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Abstract Aim This study aimed to analyze aspects of adult emergence of Phyllocycla Calvert, 1948 (Odonata: Gomphidae) in artificial environments. Samplings were conducted in Sanharó stream, Caxias municipality, Maranhão State, Brazil. Methods Specimens were examined under a stereomicroscope and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Polystyrene boxes were used as rearing sites, and the following methods were analyzed: a) sand; b) strips of filter paper simulating substrate; c) without substrate. For emergence, the rearing sites had their lids removed and were placed inside larger jars with mesh windows, less water, with most of the substrate exposed above the water level. To verify the difference between treatments, the Log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used. Results The curves indicated that emergences occurred more frequently in the initial days of rearing. There was an absence of statistical difference between groups. Despite that, all treatments showed success in emergence, with larvae without substrate emerging more quickly. Conclusions By exploring the use of different substrates in Odonata rearing, this research provides guidelines for optimizing laboratory conditions, helping to overcome experimental challenges and supporting new studies and inventories.

RESUMO: A presente pesquisa teve por intuito levantar na literatura as principais necessidades formativas dos pedagogos para atuação nas organizações não escolares, dessa forma para obtenção dos dados necessários fez-se um levantamento e leitura crítica sistematizada de publicações contidas em bases de dados como Portal CAPES e Google acadêmico, o período de busca foi principalmente de documentos publicados nos últimos 10 anos. Dessa forma, a revisão foi dividida em quatro itens, sendo que o primeiro tratou da pedagogia como um campo da educação que entre os diversos escopos trata do processo educativo. Já o segundo tópico versou sobre a formação do pedagogo brasileiro, enquanto no terceiro momento tratou-se sobre a atuação desse profissional tanto nos espações escolares quanto nos espaços não escolares, fechando a revisão listou-se e discutiu-se quais são os principais saberes e quais habilidades estão relacionados a esses conhecimentos necessários ao pedagogo para desenvolver efetivamente suas atividades em espaços não escolares. Assim, a presente revisão mostra-se um importante instrumento tanto para instituições formadoras quanto para os acadêmicos que desejam atuar nos variados espaços não escolares. Palavras-chave: Necessidades formativas. Pedagogo. Espaços não escolares. ABSTRACT: This research aimed to making in the literature the main training needs of pedagogues to work in non-school organizations, in order to obtain the necessary data, a systematized survey and critical reading of publications contained in databases such as Portal CAPES and Google academic, the search period was mainly of documents published in the last 10 years, so the review was divided into four items, and the first dealt with pedagogy as a field of education that among the various scopes deals with the educational process. The second topic dealt with the formation of the Brazilian pedagogue, while in the third moment it was dealt with on the performance of this professional both in school spaces and in non-school spaces, closing the review was listed and discussed what are the main knowledge and what abilities are related to the necessary knowledge of the pedagogue to effectively develop their activities in non-school spaces. Thus, the present review is an important instrument for both training institutions and academics who wish to work in various non-school spaces. Keywords: Non-school spaces. Pedagogue. Training needs.

RESUMO: Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica do tipo descritiva, comumente denominada “pesquisas do estado da arte”, relacionada aos conceitos do Ensino de Química no Brasil. Foi realizada uma busca e levantamento de publicações referentes ao Ensino de Química no Brasil junto aos seguintes bancos de dados: SciELO, Biblioteca Digital da USP, Google Acadêmico e Periódicos da Capes, disponíveis na Internet no período de 2000 a 2014. A busca foi realizada inserindo as palavras-chave: Ensino de Química, Educação em Química e História da Química. Foram analisados 25 artigos, cinco teses e seis dissertações, totalizando 36 publicações sobre a temática o Ensino da Química no Brasil. Foi identificado que o campo da pesquisa em Ensino de Química vem apresentando grande desenvolvimento e interesse cada vez maior por parte da comunidade acadêmica mostrando um amadurecimento dos programas de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Química. Por outro lado, as pesquisas são ainda sustentadas por uma pequena quantidade de pesquisadores de uma região específica – sudeste. A USP destacou- se como a de maior produtividade. A UFPI foi a única Universidade representante do estado do Piauí a produzir trabalho sobre o Ensino de Química. No que se refere aos níveis, a maior parte dos trabalhos tratam-se de aspectos relacionados ao ensino superior. O ensino fundamental necessita-se de maior atenção. O tema mais encontrado nas análises foi recursos didáticos. Espera-se que este trabalho possa colaborar de alguma maneira para a comunidade acadêmica, ainda que de forma preliminar e dado o seu caráter pioneiro na área, contribuir apontando para os conhecimentos produzidos, traçando algumas de suas tendências e disponibilizando materiais para consulta e subsídios para futuras pesquisas. Palavras-chave: Ensino de Química; Educação em Química; História da Química. ABSTRACT: This study deals with a literature review descriptive, usually known as "state of the art research" related to the concepts of Chemistry Teaching in Brazil. Search and survey of publications for the Teaching of Chemistry in Brazil with the following databases was conducted: SciELO, USP Digital Library, Google Scholar and Periodicals Capes, available on the Internet from 2000 to 2014. The search was conducted by entering the keywords: Chemistry Teaching, Education in Chemistry and History of Chemistry. Were analyzed 25 articles, six dissertations and theses five, totaling 36 publications on the subject of the chemistry education in Brazil. Was identified that the field of research in Chemistry Teaching has presented great development and growing interest from the academic community showing a ripening of Postgraduate programs in Chemistry Teaching. On the other hand, the research is supported by a small amount of a specific researchers - southeast. USP stands out as the highest productivity. The UFPI was the only representative of the University of Piauí state to produce work on the Chemistry Teaching. Regarding to the levels in most studies dealing with aspects related to higher education. The elementary school needs is more attention. The subject found in most analyzes was didactic resources. It is hoped that this work can contribute in some way to the academic community, albeit in a preliminary form and given its pioneering character in the area, pointing out contribute to the knowledge produced by tracing some of its trends and providing materials for consultation and subsidies future research. Keywords: Chemistry Teaching; Education in Chemistry; History of Chemistry

