to determine the supportability factor of the indicators identified. We also set out to create a projection of the activities proposed for analysis by 2050. To create a model for coastal areas, the data used in this research must be accurate and consistent. Furthermore, correctly identifying indicators and their relationships is a critical step in conducting a thorough study. Last but not least, finding the calculation coefficient for the activity in question is critical, as collecting data from various activities might be challenging when trying to find a feasible model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living Labs are an innovative concept that combines research, governance, and citizens, using technology and knowledge. Using design thinking techniques as a method of approach, this innovative idea builds a bridge between decision makers and stakeholders, promoting a shared vision of growth and innovation at the community level. The coastal zone is an extremely dynamic area in terms of human and natural activities. This is a particularly sensitive area to climate change, necessitating ongoing adaptation and mitigating action. This paper aims to introduce the application of the Living lab concept in the management of the coastal area of Constanta (Romania). The concept of the Living Lab means involving citizens along with public bodies and research structures. This new coastal management model will use the design thinking approach and will consider the pressures that exist between the activities that occur in the examined coastal zone. In the study, “Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Mass Tourism Management Model Related to the Impact on the Local Community in Constanța (Romania)”, published in MDPI Inventions on 28 June 2021, a coastal management model was built that took into consideration only the data given by the government. In this paper, the authors aim to expand their research by including data from independent sources, using the concept of a Living Lab.

Constanţa is currently considered as one of the most important Romanian cities in economic and social terms. Constanta's economic activity can be seen as the result of specific natural resources (direct access to the Black Sea, littoral strip, climate conditions), as well as of the efforts to capitalize its natural and anthropic resources. This study is based on a meso-economic analysis of the evolution of several relevant indicators, which characterize the situation of the companies in Constanţa (Romania). The results obtained by data processing, representing the indicators from the financial and accounting balance sheets submitted by active companies in Constanţa in 2016 and 2017 highlight the main short-term trends in the economic activity of this city. In terms of data processing, quantitative statistical methods and the SPSS statistical software were used.

The structure of the economic activity undertaken by the companies in Constanta city is different from that of any other locality in Romania. This is due to the existence of the largest Romanian port by the Black Sea on the territory of Constanta city, which is also a port by the Danube, via the Danube-Black Sea Canal. Moreover, Mamaia, the largest tourist resort on the Romanian seaside, belongs to Constanta city. Furthermore, in Constanta city other important economic operators from other fields of activity are conducting their business. The present study includes the analysis of the labor productivity evolution registered by the active companies in Constanta county in the years 2016-2017, based on the indicators from the financial accounting balance sheets. For data processing, we have used the SPSS statistical software and quantitative statistical methods. The interpretation of the results obtained can be useful to current and potential entrepreneurs in carrying out economic activities in those areas of activity where a higher efficiency of the work done by workers is achieved.

There is a lot to say about the agricultural performance of Constanța County, but they are best reflected in this article. Constanta County has 707,129 hectares of land, of which 87% is arable. The natural potential of the region and the climatic conditions are favorable for the development of agricultural activities, therefore the main agricultural crops grown here are wheat, corn, potatoes, oilseeds and vegetables. Regarding the area of vineyards by fruit, the South-East region ranks first in the country, being known both domestically and internationally. Also, the industrialization and processing of agricultural products is provided by 136 companies specialized in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality management plays an important role in the tourism activity as a comprehensive approach that continues to be an inseparable part of the success and evolution of tourism and the development of tourist regions. The objective of this paper is to highlight the emerging issues related to the dynamics of contemporary tourism in Constanța. As specific objectives, which we want to address in this paper would be: improving activities, modernizing the flow, technologicalization, sustainable responsibility and defining organizational characteristics. At the cognitive level, only the simple association of quality management with the development of tourist regions can provide positive results in terms of the theoretical approach of the notion in choosing, defining, mapping the tourist product or service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is composed of 5 parts and it aims to characterize the main forms of transport on the territory of the country with an emphasis on the Constanta port. Based on these, a territorial network analysis was carried out by determining the road nodes that were analyzed using quantitative indices. Thus, in the first part the railway transport was analyzed, in the second part the road transport, in the third part the air transport, the fourth part is related to the naval transport, that is to say the fluvial and the maritime transport, and the last part represents the territorial analysis of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally and socially, the tourism in Constanta is considered to be important to the local economy. Sun and beach locations are both a draw for locals and tourists to the city, on the Black Sea. However, vacation-oriented activities in the city only have a seasonal cycle. In this paper, we proposed to analyze the mass tourist activity in Constanta, taking into account economic, social, and environmental conditions. Additionally, we attempted to build a model based on the data available. The model was developed using a PESTEL analysis to determine the supportability factor of the indicators identified. We also set out to create a projection of the activities proposed for analysis by 2050. To create a model for coastal areas, the data used in this research must be accurate and consistent. Furthermore, correctly identifying indicators and their relationships is a critical step in conducting a thorough study. Last but not least, finding the calculation coefficient for the activity in question is critical, as collecting data from various activities might be challenging when trying to find a feasible model.

