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Abstract Background Melon (Cucumis melo L.), an important cucurbit crop, faces production limitations due to powdery mildew (PM). Developing resistant varieties offers a sustainable, genetics-based alternative to chemical treatments. Therefore, identifying PM resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) and creating trait-associated markers are essential for efficient melon PM resistance improvement through marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). Results Three F2 populations, A6, B2, and C4, were generated for QTL mapping of PM resistance. Major QTL were identified on chromosome 2 in A6, chromosome 5 in B2, and chromosomes 5 and 12 in C4. A series of TaqMan® assays targeting regions on chromosomes 2, 5, and 12 were developed and validated for foreground and recombinant selection, complemented by the double digest restriction-site associated DNA genotyping system to evaluate the recurrent parent genome recovery. Three MABC programs using resistant donor parents from A6 and C4 crossed with elite susceptible recurrent parents with green and orange fruit flesh were implemented. After two to three cycles of MABC, individual QTL was successfully introgressed into elite genetic backgrounds, giving six PM resistance lines in each green- and orange-fleshed background. PM inoculation on the twelve near-isogenic lines confirmed their resistance to PM. Conclusions We have identified major PM resistance QTL for melon on chromosomes 2, 5, and 12 and have introgressed individual QTL to elite genetic backgrounds using MABC in three and a half years. This study demonstrates the power of combining high-throughput genotyping with breeding efforts and showcases the efficiency of molecular breeding.

The São Francisco River Valley region in Brazil is a major producer of irrigated melons, facing stresses due to climate change. New strategies for crop management are essential to maintain sustainable cultivation. This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of melons under controlled irrigation deficit (RDI) and the use of a biostimulant. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with sub-subdivided plots. The main plots represented water levels: full irrigation (100% soil water availability - SWA) and deficit levels (80%, 60%, and 40% SWA). The subplots represented biostimulant application (with and without), and the sub-subplots represented collection periods: time I (17 to 26 days after planting - DAP), time II (27 to 36 DAP), and time III (37 to 46 DAP). The variable analyzed was gas exchange. Water restriction affects melons; however, some physiological characteristics show greater tolerance, demonstrating an adaptive response to moderate water deficit (80% SWA), regardless of the evaluation period. This allows for better water use efficiency. The biostimulant applied was not effective in promoting adjustments in the evaluated gas exchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudoperonospora cubensis, causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew, is a common and highly variable pathogen of cucurbit vegetables. Pathogen virulence can be considered on two different levels, that is, pathotypes and races. Pathotypes characterize the interactions between pathogen isolates and the set of genotypes represented by different species and/or genera of the host plant family. Races are characterized by the interactions between pathogen isolates and the set of genotypes (e.g., cultivars, lines, accessions) of one host species (or very closely related species). Differential sets for pathotype and/or race determination are composed of distinct (different) genotypes. Until recently, only differentiation of pathotypes was used to characterize P. cubensis. Most recent research of virulence variation in P. cubensis populations in the Czech Republic working with the Cucumis melo differential set demonstrated the existence of a large number of races of this pathogen. The differential capacity of this set was primarily created for the determination and denomination of virulence phenotypes/races of cucurbit powdery mildew (Golovinomyces orontii, Podosphaera xanthii). However, this set is also efficient for differentiating virulence phenotypes in P. cubensis. This means that one set of C. melo differential genotypes can be used for two independent plant–pathogen systems: cucurbit powdery mildew and cucurbit downy mildew. Results showed that isolates of P. cubensis developing identical virulence reaction patterns at the level of pathotype, develop different reaction patterns at the level of races and vice versa. It is demonstrated and explained that pathotypes and races are two different categories for the assessment of virulence variation, which should be clearly defined, recognized and used within international scientific and breeding communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for efficient and sustainable methods for the management of Fusarium rot in melon, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the thermotherapy, whether it's used alone or in combination with alternative products to Magnate®, in melons inoculated with two isolates of Fusarium falciforme. The effect of the treatments on fruit quality was evaluated using physicochemical parameters, disease severity, and enzymatic analyses. The in vitro experiments showed that the lowest concentration (0.0625% v/v) of cinnamon essential oil was the most effective in controlling the mycelial growth of both isolates, demonstrating comparable effects to those observed with Copper Crop® and Magnate®. In the in vivo experiments, treating fruits with thermotherapy combined with Cooper Crop® greatly reduced melon rot decreased the damage caused by the two isolates of F. falciforme and was more effective than Magnate®. This treatment produced a lower level of hydrogen peroxide in the inoculated fruits, thereby maintaining cell membranes. It contains antifungal compounds inherent to its composition and exerts an influence on the enzyme's peroxidase and polyphenoxidase, thereby inducing the defense mechanism of the fruit. Therefore, thermotherapy combined with Cooper Crop® can be used to manage melon rot as an alternative to Magnate®. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Melon (Cucumis melo L.), an important cucurbit crop, faces production limitations due to powdery mildew (PM). Developing resistant varieties offers a sustainable, genetics-based alternative to chemical treatments. Therefore, identifying PM resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) and creating trait-associated markers are essential for efficient melon PM resistance improvement through marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). Results: Three F2 populations, A6, B2, and C4, were generated for QTL mapping of PM resistance. Major QTL were identified on chromosome 2 in A6, chromosome 5 in B2, and chromosomes 5 and 12 in C4. A series of TaqMan® assays targeting regions on chromosomes 2, 5, and 12 were developed and validated for foreground and recombinant selection, complemented by the double digest restriction-site associated DNA genotyping system to evaluate the recurrent parent genome recovery. Three MABC programs using resistant donor parents from A6 and C4 crossed with elite susceptible recurrent parents with green and orange fruit flesh were implemented. After two to three cycles of MABC, individual QTL was successfully introgressed into elite genetic backgrounds, giving six PM resistance lines in each green- and orange-fleshed background. PM inoculation on the twelve near-isogenic lines confirmed their resistance to PM. Conclusions: We have identified major PM resistance QTL for melon on chromosomes 2, 5, and 12 and have introgressed individual QTL to elite genetic backgrounds using MABC in three and a half years. This study demonstrates the power of combining high-throughput genotyping with breeding efforts and showcases the efficiency of molecular breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing corn grain with refused melon fruit (RMF) in the diet on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, performance, carcass characteristics, and physical-chemical attributes of meat from lambs finished in feedlot. We used 30 male lambs of the Santa Inês breed, not castrated, with 18.3 ± 1.1 kg body weight and 120 days of life, feedlot in individual stalls for 71 days. The animals were fed at will with treatment diets containing 0 g/kg (control, without RMF), 100, 200, 300, or 400 g/kg of RMF in the dry matter of the total diet, in a forage: concentrate ratio of 30:70. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the intake of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and metabolizable energy of the lambs receiving diets with the inclusion of RMF. The inclusion of RMF significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the final weight, average daily gain, and gross feed efficiency but did not influence (P > 0.05) the carcass weight and tissue composition of the shoulder. There was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of the inclusion of RMF on the physical-chemical characteristics of the meat, but the moisture content of the meat increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing RMF in the diet. We recommend including up to 300 g/kg of RMF in diets for lambs formulated to gain 0.2 kg/day and with a 30:70 forage: concentrate ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main Conclusion: Microscopic analyses and chemical profiling demonstrate that the white rind phenotype in melon fruit is associated with the accumulation of n-alkanes, fatty alcohols, aldehydes and wax esters. Serving as an indicator of quality, the rind (or external) color of fruit directly affects consumer choice. A fruit’s color is influenced by factors such as the levels of pigments and deposited epicuticular waxes. The latter produces a white-grayish coating often referred to as “wax bloom”. Previous reports have suggested that some melon (Cucumis melo L.) accessions may produce wax blooms, where a dominant white rind color trait was genetically mapped to a major locus on chromosome 7 and suggested to be inherited as a single gene named Wi. We here provide the first direct evidence of the contribution of epicuticular waxes to the dominant white rind trait in melon fruit. Our light and electron microscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) comparative analysis of melon accessions with white or green rinds reveals that the rind of melon fruit is rich in epicuticular waxes. These waxes are composed of various biochemical classes, including fatty acids, fatty alcohols, aldehydes, fatty amides, n-alkanes, tocopherols, triterpenoids, and wax esters. We show that the dominant white rind phenotype in melon fruit is associated with increased accumulation of n-alkanes, fatty alcohols, aldehydes and wax esters, which are linked with the deposition of crystal-like wax platelets on their surfaces. Together, this study broadens the understanding of natural variation in an important quality trait of melon fruit and promotes the future identification of the causative gene for the dominant white rind trait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melon (Cucumis melo) includes more than ten botanical groups, many of which feature netting ornamentation on the surface of mature fruit. Ripe melons display a netted skin that signifies their ripeness and readiness for consumption. Previously, we identified SKIN NETTING (CmSN), which encodes an EamA-like transporter family protein, as the candidate gene controlling fruit skin netting formation in melon, while its biological functions remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of the CmSN gene was considerably lower in netted melons compared to smooth-skinned melons, indicating a negative correlation between CmSN expression and netting formation. Subsequently, we employed transient overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments to explore the role of CmSN gene during fruit development. Overexpression of the CmSN gene inhibited netting development, whereas silencing it promoted netting formation. Using heterologous transformation in tomato, we further confirmed the effect of the CmSN gene on rind texture and toughness, as these tomatoes exhibited rougher and tougher skins. Analysis with near-isogenic lines (NILs) revealed that CmSN gene-bearing fruits (NIL_CmSN) possessed significantly harder rinds than the control smooth-skinned variety HB42, underscoring the role of CmSN in enhancing rind protection. Together, our research offers essential insights into the netting formation and genetic improvement of melon fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family is an important multigene family in plants that plays a key role in cell wall reconstruction and stress tolerance. However, the specific traits of XTH genes and their expression patterns under different stresses have not been systematically studied in melon. In this study, based on the genomic data of Cucumis melon, 29 XTH genes were identified; most of these genes contain two conserved domains (Glyco_hydro_16 and XET_C domains). Based on neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis, the CmXTHs were divided into four subfamilies, I/II, IIIA, and IIIB, which are distributed across nine chromosomes of melon. Collinearity analysis showed that the melon XTH genes have an evolutionary history consistent with three species: Arabidopsis, tomato, and cucumber. The promoter regions of the CmXTH genes contain numerous cis-acting elements, which are associated with plant growth, hormonal response, and stress responses. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that CmXTH genes exhibit different expression patterns under drought and salt stress treatments, suggesting that this gene family plays an important role under abiotic stress. This study provides a theoretical basis for further studies on the molecular function of XTH genes in melon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GATA transcription factors are an important class of transcription factors in plants, known for their roles in tissue development, signal transduction, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. To date, there have been no reports on the GATA gene family in melon (Cucumis melo). In this study, 24 CmGATA genes were identified from the melon genome. These family members exhibit significant differences in protein length, molecular weight, and theoretical isoelectric point and are primarily located in the nucleus. Based on the classification of Arabidopsis thaliana GATA members, the phylogenetic tree divided them into four groups: group I, group II, group III, and group IV, containing 10, 8, 4, and 2 genes, respectively. Notably, CmGATA genes within the same group have highly conserved protein motifs and similar exon--intron structures. The CmGATA family members are unevenly distributed across 10 chromosomes, with six pairs of segmentally duplicated genes and one pair of tandemly duplicated genes, suggesting that gene duplication may be the primary factor in the expansion of the CmGATA family. Melon shares 21, 4, 38, and 34 pairs of homologous genes with A. thaliana, Oryza sativa, Cucumis sativus, and Citrullus lanatus, respectively. The promoter regions are enriched with various cis-acting elements related to growth and development (eight types), hormone regulation (nine types), and stress responses (six types). Expression patterns indicate that different CmGATA family members are significantly expressed in seeds, roots, stems, leaves, tendrils, mesocarp, and epicarp, exhibiting distinct tissue-specific expression characteristics. Quantitative fluorescence analysis revealed that five genes, CmGATA3, CmGATA7, CmGATA16, CmGATA22, and CmGATA24, may be highly active under 48-h drought stress, while CmGATA1 and CmGATA22 may enhance melon resistance to heavy metal lead stress. Additionally, CmGATA22 and CmGATA24 are suggested to regulate melon resistance to Fusarium wilt infection. CmGATA22 appears to comprehensively regulate melon responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Lastly, potential protein interaction networks were predicted for the CmGATA family members, identifying CmGATA8 as a potential hub gene and predicting 2,230 target genes with enriched GO functions. This study preliminarily explores the expression characteristics of CmGATA genes under drought stress, heavy metal lead stress, and Fusarium wilt infection, providing a theoretical foundation for molecular mechanisms in melon improvement and stress resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melon holds significant