RESUMO: A água é um recurso natural indispensável para a existência dos ecossistemas e das populações humanas. No entanto, ao longo do tempo, as ações antrópicas têm gerado a degradação quantitativa e qualitativa desse bem tão necessário à vida, em todas as suas tipologias, incluindo os mananciais, que são considerados fontes importantes para o abastecimento público. Dentro do perímetro do Campus do Instituto Federal do Maranhão no município de Caxias-MA, corre o Riacho Lamego que possui fitofisionomia de vereda, a qual representa importante papel como bacia coletora, por possibilitar a manutenção da perenidade de mananciais. Pelo exposto, considera-se necessária a realização de análise e monitoramento desse corpo hídrico, visando ao estabelecimento de seu diagnóstico qualitativo. Dessa forma, este trabalho avaliou a qualidade ambiental do Riacho Lâmego, por meio da medida bioindicadora Razão EPT (Ephemenoptera, Plecoptera e Tricoptera) /Chironomidae, que determina a relação entre organismos tolerantes e intolerantes à poluição ambiental, também foi feito uma avaliação da balneabilidade do riacho através de teste microbiológico de coliformes fecais. Palavras-chave: Bioindicadores; qualidade da água; degradação. ABSTRACT: Water is a natural resource essential for the existence of ecosystems and human populations. However, over time, human actions have generated quantitative and qualitative degradation of this well so necessary to life, in all its types, including water sources, which are considered important sources for public supply. Within the perimeter of the campus of the Federal Institute of Maranhão of Caxias-MA, runs the Lamego stream, which has path of vereda physiognomy, which is important as collecting basin, by allowing the maintenance of perennial springs. For these reasons, it is considered necessary to perform analysis and monitoring of this water body, in order to establish its qualitative diagnosis. Thus, this study evaluated the envirometal quality of the Lâmego stream, by measuring bioindicator Reason EPT (Ephemenoptera, Plecoptera and Tricoptera) / Chironomids, which determines the relationship between tolerant and intolerant to environmental pollution organisms, it has also made an assessment of the stream bathing through microbiological testing of fecal coliforms. Keywords: Bioindicators; water quality; degradation.

RESUMO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os estudos ambientais realizados em Caxias - MA. O trabalho envolveu o levantamento descritivo das principais metodologias de avaliação de impacto ambiental utilizada pelos empreendedores caxienses, verificando a conformidade das principais variáveis de caráter ambiental com a legislação brasileira vigente. A pesquisa do tipo documental constitui na análise dos Estudos Ambientais (EA) disponibilizados na Secretária Municipal de Meio Ambiente e Preservação dos Recursos Naturais – SEMUMA, foram publicados 92 estudos ambientais nos últimos cinco anos (2010 - 2014). As varáveis do estudo foram: categorização dos estudos ambientais, ano de elaboração do estudo, responsáveis pela elaboração do estudo (equipe técnica, pessoa física ou jurídica), empreendedor, tipo de empreendimento, técnica de avaliação (metodologia de mensuração do impacto ambiental) e a conformidade dos estudos com a legislação CONAMA. Os resultados finais apontam que o Plano de Controle Ambiental (PCA) é utilizado como estudo ambiental para o licenciamento de todas as atividades modificadoras dos recursos naturais. Apontam ainda que esses estudos utilizam como metodologia de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) o Check-list. Além do mais, a SEMUMA não utiliza nenhum termo de referências para os estudos ambientais elaborados nos processos de licenciamento ambiental. Por isso, não existe um método específico para ser utilizado em cada tipo de empreendimento, nem mesmo uma verificação da qualidade das informações apresentadas pelos estudos, que demostraram uma moderada conformidade com a legislação do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente – CONAMA. Palavras-chave: Licenciamento Ambiental, Impacto Ambiental, Meio Ambiente. ABSTRACT: This objective was to analyze the environmental studies in Caxias, Maranhão. The work involved the descriptive survey of the main methodologies of environmental impact assessment used by caxienses entrepreneurs, checking compliance of the main environmental character variables with the current Brazilian legislation. The documentary type of research is the analysis of Environmental Studies (ES) available at SEMUMA – a Government Agency in charge of environment supervision in Caxias – 92 environmental studies of the period 2010-2014 were analyzed. The main research variables were: categorization of environmental studies, year of preparation of the study, responsible for drafting the study (technical team, individual or legal entity), entrepreneur, enterprise type, valuation technique (measurement methodology of environmental impact) and as to whether studies with CONAMA legislation. The final results show that the Environmental Control Plan (ECP) is used as environmental study for the licensing of all modifier activities of natural resources. Also indicate that these studies use as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) methodology the Checklist. Moreover, the SEMUMA does not use any term of reference for the environmental studies carried out in the environmental licensing process. Therefore, there is no specific method to be used in each type of enterprise, not even for checking the quality of information provided by studies that showed a moderate line with the current CONAMA legislation. Keywords: Environmental Licensing, Environmental Impact, Environment.