The paper aims to investigate the wind conditions at 150 m above the surface, using the extreme value theory, a branch of statistics dealing with the extreme deviations from the median of probability distributions, and the physical model of the MERRA 2 global reanalysis data set in the nearby area of Cobadin Commune, Constanta County, Romania. The insights of the wind characteristics and the knowledge of the extreme values of the wind speed can be useful, not just for the designers, in the rational assessment of the structural safety of wind turbines, but also those evaluating the insured losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Review of Eurasian Studies / Revista Română de Studii Eurasiatice is the property of Romanian Review of Eurasian Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Constanţa is currently considered as one of the most important Romanian cities in economic and social terms. Constanta's economic activity can be seen as the result of specific natural resources (direct access to the Black Sea, littoral strip, climate conditions), as well as of the efforts to capitalize its natural and anthropic resources. This study is based on a meso-economic analysis of the evolution of several relevant indicators, which characterize the situation of the companies in Constanþa (Romania). The results obtained by data processing, representing the indicators from the financial and accounting balance sheets submitted by active companies in Constanţa in 2016 and 2017 highlight the main short-term trends in the economic activity of this city. In terms of data processing, quantitative statistical methods and the SPSS statistical software were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the economic activity undertaken by the companies in Constanta city is different from that of any other locality in Romania. This is due to the existence of the largest Romanian port by the Black Sea on the territory of Constanta city, which is also a port by the Danube, via the Danube-Black Sea Canal. Moreover, Mamaia, the largest tourist resort on the Romanian seaside, belongs to Constanta city. Furthermore, in Constanta city other important economic operators from other fields of activity are conducting their business. The present study includes the analysis of the labor productivity evolution registered by the active companies in Constanta county in the years 2016-2017, based on the indicators from the financial accounting balance sheets. For data processing, we have used the SPSS statistical software and quantitative statistical methods. The interpretation of the results obtained can be useful to current and potential entrepreneurs in carrying out economic activities in those areas of activity where a higher efficiency of the work done by workers is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first free election in Romania, after the coup d'état in 1989 represented a crucial moment in the Romanian history. The results of these first post communist free elections can not be analyses and explain without the presentation of the socio-economic and historical contextual which is specific both the forty five years of the communist dictatorship, and the five months of Post-Communism. The paper "The general election in 20th of May 1990 in the county of Constanta" which is my proposal for this conference contains a presentation in a chronological succession of the main events during the coup d'état in 22nd December 1989, and after the coup d'état till the election of may 20th 1990. I also included some juridical and political analysis and consideration about the election law system. On the basis of the documents from the personal archive of the honorable judge Dan Iulian Drăgan, a member of County Election Bureau, and his oral testimony, I succeded to have a clear image of the development of the 20th may 1990 election in the county of Constanta. Regarding the speculation of election fiddle, during the election, I can state that according to documents, there were some attempts, but the final result was not very much influenced. I also try to answer to the question why the electorate gave a massive vote to the National Salvation Front? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been an interest in stimulating the development role of urban centers in Romania, in the context of regional and spatial planning. The accession of Romania to the European Union and the need to absorb EU funds were the main reasons behind the emergence of the legal framework for the development of metropolitan areas as urban growth poles. Constanta, situated on the Black Sea coast, is an important tourist city of the country which has developed as a center of trade between East and West, with good prospects in terms of sustainable tourism development because it’s the fourth largest port in Europe, has an international airport, inland waterway, and a functional highway. Tourism is an important economic component, which from the perspective of using the dimension of sustainable development - economic sustainability can become a key factor for a balanced metropolitan development. The purpose of this paper is to show the necessity to develop a strategy for tourism in the Constanta Metropolitan Area, strategy which could contribute to achieving a high level of economic and social development, a high standard of living for all its inhabitants.

