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This is a rare case of a patient who developed a relapse of dacryocystitis and maxillary sinusitis although previous dacryocystectomy. We decided to perform an external dacryocystorhinostomy to remove the scar and the residual part of the lacrimal sac combined with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) to solve the symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare dacryocystectomy (DCT) versus dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) in patients with dacryocystitis in terms of tearing complaints. Methods: We conducted a retrospective and comparative study on 19 patients. The main outcome measure was defined as an improvement by 1 point of the Munk score postoperatively. Results: A total of 19 patients were included with 10 in the DCR group and 9 in the DCT group. The primary endpoint was reached in 7 (70%) and in 6 (67%) patients in the DCR and DCT groups, respectively (p > 0.999). All DCR procedures were performed under general anesthesia (GA), while almost all DCT procedures were performed under local anesthesia (LA) (p < 0.001). There was a higher need for hospitalization in the DCR group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our preliminary results indicate that DCR is not always the solution in the case of dacryocystitis. DCT is a viable surgical procedure, especially in elderly patients without any tearing complaint and with underlying dry eye disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The objective of this study was to present a rare case of non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lacrimal sac (LS). Neoplasms of the lacrimal drainage system are extremely rare. These lesions are predominantly malignant and are associated with a high mortality rate. Case Presentation: A 51-year-old woman was referred to an ophthalmologist with a history of unilateral epiphora, presbyopia, and abnormal eye discharge. Antibiotic therapy was applied and modified later due to persisting symptoms. After five months, edema of the medial left eye angle occurred. A lacrimal sac incision was performed, and a subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed a 2 cm, contrast-enhanced solid tumor. The patient was qualified for dacryocystectomy, which was conducted by the otolaryngology department. Postoperative histopathologic findings indicated the presence of non-keratinizing SCC. During a reoperation, margins were extended, and the surgery was found to be radical. Following the reoperation, no alarming symptoms were observed. However, a follow-up MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) scan six weeks later revealed metastases. Further treatment is being planned. Conclusions: LS tumors are life-threatening conditions that are challenging to diagnose at an early stage. Surgical excision is the preferred treatment option. Imaging studies play an important role in post-operative follow-up because of the possibility of recurrence and metastasis, even after radical surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a rare case of a lacrimal sac angioleiomyoma. A 56-year-old woman complained of pain in the right medial canthal region over a period of 2 years. There were no complaints of epiphora or ocular infection, and no visible or palpable masses in the medial canthal region. Computed tomography scan revealed a solid tumor of the lacrimal sac expanding to the nasolacrimal duct and protruding under the inferior turbinate. The tumor was removed by external dacryocystectomy combined with endonasal, endoscopic anterior turbinectomy, and nasal mucosal resection. Histological and immunohistological findings were consistent with an angioleiomyoma of the venous type. There was no recurrence of the tumor at the three-year follow-up. Angioleiomyomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of lacrimal sac tumors. The definitive diagnoses rely on histology and immunohistological reactions. The treatment is complete surgical resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diseases of the Lacrimal sac could be secondary to the disease of the neighboring areas, namely, that of nose, orbit, and the face. And yet, the diseases of the Lacrimal sac can spread to these areas. Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to observe the effectiveness of dacryocystectomy in the management of chronic dacryocystitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 35 male and female patients with chronic dacryocystitis were part of the study after obtaining informed consent. All the cases underwent surgery under local anesthesia. Incision was made and lacrimal sac was exposed. Bone resection of lacrimal fossa was performed. This is followed by the incision of the mucosal flaps. Postoperatively, the patient is kept on antibiotic, anti-inflammatory drugs, nasal decongestant drops, and antibiotic eye drops. The skin wound is dressed daily. Irrigation of the Lacrimal sac is done daily from 2nd post-operative day onward with warm saline to which few drops of gentamicin is added. Skin sutures are removed on 5th day. The patients are followed regularly. Results: The success rate in our series is 97.14%. The follow-up period in our series ranged between 3 months and 13 months during the follow-up. As described by stallard (1980) and paymann (1982), in 33 of our cases, the initial bony window is fashioned with a lacrimal dissector by inserting it into the suture line between the maxilla and lacrimal bone in the lacrimal fossa and breaking the Lacrimal bone. Conclusion: The study results support that dacryocystectomy is effective in the management of chronic dacryocystitis. The study also recommends further studies with larger sample size in this area.