RESUMO: No perímetro urbano da cidade de Caxias-MA se localiza o balneário Veneza, que proporciona atividades de contanto primário neste é de fundamental importância o monitoramento da qualidade de sua água para verificar se a mesma está de acordo com os critérios de balneabilidade estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA 274/2000 que estabelece um índice microbiológico de Coliformes fecais, nesse sentido o prente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar o biomonitoramento do Balneário Veneza para a classificação da sua água em próprias ou improprias de acordo com os índices de Coliformes fecais dispostos na Resolução CONAMA 274/2000, o biomonitoramento foi realizado durante dez semanas nos pontos de maior fluxo de banhistas através da cartela colipaper, os resultados obtidos, bem como os dados da literatura permitiram concluir que as águas do balneário no ponto 1 são recomendadas paras usos de contato primário, no entanto, as águas no ponto 2 encontra-se improprias para o uso, oferecendo risco de saúde a toda população. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Análise microbiológica, biomonitoramento, balneabilidade. ABSTRACT: Within the city limits of the city of Caxias (MA) is located the Veneza balneary that provides primary activities provided this is extremely important to monitor the quality of your water to see if it complies with the criteria set out in bathing CONAMA Resolution 274/2000, which establishes a microbiological index of fecal coliforms in that sense the prente study aimed to conduct biomonitoring of Veneza balneary for the classification of their own water or improper according to the levels of Fecal coliforms arranged by CONAMA Resolution 274/2000, biomonitoring was held for ten weeks basis points greater flow of bathers by colipaper chart, the results obtained and the literature data showed that the balneary waters in point 1 are recommended paras primary contact uses, however, the waters in point 2 is found unfit for use, posing a risk of health the entire population. KEYWORDS: Microbiological analysis, biomonitoting, bathing.

Subtype B HIV-1 has been the primary driver of the HIV-1 epidemic in the United States (U.S.) for over forty years and is also a prominent subtype in the Americas, Europe, Australia, the Middle East and North Africa. In this study, the neutralization profiles of contemporary subtype B Envs from the U.S. were assessed to characterize changes in neutralization sensitivities over time. We generated a panel of 30 contemporary pseudoviruses (PSVs) and demonstrated continued diversification of subtype B Env from the 1980s up to 2018. Neutralization sensitivities of the contemporary subtype B PSVs were characterized using 31 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and were compared with strains from earlier in the HIV-1 pandemic. A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 NAbs for the contemporary as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the NAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A meta-analysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.

El uso de la estadística como herramienta didáctica en Ecología puede proporcionar a los estudiantes madurez del sentido crítico, además de dar importancia a las definiciones científicas. Así, el objetivo era usar la Bioestadística como herramienta didáctica, como enlace para el desarrollo de las más diversas competencias. La actividad se desarrolló con estudiantes de la Educación Secundaria con el problema de analizar si existe diferencia entre la abundancia de hormigas que viven en el bosque de galería y en la capoeira. Se impartió una charla donde se instruyó a los estudiantes sobre los conceptos básicos de Ecología y Bioestadística. Estos fueron instruidos sobre la metodología y posteriormente tamizaron y contaron las hormigas capturadas, separándolas por vegetación y muestra. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para analizar la diferencia entre tratamientos. Tras el análisis de los datos se aplicaron dos cuestionarios. El primero, compuesto por cinco preguntas, tuvo como objetivo conocer el grado de comprensión de los estudiantes sobre la relevancia de la estadística, analizándose 37 respuestas; el segundo, por su parte, constaba de seis preguntas y preguntaba sobre cómo se recibió y evaluó la actividad, según la perspectiva de los estudiantes, evaluándose 36 respuestas. Los estudiantes entendieron la estadística como algo fundamental para la ciudadanía, ya que permite el desarrollo de un análisis crítico bajo diferentes aspectos.

