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Background: Approximately 40% of college/university students have overweight/obesity; physical activity and sleep play a role. To address these interrelated behaviors, Canada recently released 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. This study aimed to determine (1) the percent of students with overweight/obesity meeting Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines, (2) whether health behaviors differ by demographics, and (3) whether meeting guidelines is associated with BMI. Methods: University students 18–35 years (n = 459) enrolled in a randomized controlled weight management trial completed 1 week of ActiGraph measured activity, self-reported sleep duration, researcher-measured height/weight, and demographics at baseline. ANOVA and t-tests determined differences in student demographics and BMI among those meeting vs not meeting each guideline. Results: Of the analytic sample (n = 403), 341 (84.6%) met the MVPA guideline, 284 (70.5%) met the LIPA guideline, 236 (58.6%) met the sleep guideline, 62 (15.4%) met the sedentary time guideline, and 34 (8.4%) met all guidelines. Students meeting MVPA (30.8±4.3 vs 32.5±4.5, P =.008) or sleep (30.7±4.4 vs 31.6±4.3, P =.04) guidelines had significantly lower BMIs compared to those not meeting each guideline. Percent of students meeting sleep (P =.039) or all guidelines (P =.012) differed by race/ethnicity. Conclusion: Meeting MVPA/sleep guidelines is associated with lower BMI; these behaviors are important targets for future weight management programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport-related concussions (SRCs) are prevalent in high school (HS) sports, though the determinants of, and relationships between concussion symptoms in this population remain relatively unknown. We analysed SRC data captured within the HS RIO injury surveillance system during 2014/15-2018/19. We used Generalized Estimating Equations to simultaneously assess covariate predictors of symptom presentations and identify pairwise symptom associations and employed multivariable ordinal logistic regressions to determine symptom resolution time (SRT) predictors. Among the 8,969 concussions assessed, headaches (94.3%) and dizziness (73.3%) were the most prevalently reported symptoms. In 5,953 boys' concussion assessed, class year, event type and injury mechanism emerged as determinants of various concussion symptoms, while in 3,016 girls' concussions assessed, class year, event type, injury mechanism, and sport type emerged as significant symptom determinants. In both groups, difficulty concentrating, sensitivity to light, sensitivity to noise, and disorientation were symptoms with the strongest associations with other symptoms. Odds of longer SRT were higher with greater endorsement (i.e. counts) of the subset of symptoms with strongest cross-domain associations (ORadj. = 1.35; 95% CI = [1.30, 1.40]). Our findings provide valuable information for informing sideline and follow-up clinical concussion assessment algorithms in high school athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document, titled "A Quick Guide for Becoming a Better Peer Reviewer," provides tips and recommendations for individuals who have been invited to peer review an article. The authors emphasize the importance of checking the legitimacy of the journal, considering potential conflicts of interest, and evaluating the match between one's expertise and the topic of the article. They also discuss the significance, innovation, and relevance of the paper, as well as the importance of research and publication ethics. The authors provide guidance on writing the reviewer's report, including being kind, constructive, and polite, and being clear and specific in providing feedback. They caution against imposing one's own point of view and disclose recommendations to the authors. The authors conclude by highlighting the importance of mentoring and supporting the next generation of peer reviewers to improve the overall quality of peer reviews and the experience of authors and readers in physical activity research. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Public health measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic have led to disruptions in daily life, such as job loss and changes in activity. The present study examines the relationship between pandemic-related life events and disuse (prolonged sitting coupled with inactivity) among adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 4084 adults in Israel (September 2020). The primary independent variables were pandemic-related life events, such as job loss. The primary dependent variable was disuse as measured by the Rapid Assessment Disuse Index (RADI). The RADI was examined continuously and dichotomously as a low RADI score (<26: yes/no). Results: Linear regression indicated that experiencing a major life event during the pandemic was associated with lower RADI scores (−1.04; 95% confidence interval, −1.48 to −0.61). Similarly, logistic regression revealed that those experiencing a major life event had 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.34) times greater odds for low RADI scores in comparison to those not experiencing an event. Conclusions: Experiencing pandemic-related major life events was linked to less sitting time and increased activity levels among Israeli adults. Future research should examine underlying mechanisms explaining this relationship to facilitate the design and implementation of targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Crucial evidence gaps regarding: (1) the joint association of physical activity and sedentary time with health outcomes and (2) the benefits of light-intensity physical activity were identified during the development of recommendations for the World Health Organization Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior (SB). The authors present alternative ways to evidence the relationship between health outcomes and time spent in physical activity and SB and examine how this could be translated into a combined recommendation in future guidelines. Methods: We used compositional data analysis to quantify the dose–response associations between the balance of time spent in physical activity and SB with all-cause mortality. The authors applied this approach using 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey accelerometer data. Results: Different combinations of time spent in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity, light-intensity physical activity, and SB are associated with similar all-cause mortality risk level. A balance