economic importance for Brazilian agribusiness. It exhibits high polymorphism and genetic variability, yet knowledge regarding its genetic diversity and response to root diseases remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and response of melon plant accessions to Monosporascus cannonballus. Two trials were conducted involving 29 melon accessions and a commercial hybrid of the yellow melon plant, Natal RZ. In the first trial, the accessions and the commercial hybrid were grown in the field under a randomised complete block design with three replications. They were evaluated for fruit‐related descriptors: number of fruits per plant (NFP), average fruit weight, shape index, pulp thickness, pulp firmness (PF) and total soluble solids (TSS). Standardised Euclidean distances were calculated on the basis of the results, and the accessions were grouped using the UPGMA method. In the second trial, the melon plant accessions and commercial hybrid were cultivated in a greenhouse under a completely randomised design with 12 replications. For inoculation, wheat grains infested with M. cannonballus isolate CMM‐2429 were used. Evaluations were conducted 60 days after transplanting, assessing the incidence and severity of the disease, and biometric variables. The study revealed genetic variability among the evaluated accessions for fruit descriptors and response to M. cannonballus. Most divergent accessions were A16, A53, NZR, A28, A51 and A44, with divergence primarily observed in NFP, PF and TSS. Promising accessions for breeding programmes aimed at resistance to M. cannonballus included A01, A04, A25, A27 (moderately resistant) and A26 (highly resistant to the pathogen). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a begomovirus causing significant melon (Cucumis melo) crop losses globally. This study aims to map the ToLCNDV resistance in the PI 414723 melon accession, previously identified and characterized through phenotypic studies, thereby exploring shared genomic regions with the established resistant source WM-7. In the present study, WM-7 and PI 414723 were crossed with the susceptible accessions 'Rochet' and 'Blanco' respectively, to generate F1 hybrids. These hybrids were self-pollinated to generate the populations for mapping the ToLCNDV resistance region and designing markers for marker-assisted selection. Disease evaluation included visual symptom scoring, viral-load quantification and tissue printing. Genotyping-by-sequencing and SNP markers were used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. For genetic analysis, qPCR and bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) were performed. Gene expression was assessed using RNA-seq, and qRT-PCR was used for confirmation. The research narrows the candidate region for resistance in WM-7 and identifies overlapping QTLs on chromosome 11 in PI 414723, found in the region of the DNA primase large subunit. BSR-seq and expression analyses highlight potential regulatory roles of chromosome 2 in conferring resistance. Differential expression was confirmed for six genes in the candidate region on chromosome 2. This study confirms the existence of common resistance genes in PI 414723 and WM-7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers in the high desert are challenged by a short growing season and slow crop establishment of warm-season vegetables. Yet an increasing demand for local produce in nearby urban areas presents an opportunity to diversify farms while adapting to climate uncertainty. Vegetable rootstocks can confer advantages under biotic and abiotic stress conditions, but information on which and how melon rootstocks can improve management does not exist for high desert and short-season regions. Commercial, squash-hybrid rootstocks (i.e., Cucurbita maxima × C. moschata) were grafted with a common scion (Cucumis melo cv. Sarah's choice). Nine rootstocks in 2021 and four selected rootstocks in 2022 were evaluated in four field trials (two per year) in northern Nevada at two distinct locations. Melon grafting did not consistently increase crop performance in the high desert, and it was influenced by location and year. Throughout the initial half of the harvesting period, grafted plants tended to produce more melons, irrespective of location or year, offering a potential appeal for melon growers operating in shorter growing seasons. However, a slight reduction in fruit quality (i.e., -Brix) was observed in some grafted plants compared with the ungrafted control. The benefits of grafting melons onto squash hybrids in high desert conditions remain uncertain and may depend on microenvironment and farming practices that affect crop establishment, such as mulching effects on soil temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To explore the potential application of carbon nanotubes in vegetable crops. [Method] Melon cultivar of 'Tongtianmi 1' was used as experimental materials, with the ultrasonic experiment on seeds under carbon nanotube treatment. The differences among different levels of carbon nanotubes treatment were investigated at 200,500,800 µg/mL and CK, respectively. Aimed at providing technical reference for the nanomaterial application in horticultural plant research, the effects of carbon nanotube concentrations on seed germination and seedling growth characteristics were compared by measuring seed germination rate, seedling height, ground diameter, total root length, total surface area, average diameter and number of root tips. [Result] The germination energy and the ratio of germination were ranked with T2 >CK>T1 >T3, the rate of emergence was ranked with T2 > T3 > CK > T1. The effects of carbon nanotubes on seedling height and ground diameter of muskmelon seedlings had little difference. The total root length and total surface area of melon seedlings in T, treatment group were significantly increased by 56.0% and 49.4%, respectively, compared with CK. [Conclusion] The germination rate and seedling root growth characteristics under different carbon nanotube concentrations were significantly different, and the carbon nanotube mass concentrations with 500 µg/mL was the best control index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Melon charcoal rot is one of the most important diseases that significantly reduces the yield of melon (Cucumis melo L.). The main objectives of this study were: isolation of actinomycetes from the rhizospheric soil of different melon cultivation regions located in the Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces of Iran; investigating the antagonistic effects of actinomycetes against melon black stem or charcoal rot disease; evaluation of siderophore production by isolates in vitro; identification of potential isolate by PCR, and investigating their biocontrol efficacy against Macrophomina phaseolina in melon under greenhouse condition. Materials and methods Eighty actinomycete isolates were isolated from the soil of selected different melon cultivation areas and their antifungal activity against Macrophomina phaseolina was investigated. Potential isolates were evaluated for biological activities. Moreover, the efficacy of selected actinobacteria in order to biocontrol charcoal rot disease was investigated under greenhouse condition. Results Three actinomycete isolates (R1.6, R5.52 and R5.56) were revealed the highest inhibition zone size against Macrophomina phaseolina and selected for further investigations. All three isolates were able to colonize melon roots, produce extracellular enzymes and control disease in the greenhouse. The actinomycete isolate R5.56 was identified by sequence analysis of small ribosomal RNA subunit (16S rRNA) and based on the results this isolate had the highest similarity (98%) with Streptomyces species. Conclusions Biological control of plant pathogens, unlike the application of chemical pesticides, does not work quickly, but in successful cases, has more long-lasting effects compare to chemical pesticides. Biological control should be mentioned as a key component of the integrated pests and plant diseases management system approaches to minimize the environmental side effects and risks as the consequences of over usage of chemicals. This study is a prelude to further studies such as the use of these antagonists against Macrophomina phaseolina in the field, which must be done for at least three years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucumis melo L., better known by its popular cultivar cantaloupe, is an economically significant crop in the Cucurbitaceae family. Melon peel and seeds have shown medicinal potential due to their numerous biological qualities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antibacterial, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects to treat cardiovascular disease, diabetes and oedema. This scoping review aims to broaden the research scope on the cancer-fighting abilities of melon extract and its half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Three databases which are Scopus, ScienceDirect and PubMed were used to locate relevant publications utilising the keywords 'melon', 'Cucumis melo', 'inhibitory activity', 'cancer' and 'anti-cancer'. