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Low-carbon mega-infrastructures constitute one of the main institutional responses to climate change in India's agrarian settings, as they are imagined around features of 'greenness' and 'cleanness.' But this story entails a problematic construction of land, the reconfiguration of space for extractive development, and a complete disruption of agrarian social structures around features of exclusion and dispossession. This research adopts perspectives from political ecology to understand the persistence of class-caste relations, the legacy of coloniality, and the new citizenship regime underlying 'green' extractivism in India's low-carbon infrastructures. Wind turbines align with broad ethno-religious conceptions of Indian citizenship and space as Hindu, and their expansion over new border areas serves nationalist projects of territorial reconfiguration, cultural identity revivalism, border-making, and Muslim populations' surveillance.

Abstract Objective: To understand strengths‐based practice as articulated by urban Indigenous community workers and to consider its application for public health approaches to Australian Indigenous health advancement. Methods: Semi‐structured interviews with community workers from an urban Indigenous community. Interviews were video and audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, using an Indigenist research framework. Results: For our participants (11 Indigenous and one non‐Indigenous), a strengths‐based approach was fundamental to their practice. This approach reconfigured the usual relationship of client and service provider to fellow community member. They understood the strength of Indigeneity that empowers individuals and communities. They were not blinkered to the challenges in the community but resisted defining themselves, their community or their community practice by these deficits. Conclusions: Our participants had a sophisticated experiential understanding that a strengths‐based practice is not simply a ‘culturally acceptable’ way for non‐Indigenous peoples to work for Indigenous peoples, but rather it is the only way of working with Indigenous people. Implications for public health: Strengths‐based practice requires a reconfiguring of relationships of power, of attending to structure over stereotypes, and privileging Indigenous ways of knowing, being and doing. This reconfiguration is an ethical prerequisite for an approach that is genuinely strengths‐based.

Abstract This is a reflective piece that examines the nature of racial complaint with reference to Dr Kris Rallah-Baker's concerns about the racism that characterised his medical education. It will further examine the anti-racist campaign that sprung up in support of Rallah-Baker with a view to illustrating the limits of conventional critical race theory in understanding the course of events. Using the work of Aileen Moreton-Robinson, Gramsci and Stuart Hall, it will be argued that the Rallah-Baker case illustrates that Australian hegemonic formations can never quite command total legitimacy because sovereign formations, anti-racist in outlook, erupt with a frequency and facticity that lay bare the conceit of settler-colonialism. In so doing the paper will work towards an understanding of the critical Indigenous/race paradigm that goes beyond critical race insights borne of other places and experiences. As will be seen, what followed Rallah-Baker's complaint, the campaign that supported him and the concessions finally won was not, as critical race theory is wont to claim, a case simply of ‘interest convergence’; rather it was, I propose, an example of ‘sovereign divergence’.

The author discusses the shift to a generalized economic interaction concept transposed by auxiliary theories of transaction costs and the link to externality. Topics covered include the expansion of general equilibrium theory to a broadly conceived neoclassical political economy, and the argument that transaction costs and related conceptual framings are best understood as the epicycles of general equilibrium theory. Also noted is the view of wealth as representative of the market's value.

The Sleeping Sovereign: The Invention of Modern Democracy BY RICHARD TUCK CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2016 AUTHORS. Professor of Law, Yale University, and Robinson O. Everett Professor of Law, Duke University. [...]

If there is one important trend that seems likely to shape world order over the coming decades, it is the 'return of the state.' This may be an unfashionable thing [...]

Why Globalization Works, Martin Wolf (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 416 pp., $30 cloth, $18 paper. In Defense of Globalization, Jagdish N. Bhagwati (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), [...]

