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Twenty-five years ago, when this journal was initiated, imaging of movement disorders was in its infancy. Since that time, magnetic resonance imaging has become a standard technique that is routinely performed in patients with movement disorders in order to exclude secondary causes and in some instances to provide specific information that aids in making the diagnosis of a neurodegenerative condition. Transcranial sonography is a more recent advance and is now widely employed to aid in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and possibly in detecting individuals in the premotor phases of the disease. Investigations are currently under way to evaluate the value of this technique in other movement disorders.

I. INTRODUCTION Partnered lesbian women have substantially higher labor supply than married women (Leppel 2008; Tebaldi and Elmslie 2006). What might account for the sexual orientation gap in partnered female labor supply? Everyday conversation and casual empiricism suggests that partnered lesbian women have a stronger attachment to the labor market relative to married women because of their choice to have fewer children than their married counterparts; yet this has not been formally analyzed. The primary goal of this study is to determine the role observable characteristics, particularly children, play in explaining the differences in labor supply between partnered lesbian women and married women. While empirical research on the determinants of partnered lesbian women's labor supply is limited, (1) the determinants of married women's labor supply have been studied in great detail (see Blundell and MaCurdy 1999 for a survey of the literature). In general, married women's labor supply is found to be positively related to own wages, negatively related to spouse wages and nonlabor income, and negatively related to the presence of children, particularly young children, in the household. (2) Importantly, the same control variables are not found to have the same effect on married men's labor supply. In particular, men are not responsive to their wife's earnings and tend to have higher labor supply because of the presence of children. These findings are consistent with a traditional division of labor into market and household work which results in married men being viewed as the primary earners and married women being viewed as the secondary earners. (3) In particular, Becker (1981) argues that increasing returns from investments in specific human capital encourages a division of labor in market work and household work among household members. The sexual division of labor, however, arises from intrinsically different comparative advantages of men and women (e.g., in the production of children) which would determine the direction of the division of tasks by gender. This in turn leads to differences in specific human capital accumulation which reinforces the intrinsically different comparative advantages of men and women. Even in the face of rising female labor force participation, increased divorce rates, and lower fertility, male and female earnings would not be equalized (Becker 1985). Specifically, Becker argues that married women with household responsibilities (e.g., child care and food preparation) would expend less energy on market work, make lower investments in market-oriented human capital, face lower hourly earnings, and choose less demanding jobs/ occupations than married men (even when they work the same number of hours) because household responsibilities are time and effort intensive relative to leisure and other nonmarket uses of time by men. Moreover, married women would have lower labor force participation than their husbands because of the lower earnings they would face (because of less energy expended on market work and lower investments in market-oriented human capital) and a full equilibrium could involve complete specialization by married women in household production. Although married men have increased their time spent on child-care production, there is strong evidence that married women continue to spend more time on child-care production than their spouses (Bianchi, Robinson, and Milkie 2006; Drago and Lee 2008a, 2008b; Kalenkoski, Ribar, and Stratton 2005, 2007; Lundberg, Pabilonia, and Ward-Batts 2007). In addition, the sociology literature argues that married women are more likely to identify themselves in the context of family and market work while married men are more likely to identify themselves in the context of market work alone (see, e.g., Bielby and Bielby 1989). Finally, there is a large literature that tests the specialization hypothesis (Bardasi and Taylor 2008; Daniel 1992; Gray 1997; Hersch and Stratton 2000; Kenny 1983; Loh 1996; Stratton 2002). …

Using data from the 2000 U.S. Census, the authors explore two alternative explanations for the sexual orientation wage gap: occupational sorting, and human capital differences. They find that lesbian women earned more than heterosexual women irrespective of marital status, while gay men earned less than their married heterosexual counterparts but more than their cohabitating heterosexual counterparts. Results of a Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition indicate that the relative wage advantages observed for some groups of lesbians and gay men were mainly owing to greater levels of human capital accumulation (particularly education), while occupational sorting had little or no influence. The relative wage penalties that were observed in other cases, however, cannot be attributed either to differences in occupational sorting or to human capital. An analysis employing a DiNardo, Fortin, and Lemieux decomposition, which allows for variation in the wage gap at different points along the wage distribution, broadly confirms these results.