This article describes a technique of dacryocystectomy involving dissection within the subfascial plane, in which the lacrimal sac fascia is preserved and the orbital fat remains undisturbed. The lacrimal sac cavity was directly injected with Tisseel fibrin glue mixed with trypan blue. This led to sac distension and facilitated its separation from surrounding periosteal and fascial attachments. Staining the lacrimal sac epithelium improved definition of the mucosal lining. Transverse sections of the lacrimal sac specimen were histologically analyzed, which confirmed that dissection was completed within a subfascial plane. The technique herein described facilitates en bloc excision of the lacrimal sac without breaching the fascial plane that separates the sac from orbital fat.

Abstract Background This study aims to explore a case of exophytic nasal papilloma with acute dacryocystitis as the first symptom. Case presentation A 72-year-old male patient complaining of “a 10-year history of tearing and purulent discharge from the right eye, with subsequent redness and pain in the inner canthus for three days” was initially diagnosed with acute dacryocystitis of the right eye. The patient was treated with anti-inflammatory therapy. However, the redness and swelling of the inner canthus continued to increase. An endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy of the right eye was performed under general anesthesia. A large amount of purulent secretion was drained during the operation. As a result, the swelling of the inner canthus was significantly reduced. A routine intra-operative biopsy of the wall of the lacrimal sac revealed an exophytic nasal papilloma. A second biopsy, 1 week after the surgery, revealed the same result. The patient was advised to undergo a dacryocystectomy once the swelling had subsided. However, the patient was reluctant to undergo this surgery and remains under clinical observation. Conclusion It is rare for an exophytic nasal papilloma, which is a benign tumor in the lacrimal sac, which has the potential for recurrence and malignant transformation, to manifest with acute dacryocystitis as the first symptom. Therefore, this case report could provide a reference for the future clinical diagnosis of this disease.

Background: Diseases of the Lacrimal sac could be secondary to the disease of the neighboring areas, namely, that of nose, orbit, and the face. And yet, the diseases of the Lacrimal sac can spread to these areas. Aims and Objectives: The present study was undertaken to observe the effectiveness of dacryocystectomy in the management of chronic dacryocystitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 35 male and female patients with chronic dacryocystitis were part of the study after obtaining informed consent. All the cases underwent surgery under local anesthesia. Incision was made and lacrimal sac was exposed. Bone resection of lacrimal fossa was performed. This is followed by the incision of the mucosal flaps. Postoperatively, the patient is kept on antibiotic, anti-inflammatory drugs, nasal decongestant drops, and antibiotic eye drops. The skin wound is dressed daily. Irrigation of the Lacrimal sac is done daily from 2nd post-operative day onward with warm saline to which few drops of gentamicin is added. Skin sutures are removed on 5th day. The patients are followed regularly. Results: The success rate in our series is 97.14%. The follow-up period in our series ranged between 3 months and 13 months during the follow-up. As described by stallard (1980) and paymann (1982), in 33 of our cases, the initial bony window is fashioned with a lacrimal dissector by inserting it into the suture line between the maxilla and lacrimal bone in the lacrimal fossa and breaking the Lacrimal bone. Conclusion: The study results support that dacryocystectomy is effective in the management of chronic dacryocystitis. The study also recommends further studies with larger sample size in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a technique of dacryocystectomy involving dissection within the subfascial plane, in which the lacrimal sac fascia is preserved and the orbital fat remains undisturbed. The lacrimal sac cavity was directly injected with Tisseel fibrin glue mixed with trypan blue. This led to sac distension and facilitated its separation from surrounding periosteal and fascial attachments. Staining the lacrimal sac epithelium improved definition of the mucosal lining. Transverse sections of the lacrimal sac specimen were histologically analyzed, which confirmed that dissection was completed within a subfascial plane. The technique herein described facilitates en bloc excision of the lacrimal sac without breaching the fascial plane that separates the sac from orbital fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the efficacy of dacryocystectomy (DCT) in reducing epiphora in cases of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Methods: This was a prospective, nonrandomized, interventional study conducted over a period of 12 months. All cases who either opted or satisfied our criteria for DCT in primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (age above 70 years) were included in the study. Patients with secondary nasolacrimal duct obstruction and those undergoing revision surgeries were excluded. Patients were asked to report the percentage improvement in postoperative watering subjectively. Munk score and fluorescein dye disappearance test (FDDT) were recorded pre- and postoperatively. Wilcoxon signed ranked test was used for analysis. Results: Eighty-two eyes of 65 patients were included. Most of the patients (46, 70.8%) were females. The mean age was 68.46 ± 5.7 years (range: 60–85 years). The mean subjective improvement in watering was 86.8%. The P value for preoperative and postoperative difference in Munk score and FDDT score was highly significant (P = 0.00001). Conclusion: Apart from providing relief from ocular discharge, DCT also provides significant improvement in watering. Patients can be preoperatively counseled regarding chances of reduction in epiphora following surgery.