Objective: The purpose was to test a model that may explain how physically abused children become physically abusive parents. It was predicted that when the family's affective environment is uncohesive, unexpressive, and conflictual, a history of abuse experiences would be associated with elevated dissociation. It was hypothesized that dissociation would mediate between a childhood history of abuse and the current potential to be physically abusive. Method: Abuse history, affective environment in the family-of-origin, dissociation, and abuse potential were assessed in a sample of 76 mothers with elementary school-age children. Results: Predictions were supported. Affective Family Environment moderated the relation between abuse history and dissociation, with abuse history relating to greater dissociation primarily when the family environment was conflictual, uncohesive and unexpressive. Further, dissociation significantly mediated the relation between abuse history and abuse potential (Z = 2.19, p < .05). Conclusions: Dissociation's strong association with abuse potential may partially explain why only some abused children later perpetuate the cycle of abuse, as those who are not dissociative into adulthood are likely to have lower abuse potential, in contrast to those displaying elevated dissociation. The extent of the dissociation may depend on the affective family environment in which the abuse took place. Keywords: Child abuse; Dissociation; Abuse potential; Family environment

Globalization is often celebrated as an advance of human freedom in which individuals are ever freer to lead fives of their own choosing. Transnational flows of money, goods, and ideas, [...]

Objective: It has commonly been found that abused children are at risk for later becoming abusive parents (Kaufman & Zigler, 1987; Oliver, 1993) and observational learning has been discussed as a mechanism that perpetuates this intergenerational cycle of abuse. However, two thirds of abused children do not become abusive (Kaufman & Zigler, 1987). Thus, the goal of the current study was to examine whether dissociation functions as an additional mechanism mediating the relation between a history of child abuse and abusiveness as an adult. Method: A cross-sectional design was used to examine physical abuse history, dissociation, and physical abuse potential in a sample of 190 college students. Questionnaires were utilized to assess the three constructs. Results: Findings indicated that the three constructs were intercorrelated. In particular, a newly established association was found between dissociation and physical abuse potential (r = .54, p < .0001). The primary finding was that the relation between physical abuse history and physical abuse potential was significantly mediated (z = 2.19, p < .05) by level of dissociation, with dissociation accounting for approximately half of the observed relation between history of abuse and abuse potential. Conclusion: Results suggested that dissociation may be one mechanism that helps to perpetuate the intergenerational cycle of abuse. Although dissociation promotes psychological survival during children's abuse experiences, it may result in the development of abusive tendencies in later life. Reducing parental dissociation may assist clinicians in preventing or terminating physical child abuse.