Das Apert-Syndrom ist mit einer Pravalenz von 1:65.000 Lebendgeborenen eine seltene Erkrankung aus der Gruppe der Kraniosynostosesyndrome. Dem Apert-Syndrom liegt eine Mutation des fgfr2-Gens zugrunde. Eine pranatale Verdachtsdiagnose lasst sich bereits im 1. Trimester im Rahmen einer ausfuhrlichen Ultraschalldiagnostik gemas DEGUM (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Ultraschall in der Medizin) Stufe II–III anhand der typischen Sonomorphologie stellen. An einer Kasuistik werden die typischen pranatalen Ultraschallbefunde, die molekulargenetische Diagnostik und die moglichen Probleme des postnatalen Verlaufs diskutiert. Die pranatale Diagnosesicherung tragt zu einer umfassenden Vorbereitung der Eltern auf die spater notwendige multidisziplinare Therapie bei.

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAs) are mutagenic compounds that are formed during heating of meat and fish. These substances are reaction products of creatine with amino acids and carbohydrates. It is recommended that exposure to these probable human carcinogens should be minimised. Five heterocyclic aromatic amines which occur in beef were investigated: 2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx), and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). Clean-up was done by acid-base partition followed by SPE using blue cotton. HPLC analysis was carried out by using electrochemical detection for IQ- and IQx-type compounds and fluorescence detection for PhIP. The concentrations of the aromatic amines were as follows: IQ, 10.2 μg/kg; MeIQ, 2.46 μg/kg; MeIQx, 13.2 μg/kg; 4,8-DiMeIQx, 2.26 μg/kg; and PhIP, 5.48 μg/kg. The application of spices (rosemary, thyme sage, garlic, brine) reduced the content of the HAs below 60% of the amount found in the control.

We performed a clinical and molecular genetic analysis in members of five families with dopa-responsive dystonia. Four mutations were detected in the gene GCH1 that codes for GTP cyclohydrolase I. Two of these mutations, a delG309 in exon 1 and a C544T transition in exon 5, have not been described before. They result in inactivation of the enzyme by truncation. The remaining two mutations, both A to G transitions, a(-2)g in intron 1 and a(-2)g in intron 2, cause truncation by abnormal splicing. The genotype of family members was correlated to their clinical phenotype (obtained before molecular analysis). Clinical symptoms observed in the families included generalized and focal dystonia, abnormal gait, and subtle signs such as an abnormal writing test. High penetrance (0.8-1.0) was observed in four of five families if minor symptoms and signs were considered. A given mutation was more likely to cause symptoms in females than in males, thus confirming the well-established higher incidence of dopa-responsive dystonia in females than in males.

Introduction: Fetal subdural hematoma (SDH) is a rare event. With advances in obstetric ultrasound however it has been recognized that SDH may occur in utero before the onset of labor. We present a unique case of atraumatic SDH diagnosed in the second trimester. Case Report: A 31-year-old woman was referred to our institution for the investigation of a brain anomaly detected in an anomaly scan, at 22 weeks and 4 days of gestation. The woman had an uneventful pregnancy so far. A rounded hyperechogenic mass was detected in the posterior fossa, measuring about 2 cm, between the skull and the brain producing only a mild midline shift to the right. A strong suspicion of a fetal subdural hematoma was brought to mind among others. We suggested fetal brain MRI and this confirmed our suspicion of atraumatic spontaneous subdural hematoma of the posterior fossa. Medical consultation was given to the parents stating the scarcity of the condition and the poor prognosis that is referred to the literature. The parents chose the termination of the pregnancy, which took place with misoprostol leading to the delivery of a dead female fetus weighing 596 gr. The pathology report, confirmed the ultrasonographic and MRI diagnosis. Conclusion: Spontaneous fetal subdural hematoma is an extremely rare condition with a poor prognosis and it has never been reported before in literature to occur and be diagnosed at the time of the midtrimester scan. Ultrasound and other imaging techniques such as CT and MRI, and use of Doppler techniques for detecting cerebral hemodynamic abnormalities, might help in earlier diagnosis and perhaps lead to more accurate management and prognosis.