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) framework was used in conducting this study. Out of 904 articles, 14 articles met the inclusion criteria and were used in this analysis. These articles were published in English between 2000 and 2023 with full text accessibility, specifically addressed the fruit cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) or melon and reported on any type of cancer. Cucumis melo extract showed promising anti-cancer action in both in vitro and in vivo investigations on eight different cancer types: cervical, colon, prostate, leukaemia, multiple myeloma, breast, hepatoma and ovarian cancer. A thorough analysis shows that some of the IC50 values were significantly low, especially in cases of colon and prostate cancer, indicating a significant anti-cancer effect. The substantial anti-cancer benefits of Cucumis melo fruit extracts point to the necessity for additional investigation into their potential for cancer therapy on each form of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is most prevalent global health problem, develops due to accumulation lipids in the hepatocytes in the form of Triglycerides (TG) and Free Fatty Acids (FFA). Traditional healers recommend seeds of Cucumis melo Linn as a liver tonic as well as for its treatment of liver cirrhosis, however its hepatoprotective mechanism have not been explored. Objectives: To investigate significant molecular mechanism of C. melo against liver cirrhosis via in vivo analysis followed by in silico. Materials and Methods: HFD was used for the induction of hepatotoxicity in mice and Silymarin as a standard control. The physical parameters were measured throughout the study along with antioxidant, serum biomarkers and histology of liver. Further, System biology tools were used to predict the possible mechanism of action. Docking studies were carried out with modulated phytocompounds against FXR protein target. Results: C. melo. Extract and fraction ameliorated the HFD induced oxidative stress and histological changes. Additionally, improved liver biochemical parameters such as AST, ALT, ALP, serum bilirubin, total bilirubin, LDL, VLDL, TC and, TP were seen remarkable significant effects. Furthermore, System biology revealed the 16 phytocompounds of C. melo Linn. potentially regulate the PPAR signaling. Among them, Euphol phytocompound was predicted to interact with secreted FXR and may contribute to reduced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: The results suggests C. melo as a promising therapeutic agent for hepatotoxicity by reducing the symptoms and stress associated with diseases condition which may be due to the regulation of multiple protein via multiple phytocompounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucurbitaceae, the gourd family of flowering plants, is a very large and diverse family, the order Cucurbitales, contains 95 genera and 950–980 species of food and ornamental plants, and wild and weedy species mostly with high genetic diversity. This review is focused on the most important cucurbit crops (Cucumis sativus, Cucumis melo, Cucurbita spp., Citrullus lanatus, Momordica charantia, Lagenaria siceraria, and Luffa acutangula) and some their wild relatives as hosts of cucurbit powdery mildews (CPM). Powdery mildews (PM) (Ascomycota, Erysiphales) are one of the most frequently encountered and easily visible groups of plant pathogenic fungi with > 900 species. They are obligate biotrophs, they colonize above-ground plant tissues, mostly leaves, though they may also colonize stems, petioles, flowers and fruits, and they are usually debilitators, not killers. These parasitic fungi have been problematic on cucurbits for a long time world-wide, causing serious economic losses in yield and quality. All economically important cucurbit crops host CPM. Seven PM species with different taxonomic positions, host ranges, geographic distributions and ecological requirements are known on cucurbits. CPM species taxonomy and denomination rapidly changed during last few decades through detailed analyses and clarifications. At least three PM species frequently parasitize cucurbits: the endoparasite Leveillula taurica (Lt) with marginal economic importance; and two ectoparasitic species, Golovinomyces orontii (Go), and Podosphaera xanthii (Px), which are economically important world-wide. The two pathogens differ in ecological requirements and distribution, though they may occur together in mixed infections. They are highly variable at the population level for virulence, race identities, and fast adaptation of pathogens. Cucurbit-CPM species interactions are diverse and complicated, and differ between hosts and their respective pathogen genera and species. Here we present a critical overview of obstacles, gaps and recent progress in these matters for six cucurbit genera with respect to resistance resources, genetics of resistance, genetic mapping and development of molecular markers, physiology and mechanisms of resistance, developments in mlo-mediated resistance, patents, and CPM resistance breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research studied the nutritional and functional properties and antioxidant profile of Cucumis melo and Citrullus lanatus seeds. Results showed that the protein, fat, and fiber content of C. melo seed powder were significantly (p

Cucumis melo L. (C. melo), commonly known as the melon, is a widely cultivated tropical fruit associated with nutritional benefits and bioactive properties. With global production reaching 40 million tons annually, the fruit processing industry generates significant waste, primarily peels, totaling 8 to 20 million tons yearly. These organic by-products are rich in bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, offering health benefits such as a reduced risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as of diabetes and neurogenerative diseases, offering an opportunity for sustainable utilization. C. melo by-products have demonstrated various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties, attributed mainly to polyphenols. Recognizing the potential of melon waste, this study systematically explored different extraction methods, including stirring (ST), ultrasound (US), and pulsed electric field (PEF) methods, while considering factors such as extraction time, temperature, and solvent composition. The primary goal was to identify the most effective extraction procedures and optimal conditions for maximizing the yield of total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity (using the FRAP and DPPH methods) from C. melo peel by-products. According to the results, the optimum conditions include ST as the extraction method, an ethanolic solvent with a strength of 50%, a 150 min extraction duration, and an 80 °C extraction temperature. The maximum values of total polyphenols that can be observed are 3.75 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dry weight (dw) and 25.77 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g dw and 34.44 μmol AAE/g dw from FRAP and DPPH antioxidant assays, respectively. The polyphenols identified were the following: gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and kaempferol. By securing the maximum isolation of bioactive content and antioxidant activity, the research will contribute to sustainable waste management by reducing waste and developing value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensilage of refused fruit with forage is a viable approach to increase resource use in ruminant feed. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of ensiling refused melon fruit (RMF) with Canarana grass on the intake, apparent digestibility, serum biochemistry, performance, carcass traits, and meat attributes of feedlot lambs. Four distinct silage treatment types were prepared by ensiling RMF at 0 g/kg (control), 70 g/kg, 140 g/kg, and 210 g/kg (as fed) with Canarana grass. Twenty-eight male Santa Inês lambs (7 lambs per treatment), initially weighing 22.3 ± 1.0 kg at 120 days of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design and confined for a total of 96 days, including a 23-day adaptation period and 73 experimental days in a feedlot. The lambs received the treatment-silage in diets as a complete mixture with a roughage: concentrate ratio of 30:70. The inclusion of RMF in Canarana grass ensilage decreased (P < 0.05) the lambs’ intake of dry matter, crude protein and metabolisable energy. The inclusion of RMF in ensilage had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates. The serum total protein and cholesterol levels decreased (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of RMF in the ensilage, but we observed no effect on the final weight and average daily gain of the lambs. The feed efficiency increased (P < 0.05) by including RMF in the Canarana grass ensilage. The RMF in the ensilage did not influence cold carcass weight and yield. The fat content of the meat decreased (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of RMF in the ensilage. It is recommended the inclusion of up to 210 g/kg of RMF in Canarana grass ensilage to increase feed efficiency and avoid impacts on the performance and carcass attributes of confined lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kumluca has an important place in terms of greenhouse vegetable cultivation. Melon is among one of the main vegetables grown in the district on about 3200 decare of land. Various diseases cause decrease in the yield and quality of melons grown undercover in Türkiye. Among them, Fusarium wilt and gummy stem blight diseases especially have caused significant losses in recent years. In this research, the incidence and severity of the root and stem rot disease in Kumluca were determined by surveys made in 72 melon greenhouses in this area. Plant and soil samples were taken to the laboratory and isolations were made. As a result, Fusarium oxysporum and Didymella bryoniae were the most frequently isolated pathogens from the plant samples, followed by other Fusarium species. Fungi with the highest isolation frequency from the soil samples were Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. In the pathogenicity test, F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, M. phaseolina and R. solani isolates caused severe symptoms on melon seedlings. Virulence of the F. oxysporum isolates on different cucurbit species was also investigated and it was determined that they caused severe wilting on melon and watermelon seedlings, while symptoms on squash and cucumber were moderate or slight. Additionally, reactions of five melon cultivars (Yusufbey, Çıtırex, Niovi, Ferdevs and Memory) commonly grown in the region against D. bryoniae were investigated using randomly selected four pathogen isolates. All the cultivars were susceptible to the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in local foods, especially locally grown fruit, is increasing. High tunnel vegetable growers are strategically poised to meet this demand by growing specialty melons (Cucumis melo). Although specialty melons are commonly grown in high tunnels in other parts of the world, it is an uncommon practice in the midwestern United States. The objectives of this study were to evaluate 10 specialty melon cultivars for high tunnel production and measure fruit yield and internal quality. Fruit of the cultivar Eden’s Gem yielded the greatest number of marketable fruits per plant; however, these melons are small and have a loose cavity. Fruit of the cultivars Honey Orange and Divergent yielded the largest marketable fruit per plant with tighter cavities; however, the cavities were large. All cultivars had good to excellent internal quality in terms of sugar content. The production of specialty melons in the high tunnel was successful, resulting in the production of melons with good to excellent internal quality, and several yielded three to four marketable fruit per plant. Implementing a strong pest management plan for cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum, Sphaerotheca fuliginea) is recommended to prevent yield loss, especially in locations such as the Midwest, where cucumber beetles often vector bacterial wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila).

Melon (Cucumis melo) includes more than ten botanical groups, many of which feature netting ornamentation on the surface of mature fruit. Ripe melons display a netted skin that signifies their ripeness and readiness for consumption. Previously, we identified SKIN NETTING (CmSN), which encodes an EamA-like transporter family protein, as the candidate gene controlling fruit skin netting formation in melon, while its biological functions remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of the CmSN gene was considerably lower in netted melons compared to smooth-skinned melons, indicating a negative correlation between CmSN expression and netting formation. Subsequently, we employed transient overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments to explore the role of CmSN gene during fruit development. Overexpression of the CmSN gene inhibited netting development, whereas silencing it promoted netting formation. Using heterologous transformation in tomato, we further confirmed the effect of the CmSN gene on rind texture and toughness, as these tomatoes exhibited rougher and tougher skins. Analysis with near-isogenic lines (NILs) revealed that CmSN gene-bearing fruits (NIL_CmSN) possessed significantly harder rinds than the control smooth-skinned variety HB42, underscoring the role of CmSN in enhancing rind protection. Together, our research offers essential insights into the netting formation and genetic improvement of melon fruits.

Seed commerce is a highly profitable global market. Most commercialized seeds are hybrid seeds originating from a controlled cross between two selected parental lines. The market value of hybrid seeds depends on their hybrid genetic purity. DNA molecular markers are a reliable and widespread tool to genotype plant materials; however, DNA extraction from seeds is challenging, often laborious and expensive. With the ultimate goal of creating a tomato and melon hybrid seeds purity test, various challenges arise. To overcome these problems and with the purpose of crude DNA extraction, a simple, fast, inexpensive and easily scalable adaptation of the hot sodium hydroxide and tris method coupled to a competitive allele-specific PCR genotyping method is proposed.

Background and purpose: Hypoxia can lead to body function impairment and may cause a variety of physiological abnormalities. Hypoxia is linked to the pathology of acute mountain sickness, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, and is the leading cause of death in many countries. Feijoa sellowiana, Nepeta pogonosperma, and Cucumis melo are plants with good antioxidant activities. Materials and methods: Protective effects of F. sellowiana, N. pogonosperma fruits and C. melo aerial parts against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice were evaluated by three experimental models of hypoxia, including asphyctic, haemic, and circulatory models. Results: F. sellowiana, and N. pogonosperma extracts had good protective effects and increased the survival time of male mice even at their lowest doses, 31.25 and 62.5 mg/kg. In all the models, they were effective at low doses and showed a similar degree of efficacy as propranolol and phenytoin, which were used as positive controls. C. melo fruit extract showed a weak effect in these tests. It was effective only in the dose of 250 mg/kg in blood circulatory model of hypoxia. Conclusion: Extracts showed very good protective effects against hypoxia in all the hypoxic models. Even at low doses, they were able to show the same activity of positive controls. It seems that these plants have a good potential for the treatment of hypoxic conditions.