Although there are literature reports available on the use of salt as a flux in the solid state synthesis of phosphors, there are not many reports on the synthesis of nanophosphors using a salt-assisted wet chemical method. Here, we report the synthesis of a nearly spherical single phase CaWO4:Dy3+ nanophosphor using a solvothermal method with the addition of NH4Cl and KCl. It was observed that the addition of salt has no adverse effects on the crystal structure of the nanophosphor, however, it increases its size. A plausible explanation for the variation in size of the particles upon the addition of salt is presented. The photoluminescence emission, energy transfer and lifetimes of the nanophosphor were found to be dependent on its size. The blue emission from the host increases with increasing size. The average lifetime of the 480 nm (4F9/2 → 6H15/2) emission for the as-prepared CaWO4:Dy3+ sample was found to be 1.628 ms, with the lifetime found to decrease with an increase in size. The CIE chromaticity indicates either bluish white or near white emission from the samples. The quantum yields of the various samples prepared were found to vary from 12 to 25%. Furthermore, the optimization of energy transfer was studied by changing the concentration of Dy3+ (3–15 at%) doping and Sm3+ (5 at%) codoping at 50 mM NH4Cl addition during synthesis. As the concentration of Dy3+ increases, the emission intensity decreases, whereas the energy transfer increases. Thus, this report will provide a significant contribution in the field of synthesis and optimizing of the luminescence characteristics of nanophosphors for display devices and optical imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally benign, stable quantum dot size spherical Cu particles with an average size of ∼ 4.5 nm, as measured via transmission electron microscope, were coherently tailored exploiting renewable ethno‐pharmacological Oxalis corniculata plant extract as both reducing plus capping agent. The reliable green aqueous synthesis approach completely excluded the usage of inert atmosphere and harmful chemicals including organic solvents. The ensuing cost effective Cu nanoparticles exhibited excellent intrinsic peroxidase like activity and superior nanozyme behaviour compare to earlier reports with Km value of 0.01426 M and rmax equal to 0.1399 Mmin−1 toward the oxidation of peroxidase substrate H2O2 in presence of o‐phenylenediamine, a paradigm reaction. Significantly, the as‐prepared Cu particles have been proven to be a novel catalyst for feasible selective aqueous phase conversion of fructose to levulinic acid with a maximum yield of ∼ 22.38% at 90°C in the absenteeism of prominent side product(s), auxiliaries and high temperature reaction condition. Lewis acid property and large surface area of the generated nanoscale particles attributed to their excellent catalytic potential introducing a new avenue in the continuous demand for better sensing, biomedical applications and cleaner energy production. 4.5 nm Cu particles exhibit excellent nanozyme activity plus remarkable performance in selective single pot catalytic conversion of fructose to Levulinic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White light emitting nanocrystalline La2O3:Dy3+ phosphors with different concentration (0.5-2 at.%) were synthesized by simple precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicates all the samples crystallizes in the hexagonal phase. Average crystallite sizes of the samples calculated from XRD data were found to be in the range of 20-55 nm. Transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, energy dispersive analysis of X-ray and photoluminescence (PL) of the samples are also reported. Strong PL excitation peak due to charge transfer band was observed at 230 nm. Photoluminescence emission peaks observed at 486 and 575 nm were probably attributed to 4F9/2-6H15/2 and 4F9/2-6H13/2 of Dy3+ ions respectively. Optimum luminescence intensity is found at 1 at.% Dy3+ doped La2O3 sample. Further, Commission Internationale de l'é clairage (CIE, 1931) co-ordinates and correlated color temperature (CCT) of the doped sample were calculated to investigate the phosphors’ performance and technical applicability of the emitted light respectively. CCT of the 0.5 and 1 at.% samples is 5894 K (white light), within the range of vertical daylight, which makes the synthesised samples promising nanophosphor and may find application in simulating vertical daylight of the Sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Spherical MnFe2O4 and MnFe2O4@YPO4:5 Eu3+ magnetic nanoparticles have been prepared by co‐precipitation method. Crystal structure, morphology, elemental composition and surface structure were characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Infra‐red spectroscopy (IR). Their calculated average crystallite sizes are found to be 28 and 35 nm respectively. And the prepared nanoparticles are having spherical morphology. The composite bond formation between MnFe2O4 and YPO4:5 Eu3+ is confirmed by more intense bending vibrations of PO43− group for hybrid nanoparticles. The magnetization of hybrid nanoparticles shows magnetization per gram of MnFe2O4, Ms= 34.355 emu/g with negligible coercivity indicating superparamagnetic behaviour. Prepared magnetic nanoparticles achieve hyperthermia temperature (42 °C to 47 °C) under AC magnetic field indicating potential material for biological application. The prepared nanoparticles are showing red luminescence peaks at 615 nm and 702 nm, which are included in the range of biological window. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of it high solubility in water, m-cresol is an important class of water contaminants. Due to toxicity effects and endocrine disrupting properties of this phenolic compound, removal of it from water and wastewater has gained much attention. In the present work, m-cresol degradation has been studied in aqueous medium using silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized using leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. N. arbor-tristis leaf extract was used as the reducing agent in fabrication of Ag NPs in different solvents (water, ethylene glycol, and ethyl acetate) using ultrasonic-assisted method. Ag NP prepared in different solvent shows different shape and size. Ag NPs prepared in water medium show different shape-triangular and spherical. Ag NPs tailored in ethylene glycol and ethyl acetate medium show spherical and elongated shape with different sizes. Particles as such prepared have diverse pioneer catalytic activities toward degradation of m-cresol. Ag NP prepared in water medium completely degrades m-cresol in 93 min, while Ag prepared in ethylene glycol and ethyl acetate medium took a longer time. Degradation process followed first order kinetics with rate constant value in the following order- kAg water > kAg ethylene glycol > kAg ethyl acetate. Superior catalytic efficacy of Ag fabricated in water is attributed to the synergetic effect of facet shape, exposing a highly active face and the size dependent surface activity of particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal scholarship on intellectual property needs to be reoriented to consider how state action helps to generate the infrastructure of emerging fields in ways that prove conducive to their development. In this Article, I contribute to that reorientation through an in-depth analysis of one important emerging technology, synthetic biology. The ambition of synthetic biology is to make biology easier to engineer through standardization and associated technical processes. Early successes indicate the scientific promise of the field and help to explain why its advocates are concerned to see the