COVID-19 infection causes collapse of glomerular capillaries and loss of podocytes, culminating in a severe kidney disease called COVID-19–associated nephropathy (COVAN). The underlying mechanism of COVAN is unknown. We hypothesized that cytokines induced by COVID-19 trigger expression of pathogenic APOL1 via JAK/STAT signaling, resulting in podocyte loss and COVAN phenotype. Here, based on 9 biopsy-proven COVAN cases, we demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that APOL1 protein was abundantly expressed in podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) of COVAN kidneys but not in controls. Moreover, a majority of patients with COVAN carried 2 APOL1 risk alleles. We show that recombinant cytokines induced by SARS-CoV-2 acted synergistically to drive APOL1 expression through the JAK/STAT pathway in primary human podocytes, GECs, and kidney micro-organoids derived from a carrier of 2 APOL1 risk alleles, but expression was blocked by a JAK1/2 inhibitor, baricitinib. We demonstrate that cytokine-induced JAK/STAT/APOL1 signaling reduced the viability of kidney organoid podocytes but was rescued by baricitinib. Together, our results support the conclusion that COVID-19–induced cytokines are sufficient to drive COVAN-associated podocytopathy via JAK/STAT/APOL1 signaling and that JAK inhibitors could block this pathogenic process. These findings suggest JAK inhibitors may have therapeutic benefits for managing cytokine-induced, APOL1-mediated podocytopathy.

A explicação do mundo mudou com a revolução cientifica, criando a ruptura de seus critérios e métodos de compreensão da realidade, bem como dos fenômenos da natureza. Dentre essas transformações temos a reflexão do processo da construção do conhecimento e a natureza da ciência. Esse estudo faz uma análise da concepção de alunos que estão ingressando e concluindo o ensino médio sobre a natureza da ciência de acordo com a metodologia de El-Hani (2004). Foram feitas análises qualitativas dos graus de adequação das respostas dadas pelos alunos a cada questão do instrumento de coleta e a pesquisa foi desenvolvida com alunos do ensino médio do Instituto Federal do Maranhão. Sendo os dados coletados com a aplicação do questionário VNOS-C e a metodologia de categorização semântica, de acordo com Bardin (1977). O resultado é apresentado nas concepções epistemológicas adequadas no universo de 11 questões onde apenas 3 apresentam um maior número de respostas adequadas nas duas coletas evidenciando que os alunos, em sua maioria, apresentam visões confusas sobre o entendimento das questões epistemológicas identificando assim uma necessidade de abordar com mais ênfase os conceitos na formação dos estudantes ainda durante sua trajetória no ensino médio. Portanto é importante ressaltar, também, que a experiência adquirida neste trabalho permite dar continuidade aos estudos sobre as concepções de ciência aos alunos da área.

Abstract: Aim The present study tested the hypothesis that the composition of the odonate assemblages in environments with greater habitat integrity is significantly different from that of areas with reduced habitat integrity. Methods The samples were collected between April 2017 and November 2017 in eight streams in Caxias, in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The habitat integrity index was used to quantify habitat integrity. The odonate specimens were collected by the fixed area scanning method. Results The habitat integrity index ranged from 0.265 to 0.915 at the different localities. A total of 229 specimens were collected, representing 19 odonate species. Species composition varied among streams that presented different degrees of conservation, with some species being typical of specific habitats. However, this variation had no effect on the number of taxa or the abundance of odonates, which may reflect the local substitution of extinct specialist species by generalists. Conclusions Evidence indicates that the reduction of habitat integrity is an important predictor of changes in the biodiversity of aquatic insects in streams such as those of the Cerrado-Caatinga ecotone.

Environmental spatial-temporal heterogeneity is an important factor for structuring the biodiversity of ecosystems, including lotic systems that have been strongly influenced by land use and occupation. Thus, the present study aimed to identify if there was a spatial-temporal difference of the structural and physical-chemical variables which the streams of the Environmental Protection Area of the Inhamum, as well as if there was difference of environmental heterogeneity which the samples during the period of 2012 to 2015. The ordernation indicated temporal effects on the streams, because there were two groups formed, the first formed by the samples of 2012-2013 and the other by 2014-2015, but which did not present differences as to their heterogeneity. Temperature, conductivity, depth, width and flow were important in the structuring of the streams, but due to being in an area with a wide canopy cover and high habitat integrity, there was a small range of variation in the values of these variables. These results demonstrate the importance of the maintenance of the canopy cover to guarantee the habitat integrity and to provide the conservation of the environmental characteristics of streams in tropical biomes.