The HIV epidemic in Constanta describes a unique pattern in the world. It has outbreak in 1986, in the pediatric population and it is of a monoclonal aspect, being determined by the F1 subtype. The evolution of the epidemic has known different stages in time: it spreads to the adult population, the transmission pathway becomes predominantly sexual and the circulating viral strains become diversified. The study proposes the characterization of the circulating HIV-1 subtypes in Constanta from the beginning of the epidemic to the present. The results indicate that subtype F1 remains dominant in patients from Constanta, mainly due to cases coming from the pediatric cohort that have now reached adulthood and are generating secondary cases through sexual transmission. As subtype B strains appeared sporadically before 1999, the strains C and B appear systematically after that moment in time. In 2004 the first subtype A strains were isolated. The year 2007 is the one with the highest biodiversity: along with the dominant subtype F1, subtypes C, A, B, G were isolated and also the circulating recombinant forms CRF02_02, CRF06_cpx and CRF01_AE. Since 2008, the viral population has remained polymorphic, with a dynamic evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The events preceding the First World War triggered a revival in Romanian foreign policy, oriented for three decades towards the Central Powers. The actions of the Vienna Cabinet -contrary to Romania's interests -during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), but especially the situation of Transylvanian Romanians, under the rule of the dualist Hungary, prompted the beginning of Romania's reorientation to the Entente. The great powers of the Entente, especially France and Russiasought to take full advantage of the deterioration of the Romanian-Austro-Hungarian relations. Russia was most interested in weakening the influence of Austria- Hungary in the Balkans and to draw Romania on the side of the Entente. As a result, the visit of Russia's Tsar in Constanţa on 14 June 1914 produced the most vivid agitation in German and Austro-Hungarian diplomatic circles due to the advances that the powers of the Entente made in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EU waste policy has evolved over the last 30 years through a series of environmental action plans and a framework of legislation that aims to reduce negative environmental and health impacts and create an energy and resource-efficient economy. The EU's Sixth Environment Action Programme (2002-2012) identified waste prevention and management as one of four top priorities. In this paper we will present the implementation of a new integrated municipal waste system in Constanta county. An important feature of the Constanta county, with implications for integrated waste management is represented by the high degree of urbanization: 70% of the county population lives in urban areas, of which over 70% in towns located in the Black Sea area. The overall objective of the system of waste Constanta is developing an integrated, sustainable waste management, by improving waste management based on adequate infrastructure, reducing the number of contaminated sites in the county, mainly aimed at respecting the acquis communautaire of environment and having the effect to grow living environmental and standards in Constanta County. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, Constanţa is the largest city in Dobruja (Romania), but also the heir of an important urban centre in the Antiquity, named Tomis. During the Roman occupation of these lands, Tomis was a major western Black Sea port and also the capital of Scythia province in the Late Antiquity. The peninsula where the antique city progressively developed was also inhabited in the Middle Ages, used mostly for commercial and less frequently for military purposes by the Byzantines, Italians and later by the Ottomans. From the former Ottoman settlement, the modern city developed starting with the last decades of the 19th century. In this general context, characterized also by uneven research depending on the historical period (i. e. proportional to the available sources), an uncomfortable question arises: was there or was it not some sort of continuity between the impressive antique structures (some of which were well documented) and the following ones of the Middle and Modern Ages? As a consequence, are there any elements of the modern city's configuration heirs of the antique ones? The topic is indirectly addressed here, by investigating old descriptions of the city in our search of archaeological clues. In this paper I have examined the archaeological relevance of an older but extensive monograph of the city, written in 1931 by Marin Ionescu-Dobrogianu. Although having a military career, the author was a passionate not only about the city of Constanţa but also about Dobruja and their geography and history. When he wrote this book, he had been an inhabitant of the city for about 40 years of his adult life,thus being himself a valuable witness of the modern city's development, which basically started from scratch - a ruined and almost depopulated settlement devastated by19th century Ottoman-Russian wars. It is presumable that the building sites of that period revealed to the contemporaries many more antique structures than the modern archaeologists of the 19th got the chance to record. In a nutshell, his book is no more than a compilation of data and quotes from different sources (carefully noted, though), set in a chronological order and where suitable, marked by the author's own addenda. However, one must note the boldness of writing a history of Constanţa throughout all times-an unique approach, as far as I know, as