field develop in an open and publicly beneficial manner. What openness might mean in the patent-dominated context of biotechnology remains unclear, however, and requires a reassessment of software's "copyleft" concept that provided initial inspiration to the scientists and activists working on open synthetic biology. In this Article, I focus on the efforts of the BioBricks Foundation (BBF), the leading non-profit in synthetic biology, to promote the open development of the field. I explore the rationale behind the BBF's decision to pursue a"public domain" strategy via a new legal agreement, the BioBrick™ Public Agreement. The success of open development in synthetic biology depends, however, not only on the particular form of legal license or agreement used to govern the distribution of innovation, but on overcoming what I call "infrastructure gaps" that inhibit cooperative action toward collective outcomes. Such cooperation is the hallmark of peer production projects in the information economy and the hope of many synthetic biologists is to replicate that success in biotechnology. The viability of this public domain strategy for open synthetic biology depends on establishing peer production without the backing of legal coercion provided through a "share-alike" licensing provision as seen in free software. In scrutinizing the motivations behind peer production, I borrow from recent philosophical work to argue for the potential rationality of decentralized cooperation, even where individual contributions to a collective project are small. Such cooperation depends, however, on threshold effects that mark points where individual contributions become efficacious in producing desired collective outcomes. In many emerging fields, including synthetic biology, these thresholds may be characterized by the presence or absence of shared technical platforms that enable further innovation. Platforms are special kinds of infrastructure, as recent work from law and political economy has shown. The question of how such platforms are to be produced requires considering further the role of state action in infrastructure provision. I argue that the success of openness in synthetic biology depends on meeting infrastructural prerequisites that are mainly, if not exclusively, provided through state action. Such state action may proceed, however, through "hidden" modalities of the kind that theorists of industrial organization have identified, and which ought to be a central concern of legal scholars and advocates interested in the theory and practice of open source technology development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread recognition that economic inequality has been growing for forty years in most of the developed world, and in fact has tended to grow across most of the history of modern economies, shows that the period 1945-1973, when inequality of wealth and income shrank, was a marked anomaly in historical experience. At the time, however, the anomalous period of equality seemed to vindicate a long history of optimism about economic life:that growth would overcome meaningful scarcity and usher in an egalitarian and humanistic period that could almost qualify as post-economic. This has not been the experience of the last four decades. In this intellectual history of the anomalous period, we trace the main lines of that optimism and its undoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eco-friendly, green aqueous technique for the preparation of NiO–Ag bimetallic and its individual monometallic nanoparticles (NPs) is succinctly described by utilizing nontoxic and abundantly available tannic acid at room temperature. The so-synthesized nanoscale particles were characterized using various techniques including HRTEM, DLS, zeta potential, SAED, SEM, EDAX, XRD, IR, and UV–vis spectroscopy. These monometallic and bimetallic NPs have a narrow size distribution with spherical morphology. Moreover, the average diameters of all these three different NPs are almost identical and ranges from 7 nm to 10 nm as measured from HRTEM. DLS readings further confirm that the so synthesized particles are in nano range. A comparative catalytic efficacy of the ensuing nanoparticulate materials were assayed employing photodegradation and chemical reduction of methyl violet (MV) at room temperature. NiO–Ag NPs exhibits higher catalytic potential and it took only 15 min to completely reduce MV in presence of NaBH4. The rate constants for both the chemical reduction and photodegradation reactions follow the order: kNiO–Ag bimetallic NPs > kNiO NPs > kAg NPs > kuncat. Higher catalytic performance of the bimetallic system is reckoned on composition effect which basically results due to synergistic electronic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile, simple route for modifying the structural and morphological architecture of trivalent europium ion doped yttrium orthophosphates through pH tuning is described. SEM analysis confirmed the evolution of different architectural morphology through pH tuning. Additionally, the possible mechanism for the selective control of the phase structure and morphological evolution of YPO 4 :5 Eu 3+ was well ascertained. The results strongly augmented that the control phase transformation from hexagonal to tetragonal structure presented a remarkable change in luminescent properties. This change was rationally evaluated, and the influence of the phase and shape on optical properties was well explored. It hints that we can synthesize multi-functional materials by controlling the shape and structure of yttrium orthophosphates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the neglected theological origins of early economic discourse. Against accounts emphasizing the secular and scientific foundations of classical political economy, I examine the origins of economic thought in religious debates concerning the nature of human love and divine grace. Specifically, the theorization of what was called “commercial society” in the eighteenth-century depended upon two general theoretical innovations, each of which began in the post-Hobbesian social contract tradition. The first was a conception of theoeconomyunderstood as a domain of non-political “society,” based on pre-political property relations and sub-political voluntary associations of a primarily commercial variety, reflecting divinely ordained social progress. The second was the transformation of the ancient concept ofphiliato stress the self-love underlying all human relationships and the necessary role of divine grace in generating social integration. The idea that an “invisible” mechanism – the market functioning according to God's providential design – makes private vices conduce to public benefit promised an account of social order generated through essentially non-political processes based on a specific political theology. Tracing these ideas from their origins in theological debates through to their appropriation as core features in the analysis of commercial society takes us from a late seventeenth-century theological argument to the late eighteenth-century formalization of a secular model of sociability in classical political economy. In conclusion, I consider how aspects of this early political theology may remain implicit in the modern conception of economic rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article explores the relationship between U.S. law and international trade. Emphasis is given to topics such as the ratification of international trade treaties such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the influence of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934, and debate over commercial treaties during the era of the Founding Fathers.