of more than 2.5 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity per hour of daily sedentary time is associated with the same magnitude of risk reduction for all-cause mortality as obtained by being physically active according to the current recommendations. Conclusion: This method could be applied to provide evidence for more flexible recommendations in the future with options to act on different behaviors depending on individuals' circumstances and capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Rapid Assessment Disuse Index (RADI) is a brief tool aimed to promptly assess primary care patients' overall physical inactivity and sedentary behavior. This study examines the relation between physical inactivity and sitting time (RADI) to cardiometabolic risk among primary care patients. Methods: Survey data and electronic medical record information were collated to explore the association between RADI scores (cumulative and sitting) to metabolic syndrome (and components) among women and men, using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Among women, the cumulative RADI score was not significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. However, the RADI sitting score was related to low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and metabolic syndrome. That is, a transition to a higher RADI sitting score by 1 unit (vs remaining in the score) was related with a 1.4 and 1.3 times higher odds for having low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.87) and metabolic syndrome (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.64), respectively. Among men, no significant relations were found. Conclusions: The RADI sitting score is positively and significantly related to high-density lipoprotein and metabolic syndrome among women, yet not men. Due to the RADI's potential clinical utility, future research should attempt to examine these relations in larger, more robust samples and adjudicated outcomes using a prospective design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This study examines the relationship between various domains of sedentary behavior and subsequent cognitive function to evaluate whether different sedentary activities have specific associations with future cognitive performance. Methods Data were from 1 261 older adults participating in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study between 1999/2000 and 2006/2007. Total sitting time (hours/day), reading time (hours/week), and TV time (≤27/≥28 h/wk) were self-reported at baseline and 3 years later. At follow-up, cognitive function was evaluated using the Teng Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Multivariable linear regression modeling examined the independent associations of baseline sedentary behaviors and 3-year change in those behaviors with cognitive function scores at follow-up, adjusting for important covariables. Results Baseline total sitting time was positively associated with 3MS (β = 0.14 ± 0.07; p <.05) and DSST (β = 0.20 ± 0.10; p <.05) scores at follow-up, as was reading time (β = 0.09 ± 0.03; p <.05 for 3MS score and β = 0.14 ± 0.04; p < 0.01 for DSST score). Participants who increased their TV watching time over 3 years had a significantly lower 3MS score (β = −1.45 ± 0.71; p <.05) at follow-up, compared with those who maintained a low level of TV time (referent). These findings were independent of age, sex, race, education level, health status, depressive symptoms, and physical activity. Conclusion Some types of sedentary behavior may have benefits for cognitive function in older age, thus highlighting the importance of measuring different domains of sitting time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are commonly consumed by children with type 1 diabetes (T1D), yet their role in cardiometabolic health is unclear. This study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of 12 weeks of LCS restriction among children with T1D. Children (n = 31) with T1D completed a two-week run-in (n = 28) and were randomly assigned to avoid LCS (LCS restriction, n = 15) or continue their usual LCS intake (n = 13). Feasibility was assessed using recruitment, retention, and adherence rates percentages. Acceptability was assessed through parents completing a qualitative interview (subset, n = 15) and a satisfaction survey at follow-up. Preliminary outcomes were between-group differences in change in average daily time-in-range (TIR) over 12 weeks (primary), and other measures of glycemic variability, lipids, inflammatory biomarkers, visceral adiposity, and dietary intake (secondary). Linear regression, unadjusted and adjusted for age, sex, race, and change in BMI, was used to compare mean changes in all outcomes between groups. LCS restriction was feasible and acceptable. No between-group differences in change in TIR or other measures of glycemic variability were observed. However, significant decreases in TNF-alpha (−0.23 ± 0.08 pg/mL) and improvements in cholesterol (−0.31 ± 0.18 mmol/L) and LDL (−0.60 ± 0.39 mmol/L) were observed with usual LCS intake, compared with LCS restriction. Those randomized to LCS restriction did not report increases in total or added sugar intake, and lower energy intake was reported in both groups (−190.8 ± 106.40 kcal LCS restriction, −245.3 ± 112.90 kcal usual LCS intake group). Decreases in percent energy from carbohydrates (−8.5 ± 2.61) and increases in percent energy from protein (3.2 ± 1.16) and fat (5.2 ± 2.02) were reported with usual LCS intake compared with LCS restriction. Twelve weeks of LCS restriction did not compromise glycemic variability or cardiometabolic outcomes in this small sample of youth with T1D. Further examination of LCS restriction among children with T1D is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text is an editorial from the Journal of Physical Activity & Health, paying tribute to Harold W. (Bill) Kohl III, a prominent figure in the field of Physical Activity in Public Health (PAPH). The author reflects on their personal and professional relationship with Kohl, highlighting his significant contributions to public health science and practice, as well as his impact on global public health policy regarding physical activity. Kohl's founding of the International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH) and his involvement in various physical activity networks and organizations are also mentioned. The author describes Kohl as an exceptional individual who treated everyone with respect and made them feel valued. The editorial concludes with a heartfelt farewell and a call to continue benefiting from Kohl's insights and legacy. [Extracted from the article]