historians usually and currently deal only with their own period of expertise, and no efforts had been made in order to unite knowledge into a coherent story of this important historical city. For these reasons, I've considered Dobrogianu’s book the appropriate resource for starting my investigations on the city’s continuity thesis. Although extensive, it was not possible to include in this paper all the data from Dobrogianu's book which is relevant for archaeological purposes. I have selected three large recurrent topics: A. The general topography of the Peninsula; B. Visible "old" constructions on diffuse areas and C. Visible "old" constructions in precise, identifiable locations documented by various witnesses, including the author, leaving aside for future occasions subjects such as the mobile assets (especially architectural fragments and inscriptions), building material reuse (spolia) and the post-antique and premodern landscape - each of them with a certain interest for our main topic. After introductions (delimitating the subject, sources and approach), the first part of the paper includes the accounts on the general topography of the Peninsula (section A), which are partially complemented by info on historical buildings (sections B1, B4), suggesting that most of the topographical "accidents" (such as large ravine) have or might have an anthropic cause. Another accounts series (section B2) offers some arguments - although in an indirect manner -0 for the yet controversial issue of the perimetral fortifications in the Antiquity. Perhaps the most interesting part of the paper is where I correlate accounts on the so-called "Genovese storerooms" (section B3), from which it results, with high probability, that the storerooms were in fact not Genovese, but Roman, that what we see today under the so-called "Mosaic Edifice" is just a small fragment from the tens (or maybe hundreds) of storerooms which equipped the harbour in the Roman period and that some of them were still in use in the 17th century (and maybe later on). The idea of the Roman harbour fitted along the entire south-western shore of the Peninsula was clearly presented by Natalia Toma (2010), except for the mention that by fitting we understand not only terraces, but also storerooms. By correlating on a topographic support the literary sources with the archaeological evidence, supplementary arguments for the abovementioned virtual restoration were added. Section B4 treats an issue rarely addressed in the archaeological and historical literature, the Ottoman fortification, as Dobrogianu's book is quite generous with indications in this matter, still waiting to be verified by researchers. In the last part of the paper I centralized information of archaeological interest which can or could be, theoretically, precisely located in space, regarding segments of the Late Roman fortification (section C1), "old" and massive constructions seen in the basements of various public and private buildings (C2, C3), structures of the antique and medieval port (C4) and some of the dozens of tumuli along the roads which were still standing in or around the city during the early modern period (C5). Overall, this paper is an example of isolated urban history information reevaluated by correlating them with other sources (especially archaeological and cartographic), to the purpose of better understanding the urban structure's evolution in time. At last, in addition to the results of associating different information types and sources earned through this study, perhaps the most important aspect to be underlined is the importance of the approach itself, which is the critical evaluation of a source apparently dated and generally ignored for various prejudices. As it hopefully comes out of this paper, the literature outside the scientific spheres can be itself a valuable source of information, yet insufficiently explored and exploited. Undoubtedly, in some of these cases we may speak about proper sources of the Modern Era, of a real archaeological interest, which need to be understood and treated as such. Extending this research direction in the study of historical Constanţa, as well as the systematic reevaluation of the premodern literary sources, paralleled by the centralization of the relevant archaeological and cartographic sources, may yield, in time, significant evidence for the general fate of the city after the Antiquity, but also, in particular, the fate of its antique and medieval structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present the benefits of implementing HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) to company S.C. "DOBRE AND SONS" S.R.L. Constanta, Romania. The data have been provided by the above mentioned manufacturer. The objectives of S.C. "DOBRE AND SONS" S.R.L. are protecting the health of the consumers of the products and their satisfaction regarding the consumption of products that are nutritional, tasty, fresh, free from microbiological, chemical and physical hazard, as well as possessing stable properties during the validity for consumption. In this respect, there has been implemented and maintained an integrated management system of food quality and safety according to SR EN ISO 9001:2008, SR EN ISO 22000:2005 and according to IFS standard, version 5/2007, which consists of determining the potential biological, chemical and physical hazards that might affect the safety of bread and bakery products, or the health of the consumer. HACCP team is analyzing hazard using one of the recommended techniques: brainstorming or the cause - effect diagram. In conclusion, the company S.C. "DOBRE AND SONS" S.R.L. Constanta, Romania provides awareness and employee involvement at all levels in achieving the appointed objectives.