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a benign spindle cell neoplasm of mesenchymal fibroblast cells. It can appear in various locations, but SFT of the lacrimal sac is rare. Due to their variable clinical, histological, and radiological presentation, it can be easily misdiagnosed. We report a rare case of SFT of the lacrimal sac with its radiological, histological, and immunochemical characterization.

Purpose: To study the efficacy of dacryocystectomy (DCT) in reducing epiphora in cases of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction.Methods: This was a prospective, nonrandomized, interventional study conducted over a period of 12 months. All cases who either opted or satisfied our criteria for DCT in primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (age above 70 years) were included in the study. Patients with secondary nasolacrimal duct obstruction and those undergoing revision surgeries were excluded. Patients were asked to report the percentage improvement in postoperative watering subjectively. Munk score and fluorescein dye disappearance test (FDDT) were recorded pre- and postoperatively. Wilcoxon signed ranked test was used for analysis.Results: Eighty-two eyes of 65 patients were included. Most of the patients (46, 70.8%) were females. The mean age was 68.46 ± 5.7 years (range: 60-85 years). The mean subjective improvement in watering was 86.8%. The P value for preoperative and postoperative difference in Munk score and FDDT score was highly significant (P = 0.00001).Conclusion: Apart from providing relief from ocular discharge, DCT also provides significant improvement in watering. Patients can be preoperatively counseled regarding chances of reduction in epiphora following surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to explore a case of exophytic nasal papilloma with acute dacryocystitis as the first symptom. Case presentation: A 72-year-old male patient complaining of "a 10-year history of tearing and purulent discharge from the right eye, with subsequent redness and pain in the inner canthus for three days" was initially diagnosed with acute dacryocystitis of the right eye. The patient was treated with anti-inflammatory therapy. However, the redness and swelling of the inner canthus continued to increase. An endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy of the right eye was performed under general anesthesia. A large amount of purulent secretion was drained during the operation. As a result, the swelling of the inner canthus was significantly reduced. A routine intra-operative biopsy of the wall of the lacrimal sac revealed an exophytic nasal papilloma. A second biopsy, 1 week after the surgery, revealed the same result. The patient was advised to undergo a dacryocystectomy once the swelling had subsided. However, the patient was reluctant to undergo this surgery and remains under clinical observation. Conclusion: It is rare for an exophytic nasal papilloma, which is a benign tumor in the lacrimal sac, which has the potential for recurrence and malignant transformation, to manifest with acute dacryocystitis as the first symptom. Therefore, this case report could provide a reference for the future clinical diagnosis of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background We report a case of a 4-year-old girl with acute dacryocystitis complicated with giant lacrimal abscess who underwent open dacryocystectomy as resolutive surgery. Case presentation A 4-year-old previously healthy girl presented to the emergency department with a voluminous and erythematous, fluctuant warm mass localized inferiorly to the medial canthus of the right eye. She had a 2-week history of right inferior eyelid oedema and hyperemia, treated firstly with dexamethasone and netilmicin by eye drops, and then with per oral amoxicillin clavulanate. Ultrasound examination showed a well-circumscribed round lesion filled by anechoic fluid with punctate echoes, confirming a diagnosis of acute dacryocystitis complicated by lacrimal abscess. Parents refused a head CT. Systemic antibiotic treatment was started and, on 5th day from admission, open dacryocystectomy was performed with good esthetical result. Conclusions Pediatric acute dacryocystitis is a potentially serious condition, which must be treated with intravenous antibiotic therapy followed by surgery tailored to the clinical history. Even if probing and dacryocystorhinostomy are the most used surgery in adults and children, open dacryocystectomy is a safe and successful option, mainly in severe cases where imaging studies are not available.

