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From Ghaghara era up to now, around 60 lexicons gathered but unawareness to methods and configuration of methods in micro and major structure for lexicography, the old approach to slang, low vision to slang in comparison with formal language, fear of destroying taboo words in formal language from cultural statecraft which caused more gathering merchant lexicon and unnoticed in university meetings. The territory of this essay is describing and criticizing twelve main lexicon in Persian slang from 60 lexicons by the usage of practical linguistics science. The results of this essay anecdote that 12 lexicons are adapted by Lexicography methods in formal language and the highest weakness of lexicographers is incorrect or defective information of sub enters in micro and major structure. This essay attempts to survey texts of 12 lexicons, assuming that the use of formal language Lexicography and Personal Computer (PC) Figuration can aid to protect and give scientific credit to this temporary language.

Organic dyes are interesting building blocks for the preparation of organic semiconductors as they possess synthetic handles that can be used to functionalize them and, consequently, change their electronic properties. However, reactions to extend their π‐conjugated framework through ring annulation have only been scarcely tested. Herein, we report the use of alkyne benzannulation on 2,8‐dibromo‐dibenzo[def,mno]chrysene (vat orange 3) and 2,9‐dibromo‐dibenzo[b,def]chrysene (vat orange 1) to extend the conjugation and reduce their bandgap. Unexpectedly, the ring closure reaction takes place at the most sterically hindered positions (peri to the substituent) to yield contorted polycyclic compounds. More surprisingly, both TIPS‐acetylene‐functionalized derivatives underwent a tandem dearomative spirocyclization to form bent polycyclic compounds. Absorption spectroscopy reveals that ring annulation on both 2,9‐dibromo‐dibenzo[b,def]chrysene and 2,8‐dibromo‐dibenzo[def,mno]chrysene resulted in a decrease of 0.38 and 0.12 eV in bandgap values, respectively, despite inducing a contorted conformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the synthesis and properties of a non-benzenoid, 2,6-azulene-based nanoribbon (ANR). The ANR exhibits an optical bandgap of 2.2 eV and 1.7 eV in its neutral and protonated form, respectively. It can be reversibly protonated and has a conductivity of up to 1.5 x 10^3 S cm^-1 for thin films. The study suggests that enhancing the directional alignment of azulene moieties could significantly improve the conductivity of ANR. Further research is needed to explore the potential of these unique nanoribbon structures. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Aim: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic disease in different areas of Iran. During past years, the disease was sporadic in Birjand. But, it seems that during recent five years a stable focal leishmaniasis has been developed in the area. The present study was designed to determine the species of Leishmania parasites in cutaneous lesions of patients residing in the city of Birjand. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 80 samples of microscopically-positive slides of cutaneous lesions, belonging to suspected CL patients during the past five years, were examined. The variable kinetoplastic regions of the DNA of leishmania and ribosomal Internal Transcribed Subunit 1 (ITS1) of the parasite were multiplied by means of PCR procedure .Then, All PCR products of ITS1 were digested with HaeIII for species identification. Results: PCR-RFLP profile of ITS1 rDNA was able to identify species of leishmania in all 80 microscopically-positive (100%) slides and 13 out of 30 (43.3%) microscopically-negative ones. But only 46 samples (57.5%) were identified by means of KDNA PCR. Among the the all subjects, 8 patients (10%) had leishmania major and 72 (90%)had been infected with leishmania tropica. Conclusion: PCR-RFLP of ITS1 rDNA of leishmania is recommended to diagnose infection with CL agents, because of its high sensitivity.

Graphical abstract Highlights • Synthesis of phthalides using phthalic anhydride derivatives for the first time. • The structure of a desired product was admitted by X-ray crystallography. • Mechanism includes C H bond activation, vinylation, decarboxylation and annulation. • A number of corresponding phthalides were obtained in good yields. Abstract Synthesis of substituted phthalides through a ruthenium-catalyzed reaction of phthalic anhydrides with acrylates is described. The reaction proceeds via C H bond activation and leads to the formation of vinylated phthalides through a successive double vinylation accompanied by decarboxylation and annulation reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]