World trade and transportation are changing dramatically. Energy prices and transport sustainability concerns are reinvigorating ocean freighter shipping. An ever-increasing portion of trade is in containers, and container ships are getting larger quickly. Many ports, nations and continents are not keeping up with ship size increases putting them at a trade disadvantage. Major canals and seaways must also upgrade or be rendered obsolete, causing a change in the pattern of world trade. Ports have to do more than expand vessel size limits. Port regions must also invest in infrastructure that improves multi-modal access to the port and augments hand-off of containers to smaller seaway ships, trains and trucks. With heightened security and evolving emphasis on flexible and efficient logistics, ports must become high-tech logistics hubs with improved real-time data about port throughput. Constanţa, Romania provides an example of an attempt to respond to this rapid change. Near the Danube Delta, on the Black Sea, Constanţa offers a potential southeastern gateway to Europe for the Black Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean and beyond. Ships from Asia, entering via the Suez Canal can easily access Constanţa, and thus save more than ten days of shipping time for destinations in southeastern Europe compared to shipping through Rotterdam or Hamburg. But Constanţa needs to make all the improvements mentioned above. Universities have several roles in this endeavor, including identifying and forecasting trends, providing the technical knowledge to develop high-tech logistics hubs, pursing publicprivate partnerships for infrastructure development and offering training.

The shipping industry has become a professional environment that for performance targets proposed are forced to govern a flexible amount of effects of external factors not always friendly. The essential element of performing is competitive advantage created in the market by a management structure following a strategy that seeks safely profit as primary objective and environmental protection. The develop business strategies of shipping companies have as main element understanding of critical success factors for each segment managerial function. Strategies for development of harbor Romanian infrastructure as development strategies for domestic shipping companies are developed taking into account the projections of economic and geopolitical medium term of the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, Central and Eastern Europe in particular the countries bordering the Danube river and the Transcaucasian region in accordance with international environmental protection and decrease pollution correlated with performance and development indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study measurements were performed simultaneously regarding the evolution of some climatic parameters in the microclimate space. Depending on the different place of placing the observation stations, these differ in the measured values (wind temperature, precipitations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been an interest in stimulating the development role of urban centers in Romania, in the context of regional and spatial planning. The accession of Romania to the European Union and the need to absorb EU funds were the main reasons behind the emergence of the legal framework for the development of metropolitan areas as urban growth poles. Constanta, situated on the Black Sea coast, is an important tourist city of the country which has developed as a center of trade between East and West, with good prospects in terms of sustainable tourism development because it's the fourth largest port in Europe, has an international airport, inland waterway, and a functional highway. Tourism is an important economic component, which from the perspective of using the dimension of sustainable development - economic sustainability can become a key factor for a balanced metropolitan development. The purpose of this paper is to show the necessity to develop a strategy for tourism in the Constanta Metropolitan Area, strategy which could contribute to achieving a high level of economic and social development, a high standard of living for all its inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sustained progress of the town of Constanta, a predominantly commercial and touristic centre, needed the support of a modern transport infrastructure, i.e. secure and quick communication networks. This is why the development of the land transportation system, technically, as well as organizationally, turned out to be just as important as the harbour's well known commercial shipping lanes. As such, the city was among the first towns in the country to build a connecting railway with the Danube River, once the bridges over the river were put up, and, consequently, to have