Nasolacrimal system serves as a conduit for tear flow from eye to the nasal cavity. Periodic blinking initiates a pump mechanism, helping in the even distribution of tears over the ocular surface, which then flows into the lacrimal sac and finally to the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct (NLD). Obstruction in this system leads to inadequate tear drainage, which clinically presents as epiphora. Lacrimal outflow system disorders are very annoying to the patients, and sometimes vision threatening. Surgery is a definitive solution for most outflow obstructions, and patients should be counseled accordingly. Chronic use of topical medications for NLD problems is neither cost-effective nor efficacious, but only prolongs agony. This article aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the commonly performed lacrimal drainage surgeries. Literature search using PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar with a combination of various words appropriate to this article was done and relevant articles were reviewed.

Background: We report a case of a 4-year-old girl with acute dacryocystitis complicated with giant lacrimal abscess who underwent open dacryocystectomy as resolutive surgery. Case presentation: A 4-year-old previously healthy girl presented to the emergency department with a voluminous and erythematous, fluctuant warm mass localized inferiorly to the medial canthus of the right eye. She had a 2-week history of right inferior eyelid oedema and hyperemia, treated firstly with dexamethasone and netilmicin by eye drops, and then with per oral amoxicillin clavulanate. Ultrasound examination showed a well-circumscribed round lesion filled by anechoic fluid with punctate echoes, confirming a diagnosis of acute dacryocystitis complicated by lacrimal abscess. Parents refused a head CT. Systemic antibiotic treatment was started and, on 5th day from admission, open dacryocystectomy was performed with good esthetical result. Conclusions: Pediatric acute dacryocystitis is a potentially serious condition, which must be treated with intravenous antibiotic therapy followed by surgery tailored to the clinical history. Even if probing and dacryocystorhinostomy are the most used surgery in adults and children, open dacryocystectomy is a safe and successful option, mainly in severe cases where imaging studies are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to perform a histopathological assessment of the efficacy of sclerosing agents in dacryocystosclerotherapy (DCST) and to evaluate its role as an alternative to dacryocystectomy (DCT) in a specific group of patients. Methods: Thirteen lacrimal drainage systems of 10 patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) were studied. All patients were awaiting a DCT, indications being repeated attacks of dacryocystitis with severe systemic or ocular co-morbidities and/or refusal for a dacryocystorhinostomy. Fluorescent labelled sodium tetradecyl sulphate (SDS) or bleomycin were used as sclerosing agents for a DCST taking specific precautions. All patients underwent a DCT after 4 weeks and histopathological evaluation was performed to assess the changes and extent of DCST. Results: There were nine females and one male, and all patients were above the age of 60 years. Of the 13 lacrimal systems studied, the mean duration of PANDO was 1.3 years. All the patients had associated systemic and/or ocular co-morbidities. SDS and bleomycin were used in 6 and 7 lacrimal systems, respectively. The mean doses used for SDS and bleomycin were 0.26 and 0.31 cc, respectively. The post-injection phase was uneventful except for one patient who had a moderate inflammation, which resolved with low dose oral steroids. Histopathological features were more marked in the SDS group and included loss of epithelium, luminal closure, gross fibrosis across the lacrimal sac wall, congestion and hyalinization of blood vessels, and multiple areas of haemorrhages in the sac wall. Conclusions: DCST is a safe and effective alternative to DCT in very carefully selected patients. Histopathology demonstrates SDS to be more effective as compared to bleomycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report indications and success rates of dacryocystectomy (DCT) in a tertiary hospital.Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients who underwent DCT at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Saudi Arabia, from 2008 to 2015. Data included patient demographics, symptoms before and after surgery, and complications. Univariate analysis using parametric and non-parametric methods was performed.Results: Forty-seven DCT surgeries were performed over the study period. The median age of patients was 58.2 ± 2 years old, 63.8% were female, 60% of surgeries were performed on the left side, and 8% of patients underwent bilateral simultaneous DCT. Chronic dacryocystitis was the surgical indication for DCT for all of the patients and 23.5% of them had dry eye preoperatively. Successful treatment was observed in 80.8% of patients and 8.5% complained of tearing after DCT.Conclusion: The main indication for DCT in our hospital was chronic dacryocystitis with good outcomes for elderly patients with dry eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To find easy and effective treatment option for chronic dacryocystitis.in geriatric patients, instead of extensive and difficult surgery dacryocystorhinostomy. It was an interventional prospective study. Material and Methods: 48 patients presented with chronic dacryocystitis in the out patients department of Ophthalmology in Nawaz Sharif Social Security Teaching Hospital, Multan Road Lahore and Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital Lahore, from January 2015 to April 2018, were included in this study. Approval by ethical review committee and informed consent was taken prior to study Patients from either gender, aged above 55 years with confirmed diagnosis of chronic dacryocystitis were included. Patients with Acute dacryocystitis, previous history of lacrimal sac surgery, tumors of lacrimal sac and nasal pathology were excluded from the study group. counseling and both the procedures were explained in detail with their adva All patients were operated by senior surgeons for dacryocystectomy under local anesthesia. Regular follow up was done for symptomatic relief on 1st. post op day then at 1st week, 3rd week and later on monthly basis for the next 6 months. Results: Total 48 patients with chronic dacryocystitis ranging from 55 to 70 years were included. The mean age was 58 years. Out of 48 patients, 35 (73%) were females and 13(27%) were males. Out of 48 patients, 41(85.41%) were relieved of the presenting complaint of epiphora, 5 (10.41%) patients have partial relief of their symptoms and 2 (4.1%) patients still had the same epiphora although much less than at the presenting time. Conclusion: Dacryocystectomy is a good alternate in older patients for chronic dacryocystitis, as compared to much invasive dacryocystorhinostomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To assess the practice patterns pertaining to pre-cataract screening for nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) among oculoplastic surgeons in India. The survey was aimed at obtaining data on the current screening and treatment strategies for NLDO and the interval between lacrimal surgery and subsequent cataract surgery. Methods An online survey was sent to all members of Oculoplastic Association of India. All valid responses were tabulated and analyzed. Results Majority of the respondents (92%) felt that nasolacrimal duct patency should be checked prior to performing cataract surgery: 59.6% felt that checking for regurgitation on pressure over the lacrimal sac (ROPLAS) was sufficient and 32.6% preferred to perform lacrimal irrigation to check for NLD patency. Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) was the preferred surgery for NLDO thus detected. The preferred interval between a DCR and subsequent cataract surgery was 4 weeks (48.9%). A small minority (7.9%) of the respondents felt that pre-cataract screening for NLDO was not required. Also, a small but significant number (12.6%) felt that no treatment was required for NLDO in such patients and that to could go ahead with cataract surgery even in the presence of coexisting NLDO. Conclusions There is a general agreement on the need for pre-cataract screening for NLDO and a majority indicated that checking for ROPLAS was sufficient. Most surgeons prefer to perform a DCR in cases of NLDO and wait for 4 weeks before intraocular surgery. There is however, a lacuna in the literature on guidelines regarding the optimal interval between lacrimal surgery and subsequent intraocular surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this retrospective case series, we studied the predisposing factors, causative organisms, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of 12 cases of culture-proven infectious scleritis. Nine of 12 patients had a history of preceding trauma (surgical or accidental). Past surgical history included small-incision cataract surgery (4), pterygium surgery (1), and trabeculectomy (1). Six patients had multifocal scleral abscesses due to Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, or Nocardia. Only 2 patients retained useful vision (>6/18). A poor visual acuity at presentation usually resulted in a worse visual outcome (P = 0.005). Four eyes developed phthisis. The addition of surgical intervention did not result in a significantly better visual outcome than medical management alone (P = 0.209), but resulted in a higher globe preservation rate (P = 0.045). Therefore, we concluded that infection must be ruled out in cases of scleritis with preceding history of trauma, and aggressive surgical intervention improves the anatomical outcome but does not change the visual outcome.