"Sunrise amendments"--constitutional provisions that only take effect after a substantial time delay--could revolutionize American politics. Yet they remain undertheorized and unfamiliar. This Article presents the first comprehensive examination of sunrise lawmaking. It first explores a theoretical puzzle. On the one hand, sunrise lawmaking resuscitates the possibility of using Article V amendments to forge "a more perfect union" by inducing disinterested behavior from legislators. On the other, it exacerbates the "counter-majoritarian difficulty" inherent in all constitutional lawmaking. When one generation passes a law that affects exclusively its successors, it sidesteps the traditional forms of democratic accountability that constrain and legitimate the legislative process. The Article accordingly argues that while sunrise lawmaking holds considerable promise, it should be confined to "democracy-enhancing" reforms that increase future generations' capacity to govern themselves. With this normative framework in place, the Article turns to the question of how time delays have actually been used in American constitutional history. It identifies six different instances of sunrise lawmaking in the U.S. Constitution. It argues that several of these illustrate how sunrise lawmaking can enhance the democratic character of American government, but at least one offers a cautionary tale of how temporal dislocation in constitutional lawmaking can have pernicious consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cystatin C is a marker of kidney function that may also be associated with inflammation. In this study, we compared the relative strengths of association of cystatin C and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with inflammatory biomarkers.Methods. We measured serum cystatin C and creatinine in 990 outpatients with coronary artery disease enrolled in the Heart and Soul Study. GFR was estimated (eGFR) by the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. We compared the associations of serum cystatin C and eGFR with C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen, after adjustment for 24 h creatinine clearance.Results. Cystatin C concentrations had moderate correlations with CRP (r = 0.15, P < 0.001) and fibrinogen (r = 0.26, P < 0.0001); eGFR had similar correlations with CRP (r = −0.17, P = 0.01) and fibrinogen (r = −0.25, P < 0.001) among persons with eGFR ≤ 60 ml/min, but had no association with either biomarker among those with eGFR > 60 ml/min (r = 0.04, P = 0.32; r = −0.03, P = 0.38). Quartiles of cystatin C were strongly and directly associated with CRP (P = 0.02) and fibrinogen (P < 0.007) after multivariate adjustment. However, these associations disappeared after adjustment for creatinine clearance (P = 0.26 and 0.23, respectively).Conclusions. Cystatin C concentrations have moderate associations with CRP and fibrinogen that are not independent of creatinine clearance. Although a gold standard of kidney function is lacking, this analysis suggests that cystatin C captures an association of mildly impaired kidney function with increased inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Evaluation of medication efficacy and safety is an essential guarantee to successful therapeutic outcome in public health practices. However, larger distribution chain supply in developing countries such as Cameroon is often challenged by counterfeit drugs, poor manufacturing, storage and degradation leading to health and patient adverse consequences. Yet, access to supply chain management in strengthening ARVs quality assurance and outcomes remains poorly documented. More than 53,000 patients have been enrolled on free ARVs medications, but little is documented on quality assurance and validity of safety for affected populations along the supply chain management since 2008. Methods The cross sectional study was conducted in ARVs distribution units and centers in central, littoral and south west regions of Cameroon. ARVs drugs samples included Nevirapine, Efavirenz, and fixed dose combinations of Zidovudine + Lamivudine, Lamivudine + Stavudine and Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Nevirapine. Drugs packaging and labeling was assessed and galenic assays were performed at National Laboratory of quality Control of Medications and Expertise (LANACOME), Yaoundé, Cameroon. Results The study covered 16 structures located in eight different towns including the central ARVs store, two regional pharmaceutical procurement centers and thirteen HIV approved treatment centers and management units. A total of 35 ARVs products were collected. Only eight ARVs drugs containing Lamivudine and Stavudine presented with white stains on tablets, however these drugs were standard for all other tests performed. The others 28 ARVs products were standards to all assays performed. Conclusion We concluded that ARVs drugs freely accessible and distributed to PLWHA are of good quality in Cameroon. However, with the increase number of patients under HAART since 2013, adoption of “Test and Treat” approach to reach the 90-90-90 goals and with the implementation of new national antiretroviral regimen guidelines and molecules such as boosted protease inhibitors, continuous quality control and assurance surveillance, monitoring and evaluation is recommended. Assessment of quality of formulations that are more susceptible to degradation such as pediatric formulations for averting the rising multidrug resistance trend is also desired.