A presente pesquisa teve por intuito levantar na literatura as principais necessidades formativas dos pedagogos para atuação nas organizações não escolares, dessa forma para obtenção dos dados necessários fez-se um levantamento e leitura crítica sistematizada de publicações contidas em bases de dados como Portal CAPES e Google acadêmico, o período de busca foi principalmente de documentos publicados nos últimos 10 anos. Dessa forma, a revisão foi dividida em quatro itens, sendo que o primeiro tratou da pedagogia como um campo da educação que entre os diversos escopos trata do processo educativo. Já o segundo tópico versou sobre a formação do pedagogo brasileiro, enquanto no terceiro momento tratou-se sobre a atuação desse profissional tanto nos espações escolares quanto nos espaços não escolares, fechando a revisão listou-se e discutiu-se quais são os principais saberes e quais habilidades estão relacionados a esses conhecimentos necessários ao pedagogo para desenvolver efetivamente suas atividades em espaços não escolares. Assim, a presente revisão mostra-se um importante instrumento tanto para instituições formadoras quanto para os acadêmicos que desejam atuar nos variados espaços não escolares.

Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica do tipo descritiva, comumente denominada “pesquisas do estado da arte”, relacionada aos conceitos do Ensino de Química no Brasil. Foi realizada uma busca e levantamento de publicações referentes ao Ensino de Química no Brasil junto aos seguintes bancos de dados: SciELO, Biblioteca Digital da USP, Google Acadêmico e Periódicos da Capes, disponíveis na Internet no período de 2000 a 2014. A busca foi realizada inserindo as palavras-chave: Ensino de Química, Educação em Química e História da Química. Foram analisados 25 artigos, cinco teses e seis dissertações, totalizando 36 publicações sobre a temática o Ensino da Química no Brasil. Foi identificado que o campo da pesquisa em Ensino de Química vem apresentando grande desenvolvimento e interesse cada vez maior por parte da comunidade acadêmica mostrando um amadurecimento dos programas de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Química. Por outro lado, as pesquisas são ainda sustentadas por uma pequena quantidade de pesquisadores de uma região específica – sudeste. A USP destacou-se como a de maior produtividade. A UFPI foi a única Universidade representante do estado do Piauí a produzir trabalho sobre o Ensino de Química. No que se refere aos níveis, a maior parte dos trabalhos tratam-se de aspectos relacionados ao ensino superior. O ensino fundamental necessita-se de maior atenção. O tema mais encontrado nas análises foi recursos didáticos. Espera-se que este trabalho possa colaborar de alguma maneira para a comunidade acadêmica, ainda que de forma preliminar e dado o seu caráter pioneiro na área, contribuir apontando para os conhecimentos produzidos, traçando algumas de suas tendências e disponibilizando materiais para consulta e subsídios para futuras pesquisas.

A água é um recurso natural indispensável para a existência dos ecossistemas e das populações humanas. No entanto, ao longo do tempo, as ações antrópicas têm gerado a degradação quantitativa e qualitativa desse bem tão necessário à vida, em todas as suas tipologias, incluindo os mananciais, que são considerados fontes importantes para o abastecimento público. Dentro do perímetro do Campus do Instituto Federal do Maranhão no município de Caxias-MA, corre o Riacho Lamego que possui fitofisionomia de vereda, a qual representa importante papel como bacia coletora, por possibilitar a manutenção da perenidade de mananciais. Pelo exposto, considera-se necessária a realização de análise e monitoramento desse corpo hídrico, visando ao estabelecimento de seu diagnóstico qualitativo. Dessa forma, este trabalho avaliou a qualidade ambiental do Riacho Lâmego, por meio da medida bioindicadora Razão EPT (Ephemenoptera, Plecoptera e Tricoptera) /Chironomidae, que determina a relação entre organismos tolerantes e intolerantes à poluição ambiental, também foi feito uma avaliação da balneabilidade do riacho através de teste microbiológico de coliformes fecais.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os estudos ambientais realizados em Caxias - MA. O trabalho envolveu o levantamento descritivo das principais metodologias de avaliação de impacto ambiental utilizada pelos empreendedores caxienses, verificando a conformidade das principais variáveis de caráter ambiental com a legislação brasileira vigente. A pesquisa do tipo documental constitui na análise dos Estudos Ambientais (EA) disponibilizados na Secretária Municipal de Meio Ambiente e Preservação dos Recursos Naturais – SEMUMA, foram publicados 92 estudos ambientais nos últimos cinco anos (2010-2014). As varáveis do estudo foram: categorização dos estudos ambientais, ano de elaboração do estudo, responsáveis pela elaboração do estudo (equipe técnica, pessoa física ou jurídica), empreendedor, tipo de empreendimento, técnica de avaliação (metodologia de mensuração do impacto ambiental) e a conformidade dos estudos com a legislação CONAMA. Os resultados finais apontam que o Plano de Controle Ambiental (PCA) é utilizado como estudo ambiental para o licenciamento de todas as atividades modificadora dos recursos naturais. Apontam ainda que esses estudos utilizam como metodologia de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) o Check-list, ou seja, dos 92 estudos ambientais, 59,7% utilizaram a listagem para avaliar os impactos ambientais ocasionados pelos empreendimentos caxienses. Além do mais, a SEMUMA não utiliza nenhum termo de referências para os estudos ambientais elaborados nos processos de licenciamento ambiental. Por isso, não existe um método específico para ser utilizado em cada tipo de empreendimento, nem mesmo há a verificação da quantidade e qualidades das informações apresentadas pelos estudos, que apresentaram uma moderada consonância com a legislação do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente – CONAMA.