Congenital eyelid imbrication syndrome (CEIS) is an extremely rare, benign, transient, self-limiting eyelid malposition disorder. The classic triad of signs in patients with a CEIS consists of bilateral upper eyelids overriding the lower eyelids when child was in sleep, bilateral medial and lateral canthal tendon laxity and tarsal conjunctival hyperemia. We report a third case of congenital combined eyelid imbrication and floppy eyelid syndrome in healthy neonate that was resolved within a week with conservative treatment.

Amblyopia screening is often either costly or laborious. We evaluated the Canon Powershot TX1 (CPTX1) digital camera as an efficient screener for amblyogenic risk factors (ARF). We included 138 subjects: 84-amblyopes and 54-normal. With the red-eye-reduction feature off, we obtained Bruckner reflex photographs of different sized crescents which suggested anisometropia, while asymmetrical brightness indicated strabismus; symmetry implied normalcy. Eight sets of randomly arranged 138 photographs were made. After training, 8 personnel, marked each as normal or abnormal. Of the 84 amblyopes, 42 were strabismus alone (SA), 36 had anisometropia alone (AA) while six were mixed amblyopes (MA). Overall mean sensitivity for amblyopes was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83-0.89) and specificity 0.85 (95% CI: 0.77-0.93). Sub-group analyses on SA, AA and MA returned sensitivities of 0.86, 0.89 and 0.69, while specificities were 0.85 for all three. Overall Cohen′s Kappa was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.62-0.71). The CPTX1 appears to be a feasible option to screen for ARF, although results need to be validated on appropriate age groups.

Tumors of the lacrimal sac are rarely encountered in clinical practice. The importance of recognizing this entity lies in the fact that the majority of the lacrimal sac tumors turn out to be malignant and thereby potentially life-threatening. Hence appropriate management of the lacrimal sac tumors is of utmost importance. We report a case of transitional cell carcinoma of the lacrimal sac, its presentation and management along with the review of the published literature.

Ischemic abducens nerve palsy usually presents as isolated cranial nerve palsy in the middle aged and elderly patients with known risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, carotid artery disease, etc., In this report, we describe four patients with isolated abducens nerve palsy who presented with an acute onset diplopia whose detailed history and examination were suggestive of an ischemic etiology. Detailed systemic and laboratory evaluation revealed hyperhomocysteinemia as the only potential risk factor. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of association of hyperhomocysteinemia and isolated abducens nerve palsy.