This study used satellite imagery datasets to extract various morphometric parameters in a geospatial environment to prioritize problematic areas in the Rarhu watershed of Ranchi district, Jharkhand, India. Two decision-making methods, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and VIKOR (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje), were integrated to prioritize different sub-watersheds. The Rarhu watershed has an area of 630 km2 with an elevation ranging from 210 to 824 m. The NASA Digital Elevation Model (NASADEM) was used to extract drainage networks which were verified from Survey of India (SOI) toposheets. To prioritize 21 sub-watersheds using a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method, 11 morphometric parameters were selected from linear, areal, and relief parameters. The VIKOR method prioritized sub-watersheds using AHP criteria weights, which are classified into four priority levels ranging from very high to low. In addition, performing sensitivity analysis validated the robustness of the decision-making model. As per the analysis, Rarhu watershed was found to have an elongated shape and a highest 6th order stream with a dendritic pattern of streams. It is estimated that watershed degradation is around 36.17% in the study area, with very high priority needs for soil and water conservation measures. Using the results of the study, policymakers, watershed planners, watershed development programme, and soil and water conservation programme projects can identify vulnerable sub-watersheds that require urgent adaptation of soil and water management control measures. HIGHLIGHTS The work will enable planners to prioritize subwatershed for any soil and conservation works.; This work will enable to identify most vulnerable area which require immediate attention.; Delineation of treatment plan for most vulnerable watershed with suitable conservation practices using GIS and MCDM methods.;