a direct link with Western Europe, and the Orient Express. On the other hand, the city owes much of its progress to the local authorities, for whom the transport from town to places such as the harbour, the hippodrome, the beaches at Vii and Mamaia, were not to be neglected. Overall, this progress transformed Constanta into one of the most modern and dynamic economic areas in the Romanian Old Kingdom, in the early 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present the benefits of implementing HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) to company S.C. "DOBRE AND SONS" S.R.L. Constanta, Romania. The data have been provided by the above mentioned manufacturer. The objectives of S.C. "DOBRE AND SONS" S.R.L. are protecting the health of the consumers of the products and their satisfaction regarding the consumption of products that are nutritional, tasty, fresh, free from microbiological, chemical and physical hazard, as well as possessing stable properties during the validity for consumption. In this respect, there has been implemented and maintained an integrated management system of food quality and safety according to SR EN ISO 9001:2008, SR EN ISO 22000:2005 and according to IFS standard, version 5/2007, which consists of determining the potential biological, chemical and physical hazards that might affect the safety of bread and bakery products, or the health of the consumer. HACCP team is analyzing hazard using one of the recommended techniques: brainstorming or the cause - effect diagram. In conclusion, the company S.C. "DOBRE AND SONS" S.R.L. Constanta, Romania provides awareness and employee involvement at all levels in achieving the appointed objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World trade and transportation are changing dramatically. Energy prices and transport sustainability concerns are reinvigorating ocean freighter shipping. An ever-increasing portion of trade is in containers, and container ships are getting larger quickly. Many ports, nations and continents are not keeping up with ship size increases putting them at a trade disadvantage. Major canals and seaways must also upgrade or be rendered obsolete, causing a change in the pattern of world trade. Ports have to do more than expand vessel size limits. Port regions must also invest in infrastructure that improves multi-modal access to the port and augments hand-off of containers to smaller seaway ships, trains and trucks. With heightened security and evolving emphasis on flexible and efficient logistics, ports must become high-tech logistics hubs with improved real-time data about port throughput. Constanta, Romania provides an example of an attempt to respond to this rapid change. Near the Danube Delta, on the Black Sea, Constanta offers a potential southeastern gateway to Europe for the Black Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean and beyond. Ships from Asia, entering via the Suez Canal can easily access Constanta, and thus save more than ten days of shipping time for destinations in southeastern Europe compared to shipping through Rotterdam or Hamburg. But Constanta needs to make all the improvements mentioned above. Universities have several roles in this endeavor, including identifying and forecasting trends, providing the technical knowledge to develop high-tech logistics hubs, pursing public- private partnerships for infrastructure development and offering training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper highlights Romania's geostrategic potential and advantages as transit state of the future "Nabucco" transport route of natural gas from the Caspian Basin and Central Asia to the Central and East-European countries still heavily dependent on Russian hydrocarbon supply. Apart from the geostrategic advantages conferred by its geographical position, Romania is the only state in Central and South-Eastern Europe that can meet its own oil-and-gas demand and besides can also export this resource. The country also has the biggest Black Sea harbour which is ever more important economically and geostrategically after becoming port of the new Euro-Asian hydrocarbon transport axes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 1916, the German, Bulgarian and Ottoman armies entered in Dobrudja with a total of 10 divisions. The defense line was broken, and by this reason Constanța was evacuated on 21 October. The author is publishing the entire report on this action, written after a week by the commander of the harbor, Commodore Constantin Mihuț. From this document results that the harbor would have resisted more time if the Russian navy would have been attacked the Tuzla area with bombs. The equipment was not destroyed because the same Russians hoped that the harbor will be recovered. Only few ships were saved and sent to Sulina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]