We are presenting the initial results of inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique for large macular hole. Five eyes of five patients with large diameter macular hole (>700 μm) were selected. All patients underwent inverted ILM flap technique for macular hole. Anatomical closure and functional success were achieved in all patients. There was no loss of best-corrected visual acuity in any of the patients. Inverted ILM flap technique in macular hole surgery seems to have a better hole closure rates, especially in large diameter macular holes. Larger case series is required to assess the efficacy and safety of this technique.

Rhinosporidium seeberi , till recently known as a fungus, has been reclassified as a protistan parasite. It infects humans and many animal species. The authors describe a rare case of oculosporidiosis with involvement of the lacrimal sac exhibiting features of idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease in a young male patient. Clinical features, pathophysiology, and management of lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis have been discussed.

We investigated a case of unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). Optical coherence tomography was done on both eyes using 5-line Raster scan for the fovea to analyze the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, inner retinal layer thickness, outer retinal layer thickness, and optic disc cube scan for the disc. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, inner retinal layer thickness, and outer retinal layer thickness were manually measured at 21-points of each five lines, and results were compared between both eyes. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and inner retinal layer thickness of optic nerve hypoplasia were significantly thinner than the opposite eye, but there was no significant difference in the thickness of the outer retinal layer between both eyes.

Systemic imaging of patients with suspect ocular tuberculosis include chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans. Reports have suggested a role for 18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/CT (FDG-PET/CT) scans. We report on the clinical utility of 18 FDG PET/CT in two patients. Case 1: A 38-year-old female patient presented with recurrent anterior uveitis. A 18 FDG-PET scan revealed metabolically active supraclavicular and chest lymph nodes. An aspiration cytology of the cervical lymph node revealed caseating granulomas suggestive of tuberculosis. Case 2: A 58-year-old female patient presented with recurrent anterior uveitis. A 18 FDG-PET scan revealed metabolically active lymph nodes in the neck. A biopsy of the cervical lymph node revealed epithelioid granulomas suggestive of tuberculosis. Both patients were started on standard antitubercular therapy with a subsequent marked reduction of activity. PET/CT scans may suggest the sites of safe high-yield biopsies.

To evaluate the dacryocystectomy (DCT) outcomes for chronic dacryocystitis in an elderly population over 70 years old. A retrospective chart review was performed for patients over 70 years old who were diagnosed with chronic dacryocystitis and underwent DCT at the Botucatu School of Medicine, UNESP, Brazil, from 2007 to July 2014. Data were collected about patient demographics, age, gender, previous nasal, or ophthalmic diseases, symptoms related to the lacrimal drainage system preoperatively and postoperatively, signs of enlargement of the lacrimal sac (regurgitation of secretion), and histopathologic evaluation. The study sample was comprised of 17 patients with an average age of 76.5 ± 8.5 years. The major complaint for all patients was tearing and 17.6% patients had an additional complaint of discharge. Regurgitation of secretion with lacrimal sac expression was present in 76.5% of patients. Postoperatively, 76.5% of the patients reported improvement of the initial complaint, likely due to the total excision of the lacrimal sac which removed the focal site of chronic infection. Epiphora persisted in 23.5% of patients, of whom 11.7% underwent successful lacrimal stent intubation. DCT for chronic dacryocystitis should be considered a primary procedure in individuals over 70 years old. This procedure has a much lower risk to these patients who often have associated comorbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Keywords: Dacryocystectomy; endoscopy; lacrimal sac; polyangitiis; Wegener's EN Dacryocystectomy endoscopy lacrimal sac polyangitiis Wegener's 83 84 2 01/08/21 20210201 NES 210201 Lacrimal drainage obstructions have been reported in up to 7% of the patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA).[1],[2] It primarily presents as nasolacrimal duct obstruction with or without epiphora. In view of severe systemic disease, recurrent acute dacryocystitis, insignificant epiphora, destructive changes in the nasal cavity and gross involvement of the DCR surgical site, a dacryocystectomy (DCT) was performed under cyclophosphamide cover. Dacryocystectomy, endoscopy, lacrimal sac, polyangitiis, Wegener's. [Extracted from the article]