No perímetro urbano da cidade de Caxias-MA se localiza o balneário Veneza, que proporciona atividades de contanto primário neste é de fundamental importância o monitoramento da qualidade de sua água para verificar se a mesma está de acordo com os critérios de balneabilidade estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA 274/2000 que estabelece um índice microbiológico de Coliformes fecais, nesse sentido o prente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar o biomonitoramento do Balneário Veneza para a classificação da sua água em próprias ou improprias de acordo com os índices de Coliformes fecais dispostos na Resolução CONAMA 274/2000, o biomonitoramento foi realizado durante dez semanas nos pontos de maior fluxo de banhistas através da cartela colipaper, os resultados obtidos, bem como os dados da literatura permitiram concluir que as águas do balneário no ponto 1 são recomendadas paras usos de contato primário, no entanto, as águas no ponto 2 encontra-se improprias para o uso, oferecendo risco de saúde a toda população.

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Copyright of International Journal of Odonatology is the property of Worldwide Dragonfly Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Steroid is a drug which is one of blessing and banes. Next to dope, it is almost the most misused drug. In sports, it is being used so much to take away the spirit of sports. This article investigates in depth of steroids. Steroids are used for medicinal purposes only, but its use has been misunderstood by the teenagers and athletes leading to use them for illegal purposes. Athletes take these drugs to gain body bulk and muscular strength. Several countries banned steroid use and the sportsmen are checked before athletic games such as Olympic to know whether they take steroids, if so, they are disqualified to play. Teenagers of these days use these drugs to attract opposite sex, thereby decreasing their self-confidence. However, these people are unaware about the side effects that these drugs cause. Most of them lost their life due to drug overdose. Steroids are also used in dentistry to treat infection and pain, but the only thing is that it only reduces the symptoms but does not treat the cause of disease. Steroids using people are more aggressive than normal individuals, and on long run, it leads to infertility. It causes premature puberty in men when has taken in small age and the primary and secondary sexual characters start to develop earlier than the ideal age in such persons. These effects are due to the factor that anabolic steroids are derived from testosterone which, in turn, is a male hormone responsible for the development of sexual hormones in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinacea purpurea, a plant used by native Americans to treat respiratory infections, was evaluated for its ability to stimulate the production of cytokines by normal human peripheral blood macrophages in vitro. The high levels of IL-1, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and IL-10 induced by very low levels of Echinacea are consistent with an immune-activated group of herbaceous flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae. The nine species it contains are commonly called coneflowers. Echinacea is a potent immune booster. E. purpurea is one of the most well-known medicinal plants in the world, belonging to the Asteraceae (composite) family. The plant is widely cultivated for its medicinal purposes in this species, which has been mainly used in chemopreventive and chemotherapy for infectious diseases in both upper and lower respiratory systems. This species has been used for the treatment of toothache, bowel pain, snake bite, skin disorders, seizure, chronic arthritis, and cancer. Alkamides, caffeic acid derivatives, and polysaccharides (PS) have been important constituents of the plant. Several studies revealed that alkamides are involved in the immunomodulatory properties of Echinacea extracts in vitro and in vivo. The PS play an important role in the anti-inflammatory effect. Taxonomic, chemical, pharmacological, and clinical characteristics of some species of the Echinacea genus include Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, and E. purpurea are reviewed in previous papers. This paper is a review about E. purpurea, its phytochemical contents, and pharmacological and biological activities, along with the common methods of plant extract analysis which is reviewed in this review. In addition, the psychoactive and mosquitocidal effects of purpurea are mentioned in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of private dental practitioners on health-care waste. Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was designed and distributed to 120 practicing dentists, who are private practitioners in Chennai. The survey form was composed of 11 questions framed based on knowledge, attitude, and those regarding the practice of dentists in relation to dental health-care waste management. Chi-square test was used for analyzing the factors influencing waste management protocols. Results: A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed among private practitioners of Chennai, of which 33% were male and 87% were female. Most of the respondents were BDS graduates working both in private and corporate sectors. Among the respondents, 54% were practicing for the past 5 years, 28% were practicing for the past 6-10 years, 14% were practicing for the past 11-15 years, and only 4% were practicing for 16-20 years. Conclusion: Although most dentists were aware of the hazardous effect of improper disposal of dental waste, majority of them practiced improper waste disposal. There is a need to restrain the practitioners on the importance and newer technologies of proper waste disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body when cancer starts to proliferate inside the body. The classic tumor marker is a protein that can be found in the blood in higher than normal levels when a certain type of cancer starts to kick in, but not all tumor markers are like that. Some types of markers are found in urine or other body fluids, and others are found in tumors and other tissue. They may be made by the cancer cells