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important species in the cucurbit family with a large economic importance in the world. Two melon cultivars commercially important in Brazil are ‘Yellow’ and ‘Gaúcho’. In addition to their economic importance, these two cultivars display phenotypic differences in aroma, a major trait determining fruit quality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) impart the different aroma found in this fruit and their biosynthesis is associated with fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Using RT-qPCR techniques, the expression of seven genes (CmLOX9, CmLOX18, CmBCAT1, CmArAT1, CmPDC1, CmADH1, and CmAAT1) was determined during ripening. The lipid pathway played a strong role in determining aroma composition in non-climacteric ‘Yellow’ melons. Most volatiles decreased during ripening, explaining the non-aromatic characteristic of this cultivar. In climacteric ‘Gaúcho’ melons, the amino acid pathway was the main one related to the biosynthesis of esters, which contribute to the aroma of this cultivar. Volatile products of the branched-chain amino acid pathway correlated with CmADH1 and CmAAT1 expression, demonstrating their role in volatile synthesis in this climacteric melon cultivar. In addition, CmPDC1 contributes to the formation of aldehydes at the beginning of this pathway.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to threaten health worldwide, and account for a significant portion of deaths and illnesses. In both developing and industrialized nations, they challenge their health systems. There are several traditional uses of Cucurbitaceae seeds in Pakistan, India, Iran, and China, including treating cardiovascular, neurological, and urogenital diseases. Methods: In the present work, integrated techniques of metabolomics profiling and computational cardiomyocyte stimulation were used to investigate possible mechanisms of C. melo in isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction. In vitro, vasoconstrictions, paired atria, and in vivo invasive blood pressure measurement models were performed to explore the mechanism of action of C. melo hydroethanolic seed extract (Cm-EtOH). Results: Results showed that Cm-EtOH demonstrates NO-based endotheliumderived relaxing factor (EDRF) vasorelaxant response, negative chronotropic and inotropic response in the atrium, and hypotensive effects in normotensive rats. Results also revealed that Cm-EtOH decreases cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reverts the altered gene expressions, biochemical, and metabolites in ISO-induced myocardial infarction (MI) rats. The extract additionally reversed ISO-induced MIinduced oxidative stress, energy consumption, and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, C. melo seeds increased EDRF function, energy production, and antioxidant capacity to treat myocardial and vascular disorders. In computational cardiomyocyte simulation, gallic acid reduced action potential duration, upstroke velocity (dV/dtmax), and effective refractory period. Conclusion: This study highlights the therapeutic potential of C. melo seeds to treat cardiovascular diseases and provides mechanistic insight into its antihypertensive and cardioprotective activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most important melon cultivar grown in the north-western provinces of China, Hami melon (Cucumis melo) produces large edible fruits that serve as an important dietary component in the world. In general, as a climacteric plant, melon harvested at 60% maturity results in a product with bad quality, while the highest-quality product can be guaranteed when harvesting at 90% maturity. In order to clarify the genetic basis of their distinct profiles of metabolite accumulation, we performed systematic transcriptome analyses between 60% and 90% maturity melons. A total of 36 samples were sequenced and over 1.7 billion reads were generated. Differentially expressed genes in 60% and 90% maturity melons were detected. Hundreds of these genes were functionally enriched in the sucrose and citric acid accumulation process of C. melo. We also detected a number of distinct splicing events between 60% and 90% maturity melons. Many genes associated with sucrose and citric acid accumulation displayed as differentially expressed or differentially spliced between different degrees of maturity of Hami melons, including CmCIN2, CmSPS2, CmBGAL3, and CmSPS2. These results demonstrate that the phenotype pattern differences between 60% and 90% maturity melons may be largely resulted from the significant transcriptome regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative way was found for the synthesis of efficient photocatalyst in the form of ZnS–ZnO nanocomposite from Cucumis melo pulp and chicken feather powder as a source of fuel and oxygen and sulfur, respectively, by combustion followed by hydrothermal method and is reported in this work. Different analytical techniques are employed, such as XRD, SEM, TEM, PL EDS, FT-IR, DRS, and EIS techniques for structural, morphological, optical, and electrochemical properties. The SEM analysis confirmed ZnS–ZnO nanocomposite formation. The XRD data of ZnS–ZnO nanocomposite resembled pure crystalline ZnO and ZnS nanoparticles. DRS confirmed the band gap of the synthesized material, which was calculated using a K-M plot and found to be 3.29 eV, 3.38 eV, and 3.12 eV for ZnO, ZnS nanoparticles, and ZnS-ZnO nanocomposite, respectively. The synthesized ZnS–ZnO nanocomposite showed enhanced photocatalytic activity towards MB [92%], RhB [98.4%], and CR [90.9%] dyes in water under UV light source. Radicals formation was confirmed by the ESR technique. TOC analysis was done to verify the degradation of dyes. ZnS–ZnO nanocomposite also exhibited potent or robust antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The head‐to‐head oriented pair of melon resistance genes, Fom‐1 and Prv, control resistance to Fusarium oxysporum races 0 and 2 and papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), respectively. They encode, via several RNA splice variants, TIR‐NBS‐LRR proteins, and Prv has a C‐terminal extra domain with a second NBS homologous sequence. In other systems, paired R‐proteins were shown to operate by "labor division," with one protein having an extra integrated domain that directly binds the pathogen's Avr factor, and the second protein executing the defense response. We report that the expression of the two genes in two pairs of near‐isogenic lines was higher in the resistant isoline and inducible by F. oxysporum race 2 but not by PRSV. The intergenic DNA region separating the coding sequences of the two genes acted as a bi‐directional promoter and drove GUS expression in transgenic melon roots and transgenic tobacco plants. Expression of both genes was strong in melon root tips, around the root vascular cylinder, and the phloem and xylem parenchyma of tobacco stems and petioles. The pattern of GUS expression suggests coordinated expression of the two genes. In agreement with the above model, Prv's extra domain was shown to interact with the cylindrical inclusion protein of PRSV both in yeast cells and in planta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing melons (Cucumis melo) as convenient fresh-cut products is popular nowadays. However, damage inflicted by fresh-cut processing results in fast quality degradation and food safety risks. The life of fresh-cut produce can be extended by a modified atmosphere (MA), either generated in a package by tissue respiration (a passive MA) or injected by gas flushing (an active MA). This work investigated the effect of passive and active MA formed in packages of different perforation levels on the quality of fresh-cut melons of two genetic groups: C. melo var. cantalupensis, characterized by climacteric fruit behavior, and non-climacteric C. melo inodorus. The best product preservation was achieved in passive MA packages: non-perforated for inodorus melons and micro-perforated for cantalupensis ones. The optimal packages allowed for the preservation of both genotypes for 14 days at 6–8 °C. The major factors limiting the shelf life