Unilateral extensive myelination of the peripapillary nerve fibers may be associated with anisometropic myopia, strabismus, and reduced vision. Myelination of optic nerve fibers terminate at lamina cribrosa. Yet in some patients, myelination progresses into the peripapillary retinal nerve fibers and may affect the visual acuity. In this report, we described 4 patients. All patients presented extensive peripapillary myelinated nerve fibers associated with myopic anisometropia. After routine ophthalmic and orthoptic examinations, all patients underwent treatment for amblyopia through correction with spectacles, contact lenses, and the occlusion of the good eye. Corrected visual acuity improved in 1 patient, but 3 patients had no increase in visual acuity despite treatment with full cycloplegic refraction and appropriate patching. Probably because of structural abnormalies of the macula, visual results are often disappointing with appropriate correction of the refractive error and occlusion.

BACKGROUND After the advent of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), dacryocystectomy (DCT) was regarded as mutilant surgery and reserved for lacrimal sac tumors. PURPOSE To present current indications for dacryocystectomy. METHODS Eighteen eyes from 11 patients subjected to DCT were reviewed retrospectively. Nine patients had chronic dacryocystitis confirmed by dacryocystography and two patients had lacrimal sac tumors. RESULTS The indications for DCT were: three patients with systemic medical problems, three patients with dry eye, two cases of lacrimal sac tumors, two cases of traumatic dacryocystitis and one case of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Dacryocystitis was resolved in 17 of 18 eyes; the two cases of tumor evolved without epiphora. One patient (traumatic dacryocystitis) had recurrence of dacryocystitis. CONCLUSIONS DCT is mainly performed when a lacrimal sac tumor is suspected but, since it avoids the intra- and postoperative complications related to dacryocystorhinostomy, it can be indicated in cases of dacryocystitis with significant lacrimal discharge and an enlarged or altered lacrimal sac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information about dry eye syndromes. Treatments for dry eye; Causes of dry eye.

Abstract: Post traumatic nasolacrimal drainage obstruction is an uncommon presentation of naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture. Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with or without silicon intubation is the universally accepted treatment modality. Here we report a case of recurrent lacrimal sac abscess due to post traumatic nasolacrimal drainage obstruction following naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture. The patient had previously undergone incision and drainage thrice and twice failed DCR. In the background of extensive nasal synechiae and twice failed DCR, dacryocystectomy was performed. Post operatively patient has improved and is symptom free for past 14 months. This is the first report of a successful dacryocystectomy for a post traumatic dacryocystitis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rhinosporidium seeberi, till recently known as a fungus, has been reclassified as a protistan parasite. It infects humans and many animal species. The authors describe a rare case of oculosporidiosis with involvement of the lacrimal sac exhibiting features of idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease in a young male patient. Clinical features, pathophysiology, and management of lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 78-year-old woman with dementia presented with functional visual loss secondary to bilateral chronic purulent dacryocystitis. A right external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) under local anaesthesia and sedation (LAS) was performed which failed after one month. Wound care was problematic as the patient removed all dressings and picked at the incision resulting in dehiscence and wound infection. She then underwent bilateral dacryocystectomy (DCT) under LAS and cauterisation of the common canaliculus via an endoscopic endonasal approach. Post-operatively her symptoms fully resolved. An endoscopic approach to lacrimal sac excision may be feasible in selected cases where a skin incision may not be desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The procedure of dacryocystectomy is described in a patient with Wegener''s granulomatosis where bone preservation is essential for future reconstructive procedures. With the aid of canalicular clamps, viscoelastic substance is used to distend the lacrimal sac thereby facilitating easier dissection. We describe the use of canalicular clamping and injection of a viscoelastic substance into the lacrimal sac to facilitate easier dissection during dacryocystectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]