themselves, or by the body in response to cancer or other conditions. Most tumor markers are proteins, but some newer markers are made up of genes or other substances. There are many different tumor markers. Some are directly linked to only one type of cancer, while others can be found in other types of cancer. A perfect tumor marker would be one that could be used as a cancer screening blood test for all people suffering with cancer. It would tell doctors the type of cancer, how much cancer spread is present, and which treatment would work best when put forth to the patients. At present, there are no tumor marker tests that work like this. If a cancer is already widespread when it is found, tumor markers can help to figure out what is the reason behind it. None of the tumor markers are considered accurate until today and so several researches are going on to find a tumor marker which is most sensitive and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been more than a century since William Conrad Roentgen first discovered the X-ray. Radiology has transformed itself from scientific curiosity to a medical and dental necessity. The evolution of radiographs from periapical to extraoral imaging, and cephalometric, and panoramic radiography has heralded major progress in dental radiology, providing clinicians with a single comprehensive image of the jaws and maxillofacial structures. Even though radiograph is useful in certain ways, it has its own pros and cons. Exposure to X-ray beam radiation for prolonged period can result in the development of cancer and other adverse effects. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an advanced medical imaging technique that generates three-dimensional (3-D) image at a lower cost and absorbed dose compared to that of conventional CT. This technique is based on a cone-shaped X-ray beam centered on a two-dimensional (2-D) detector that performs one rotation around the object, producing a series of 2-D images. These images are reconstructed in 3-D using a modification of the original conebeam algorithm developed by Kamp et al., in 1984. Interest in CBCT from all fields of dentistry has been unprecedented, as the results of a 3D visualization provided improved interpretation, diagnosis, and treatment planning. It also showed a tremendous impact in dental implant treatment planning, giving the arch and ridge configuration, and location of the nerve and maxillary sinus before the surgery, thereby decreasing surgical uncertainty. Many innovative software programs are useful in making customized surgical guides, virtual models, and laser-generated resins for treatment planning. This article describes CBCT generations, advantages, disadvantages, and the various applications of CBCT in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pineal gland has been the subject of amazement and awe down the centuries. The structure and function of this enigmatic gland play an important role in day-to-day life of human beings. The pineal gland secretes an important hormone melatonin which is necessary for lightening the skin tone, and it has several other important functions in humans. The pineal gland is composed mainly of pinealocytes. The pineal gland is present in the midline of the skull and is a part of epithalamus and hypothalamus. It regulates the secretion of both. The pineal gland is activated by darkness and it is mandatory to maintain a normal circadian rhythm of sleep-wake cycle, if not humans may turn into zombies. The pineal gland is also present in animals. The secretion of this gland in higher amounts causes precocious puberty and development of primary and secondary sexual characters mainly in boys. It is also called the third eye since after eye, and it is the only gland which detects light but, on the contrary, secretes melatonin largely under darkness. This gland also affects the mood of human beings, thereby getting involved in the psychological behavior of men. It increases the immune action of human beings; thereby, it also acts as immunostimulant preventing a person from attack of antigen by producing a suitable antibody. Its presence hinders the spread of tumor and becomes malignant, and its calcification affects the memory or the memorizing capacity of the brain leading to dementia. This article reviews the anatomy and physiology of the pineal gland and the various functions of melatonin in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the success of caries preventive paste and its awareness among dental students. Background: It is important for dental professionals to consider the evidence for the effectiveness of the preventive strategies used to maintain good oral health and reduce the risk of caries in their patients. While many of the traditional preventive activities, including recommendation and use of fluoride products and placement of fissure sealants have a wealth of clinical evidence to support their use, some of the newer preventive agents have a more limited evidence base. To investigate the level of scientific support behind one such technology, a research was carried out to assess the awareness, knowledge of tooth mousse among dental students. Materials and Methods: A pre-tested questionnaire comprising totally nine questions was randomly distributed to a 100 dental students. The questions elicited all the relevant information on the awareness regarding tooth mousse in dentistry among the respondents. The results were obtained from the respondents and represented in the form of graphic representation. Results: The results pertaining to the awareness of tooth mousse among dental students, showed that 40% of those students who participated in the study were aware about the tooth mousse being used in dental practice, 90% of those students who participated in the study were not aware about the mechanism of action of the tooth mousse, 60% of those students who participated were aware about the constituents of tooth mousse, 60% of the students who participated were aware about the usage of tooth mousse, 50% of the students who participated in the study were aware about the harmful effects of tooth mousse, 50% of the students who participated in the study were aware about the harmful side effects it possess, 40% of the