of fresh-cut melons were microbial spoilage, translucency disorder and hypoxic fermentation associated with cantalupensis melons with enhanced ethyl acetate accumulation. Inodorus melons were found to be preferable for fresh-cut processing since they were less prone to fermented off-flavor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Among the numerous plant mineral supplements, potassium (K) projects as a cation showing the most grounded impact on quality properties that discourage-mine natural product attractiveness, customer inclination, and the concentration of fundamentally imperative human-health related phytonutrients. Be that as it may, numerous plant, soil, and natural variables frequently restrain satisfactory take-up of K from the soil in adequate sums to fulfill natural product K necessities amid advancement to optimize the previously mentioned quality traits. Methods: In this study, the atomic absorption method was used to check the total amount of potassium in tomatoes and melons. First, the plant sample was collected in spring (2021-2022) in Ilam city and dried in the shade, then it was prepared and the amount of potassium was measured by an atomic absorption device. Results: The results showed that the amount of potassium in tomatoes and Cucumis melo were about 330 and 352 mg/100gr, respectively. Conclusion: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy opens a scientific window into the potassium content of tomatoes and Cucumis melo, offering precise measurements and valuable insights. By bridging the gap between scientific analysis and nutritional awareness, this exploration enhances our appreciation for tomatoes and Cucumis melo not only a culinary delight but also a rich source of essential minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identity and effectiveness of pollinators remain a critical gap that must be filled to improve crop pollination services globally. Observations were made on melons (Cucumis melo L.), a globally significant fruit, to identify floral visitors and their pollinating efficiencies on the plant's quantitative and qualitative yield. The research was carried out between 2019 and 2021 in the Mila region of eastern Algeria. The majority of pollinators on melon flowers were bees (hymenopterans; apoids), specifically Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758), Ceratina cucurbitina (Rossi, 1792), and Megachile pilidens (Alfken, 1924). Compared to other significant pollinators, Megachile pilidens is the most efficient pollinator of melons, with the most pollen seeds deposited on flower stigmas. The results show that all pollinators visit staminate flowers more than pistillate flowers. This is proportional to the amount of nectar secreted by these flowers. We discovered that species abundant in melon flowers prefer staminate flowers over pistillate flowers, which is related to the amount of nectar secreted by the flowers. The quantitative and qualitative yields were calculated immediately after the mature fruits were recovered; the results show that the yield obtained by flowers with free access to insects is higher than that obtained by bagged flowers, implying that insects play an essential role in the pollination of Cucumis melo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus, recognized by elevated glucose level in the body fluids is commonly caused by less insulin production or its action. To overcome the complications of diabetes, chemical drugs are never preferred over herbal medicines. Present study was designed to find out the anti-diabetic and health-promoting effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of Cucumis melo and Citrullus lanatus in induced-diabetic albino rats. Thirty male albino rats were bought from the animal house of the university and divided randomly into five feeding groups (n=6). Diabetes was induced in rats of groups A, B, C & D by a single dose of intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/Kg), whereas, the rats of group E were considered as control. The rats of groups A, B & C were fed basal diet supplemented with plant extracts (150mg/Kg body weight), whereas; only basal diet was offered to rats of groups D & E. After 28 days of the experiment, blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Results revealed that body weight, glucose, AST, ALB, GGT, HDL, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, and creatinine level differed significantly among treatment groups. It was therefore concluded that ethanolic leaf extracts of Cucumis melo and Citrullus lanatus can be used separately or in combination for the management of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Flooding is such a stress factor leading to reduction in both the yield and quality of crops. One practical solution lowering yield and quality performances of crops in areas with flooding risks is to practice of tolerant plant cultivars. The major purpose of the present work was to identify the most suitable cultivars within 11 different Kırkağaç melon cultivars in accordance of photosynthesis activities. In such pot experiment, all treatments were irrigated with same amount of water during stages of seed sowing-initial of stress applications, and 10-day stress was applied to treatments having the flooding stress in time with plants having four-five leaves. In plants, harvested just after stress application, leaf temperature, stomata conductivity, quantum yield of photosynthesis, and photochemical yield of photosystem II were examined. In results, flooding stress had no significant effects on leaf temperature and stomata conductance but resulted important reductions in quantum yield of photosynthesis, and photochemical yield of photosystem II. There were observed changes among cultivars, and Sürmeli F1 (V-5), Kırkağaç local cultivar (V-10) and Kyrgyzstan local cultivar (V-11) performed maximum photosynthesis activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important species in the cucurbit family with a large economic importance in the world. Two melon cultivars commercially important in Brazil are 'Yellow' and 'Gaúcho'. In addition to their economic importance, these two cultivars display phenotypic differences in aroma, a major trait determining fruit quality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) impart the different aroma found in this fruit and their biosynthesis is associated with fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Using RT-qPCR techniques, the expression of seven genes (CmLOX9, CmLOX18, CmBCAT1, CmArAT1, CmPDC1, CmADH1, and CmAAT1) was determined during ripening. The lipid pathway played a strong role in determining aroma composition in non-climacteric 'Yellow' melons. Most volatiles decreased during ripening, explaining the non-aromatic characteristic of this cultivar. In climacteric 'Gaúcho' melons, the amino acid pathway was the main one related to the biosynthesis of esters, which contribute to the aroma of this cultivar. Volatile products of the branched-chain amino acid pathway correlated with CmADH1 and CmAAT1 expression, demonstrating their role in volatile synthesis in this climacteric melon cultivar. In addition, CmPDC1 contributes to the formation of aldehydes at the beginning of this pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2021, characteristic soft rot symptoms, including soft, watery, slimy, black rot, wilting, and leaf collapse, were observed on melon plants (Cucumis melo) in Gokseong, Jeollanam-do, Korea. A bacterial strain, designated KNUB-06-21, was isolated from infected plant samples, taxonomically classified, and phylogeneti-cally analyzed using 16S rRNA and housekeeping gene sequencing. Strain KNUB-06-21 was also examined for compound utilization using the API ID 32 GN system and strain KNUB-06-21 was identified as Pectobacterium brasiliense. Subsequent melon stem inoculation studies using strain KNUB-06-21 showed soft rot symptoms similar to field plants. Re-isolated strains shared phenotypic and molecular characteristics with the original P. brasiliense KNUB-06-21 strain. To our knowledge, ours is the first report of P. brasiliense causing melon soft rot disease in Korea.

The xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family is an important multigene family in plants that plays a key role in cell wall reconstruction and stress tolerance. However, the specific traits of XTH genes and their expression patterns under different stresses have not been systematically studied in melon. In this study, based on the genomic data of Cucumis melon, 29 XTH genes were identified; most of these genes contain two conserved domains (Glyco_hydro_16 and XET_C domains). Based on neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis, the CmXTHs were divided into four subfamilies, I/II, IIIA, and IIIB, which are distributed across nine chromosomes of melon. Collinearity analysis showed that the melon XTH genes have an evolutionary history consistent with three species: Arabidopsis, tomato, and cucumber. The promoter regions of the CmXTH genes contain numerous cis-acting elements, which are associated with plant growth, hormonal response, and stress responses. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that CmXTH genes exhibit different expression patterns under drought and salt stress treatments, suggesting that this gene family plays an important role under abiotic stress. This study provides a theoretical basis for further studies on the molecular function of XTH genes in melon.

Abstract The head‐to‐head oriented pair of melon resistance genes, Fom‐1 and Prv, control resistance to Fusarium oxysporum races 0 and 2 and papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), respectively. They encode, via several RNA splice variants, TIR‐NBS‐LRR proteins, and Prv has a C‐terminal extra domain with a second NBS homologous sequence. In other systems, paired R‐proteins were shown to operate by “labor division,” with one protein having an extra integrated domain that directly binds the pathogen's Avr factor, and the second protein executing the defense response. We report that the expression of the two genes in two pairs of near‐isogenic lines was higher in the resistant isoline and inducible by F. oxysporum race 2 but not by PRSV. The intergenic DNA region separating the coding sequences of the two genes acted as a bi‐directional promoter and drove GUS expression in transgenic melon roots and transgenic tobacco plants. Expression of both genes was strong in melon root tips, around the root vascular cylinder, and the phloem and xylem parenchyma of tobacco stems and petioles. The pattern of GUS expression suggests coordinated expression of the two genes. In agreement with the above model, Prv's extra domain was shown to interact with the cylindrical inclusion protein of PRSV both in yeast cells and in planta.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to threaten health worldwide, and account for a significant portion of deaths and illnesses. In both developing and industrialized nations, they challenge their health systems. There are several traditional uses of Cucurbitaceae seeds in Pakistan, India, Iran, and China, including treating cardiovascular, neurological, and urogenital diseases.Methods: In the present work, integrated techniques of metabolomics profiling and computational cardiomyocyte stimulation were used to investigate possible mechanisms of C. melo in isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction. In vitro, vasoconstrictions, paired atria, and in vivo invasive blood pressure measurement models were performed to explore the mechanism of action of C. melo hydroethanolic seed extract (Cm-EtOH).Results: Results showed that Cm-EtOH demonstrates NO-based endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) vasorelaxant response, negative chronotropic and inotropic response in the atrium, and hypotensive effects in normotensive rats. Results also revealed that Cm-EtOH decreases cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reverts the altered gene expressions, biochemical, and metabolites in ISO-induced myocardial infarction (MI) rats. The extract additionally reversed ISO-induced MI-induced oxidative stress, energy consumption, and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, C. melo seeds increased EDRF function, energy production, and antioxidant capacity to treat myocardial and vascular disorders. In computational cardiomyocyte simulation, gallic acid reduced action potential duration, upstroke velocity (dV/dtmax), and effective refractory period.Conclusion: This study highlights the therapeutic potential of C. melo seeds to treat cardiovascular diseases and provides mechanistic insight into its antihypertensive and cardioprotective activities.

Crosses between local lombok cantaloupe and melon have produced the first progeny (F1). The F1 have a similar appearance to their parents. This study used two similarity assessments based on qualitative and quantitative traits. Qualitative characters are said to have similarities if their phenotypic appearance resembles one or both parents. The similarity of qualitative characters is visually observed using the munsell plant tissue color book and penetrometer. Meanwhile, the quantitative characters are said to have an appearance resembling one or both parents if the standard error line at the histogram between parents and offspring overlaps. In addition, analysis of gene action, heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and the maternal effect was carried out on quantitative character to obtain genetic information for producing superior local lombok cantaloupe varieties. The results of this study showed several changes in the appearance of F1 in qualitative and quantitative characters. The qualitative characters of F1 resemble the female parent, while the quantitative characters do not resemble both parents. Genetic information about potential ratio, heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and maternal effect varied. Gene action is dominated by potency ratio partial dominance and overdominance. Heterosis occurred in all treatments, while heterobeltiosis did not occur in all treatments. The maternal-effect was obtained on fruit weight, fruit diameter, and fruit length characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Hypoxia can lead to body function impairment and may cause a variety of physiological abnormalities. Hypoxia is linked to the pathology of acute mountain sickness, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, and is the leading cause of death in many countries. Feijoa sellowiana, Nepeta pogonosperma, and Cucumis melo are plants with good antioxidant activities. Materials and methods: Protective effects of F. sellowiana, N. pogonosperma fruits and C. melo aerial parts against hypoxia-induced lethality in mice were evaluated by three experimental models of hypoxia, including asphyctic, haemic, and circulatory models. Results: F. sellowiana, and N. pogonosperma extracts had good protective effects and increased the survival time of male mice even at their lowest doses, 31.25 and 62.5 mg/kg. In all the models, they were effective at low doses and showed a similar degree of efficacy as propranolol and phenytoin, which were used as positive controls. C. melo fruit extract showed a weak effect in these tests. It was effective only in the dose of 250 mg/kg in blood circulatory model of hypoxia. Conclusion: Extracts showed very good protective effects against hypoxia in all the hypoxic models. Even at low doses, they were able to show the same activity of positive controls. It seems that these plants have a good potential for the treatment of hypoxic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]