students agree to the facts that tooth mousse can be advised for children to prevent early dental caries, 60% agrees to the fact that tooth mousse does cause altered taste sensation in the oral cavity, and 40% agree to the fact that tooth mousse can be used instead of fluoride tooth pastes. Conclusion: The findings of this research suggest that there is a lack of evidence to support the use of tooth mousse over a routine preventive fluoride regimen such as pit and fissure sealants and topical fluoride gel for the prevention of early dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcelain repair systems are a quick, painless, patient acceptable procedures without removal of restoration or fabrication of new restoration. Porcelain repair system allows practitioners to fix crowns and bridges that have defect in them. These repair systems work on composites, ceramics in addition to porcelain. Porcelain repair systems should go hand in hand with the practitioners and should include a primer, silane, and bonding component for creating durable bonding. The innate nature of these systems is that the repairing mechanism works on the principle of curing protocol. Numerous researches were undertaken for evaluating the bond strength of composite resin on the fractured surface of metal-ceramic depending on the repair systems and surface roughening methods using feldspathic porcelain and nickel-chromium base metal alloy. The fracture of veneering porcelain is mainly caused due to trauma, improper metal framework design, incompatibility between thermal expansion coefficient of the porcelain and core, inadequate tooth preparation, inadequate occlusal adjustments, and intra-ceramic defects. Porcelain failure occurs mainly in the anterior region especially in maxilla predominantly at the labial surface thereby presenting a serious aesthetic problem. However, failures also occur in the posterior region of molars. Intraoral repair using bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate composite light cured resin can be an alternative method that offers great benefits such as superior aesthetics, color stability, and ease of application. Tribochemical silica coating is a recently developed effective surface treatment used in both metal and porcelain fractures or is a combined exposure. Hydrofluoric acid etching followed by application of silane coupling agent is also a method to promote good results. This procedure is applicable after preparation of ceramic surface and is commonly used in clinics because of its simplicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is made by special tight junctions present between the epithelial cells of the brain tissue. All the tissue is separated by a thin layer of epithelial cells; however, only the brain epithelial cells have these tight junctions which do not allow larger molecules to pass between them. The connection between these glial and endothelial cells is not very well known, but it may reflect an influence of the astrocytes in the formation and the maintenance of the BBB. BBB acts as a gateway system which allows only specific particles to pass through them. Thin molecular weight particles easily pass through the BBB which risks some harmful substances and microbes to pass through them, leading to severe infections and other adverse effects. BBB plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the brain by protecting it from getting affected by harmful drugs. However, this selective entry of components through BBB posed a threat to treat diseases such as parkinsonism and brain tumor, as the drugs used to treat them are large molecular components which could not pass through BBB and so researchers made these large molecular components into lipophilic substances making it easier to pass through them, thereby playing hide and seek with the BBB. Solid particle entry to the brain is difficult through BBB and so these solid particles are converted to liquid and water for easy transport. These particles are passed to the brain by blood through the BBB. Any damage to this barrier affects the normal functioning of the brain, leading to brain damage and toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy of conventional surgical knife to that of laser-assisted excision of operculum in terms of patient comfort assessment, post-operative pain, and healing. Background: Periodontal therapy and management have come a long way since their introduction into dentistry. The earlier surgeries performed were effective, and it involved removing a part of the crestal bone, as these techniques were not achieved esthetically newer techniques came into practice involving both esthetic management and removal a layer of gingival tissue overlying the affected area. In the following article, we should discuss about the newer techniques can be used one by managing with the heal off surgical knife management and other by diode laser. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. The study consisted of 30 patients with clinically diagnosed pericoronitis who required excision of the operculum. They were divided into two groups: A and B. Group A comprised cases were operculum excised with surgical knife and Group B comprised cases were operculum excised using diode laser. Clinical parameters such as patient comfort, post-operative pain, and healing were assessed and compared between two groups. Results: The results were based on patient comfort, with Group-A who underwent surgical knife for operculectomy with a value of 89.12 ±2.64 and Group-B had operculectomy done by means of laser with a value of 93.12 ±1.69 (P < 0.05) and patient post-operative pain, with Group-A who underwent operculectomy with a value of 13.52 ±4.67 and those who underwent management by diode laser had a mean value of 8.42 ±3.17 (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between both the techniques with respect to wound healing. Conclusion: The use of diode laser in excision of operculum has several advantages over surgical knife such as enhanced hemostasis, less post-operative pain, and a better post-operative healing. Therefore, lasers can be considered as a better and acceptable alternative for excision of pericoronal flaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]