Cost-effectiveness analyses of weight loss programs for university students can inform administrator decision-making. This study quantifies and compares the costs and cost-effectiveness of implementing two digitally-delivered weight loss interventions designed for university populations. Healthy Body Healthy U (HBHU) was a randomized controlled trial comparing TAILORED (personalized) versus TARGETED (generic) weight loss interventions adapted specifically for young adults to a CONTROL intervention. Participants (N = 459; 23.3 ± 4.4 years; mean BMI 31.2 ± 4.4 kg/m2) were recruited from two universities. Implementation costs were examined from a payer (i.e. university) perspective, comparing both the average cost effectiveness ratio (ACER) and the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the two interventions. Cost-effectiveness measures were calculated for changes in body weight, abdominal circumference, HDL cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and HbA1c. The overall 6-month implementation costs were $105.66 per person for the TAILORED intervention and $91.44 per person for the TARGETED intervention. The ACER for weight change was $107.82 for the TAILORED and $179.29 for the TARGETED interventions. The ICER comparing TAILORED with TARGETED for change in body weight was $5.05, and was even lower ($2.28) when including only those with overweight and not obesity. The ICERs for change in abdominal circumference, HDL cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and HbA1c were $3.49, $59.37, $1.57, $2.64, and $47.49, respectively. The TAILORED intervention was generally more cost-effective compared with the TARGETED intervention, particularly among those with overweight. Young adults with obesity may require more resource-intensive precision-based approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report provides the evidence base for the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition. Methods: The 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee addressed 38 questions and 104 subquestions selected for their public health relevance, potential to inform public policies and programs, maturity of the relevant science, and applicability to the general US population. Rigorous systematic literature searches and literature reviews were performed using standardized methods. Results: Newly described benefits of physical activity include reduced risk of excessive weight gain in children and adults, incidence of 6 types of cancer, and fall-related injuries in older people. Physical activity is associated with enhanced cognitive function and mental health across the life span, plus improved mental health and physical function. There is no threshold that must be exceeded before benefits begin to accrue; the accrual is most rapid for the least active individuals. Sedentary time is directly associated with elevated risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, incident cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, and selected cancer sites. A wide range of intervention strategies have demonstrated success in increasing physical activity. Conclusion: The 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report provides compelling new evidence to inform physical activity recommendations, practice, and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Physical Activity & Health pays tribute to the late Steven N. Blair, a prominent figure in the field of physical activity and health. Dr. Blair had a distinguished career as a scientist, leader, and teacher, and was a founding co-Editor of the journal. His influence and legacy can be seen in various aspects of the field, including his groundbreaking research on fitness and mortality, his role in promoting physical activity at a national level, and his support for young scientists, particularly women. Dr. Blair's impact on the field will be remembered as researchers continue to explore new frontiers in physical activity and health. [Extracted from the article]

Cardiometabolic disease risk factors, including metabolic syndrome and physical inactivity, are prevalent among young adults. However, few young adults are aware of their risk status. The risk perception attitude (RPA) framework was used to categorize participants (n = 456) enrolled in a three-arm randomized controlled weight management trial by their baseline values of cardiometabolic risk perceptions and physical activity self-efficacy. Trial recruitment occurred at two universities from 2015 to 2018 and participants were randomly assigned to one of three weight management interventions: Tailored , Targeted , Control. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted to examine associations between RPA category (i.e. Responsive , Indifferent , Avoidant , Proactive) and physical activity behavior. At baseline, the Responsive group had the highest amount of physical activity (mean [95% CI]: 379.2 [332.6 to 425.8] min/week), the Indifferent group had the lowest (296.7 [261.98 to 331.32] min/week), and the Avoidant / Proactive groups showed intermediate values. Over 6 months, there was a significant interaction between RPA group and intervention arm on change in physical activity adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, baseline body mass index, and baseline moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p =.017). Among Tailored intervention participants only, the Proactive participants were the only group to have an increase in physical activity (19.97 min/week) and the Indifferent participants had the most significant decrease in physical activity (127.62 min/week). Results suggest the importance of early screening for young adults to help raise awareness of cardiometabolic risk and ultimately support them in health promotion efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower-extremity injuries are common among soccer players, yet few studies have attempted to identify determinants of lower-extremity injury severity and recovery within this group. We aim to identify determinants of lower-extremity injury severity and recovery among high school (HS) soccer players in the US. We used soccer-related injury observations recorded within the NATION-SP during 2011/12-2013/14. Odds of a season-ending game-related injury were higher than a season-ending practice-related injury (Adj. OR = 2.64, 95% CI = [1.39, 5.01]). Gender, setting, and playing surface emerged as significant determinants of any time loss following lower-extremity injuries in multivariable logistic regression models, and multivariable random effects Poisson regression models also revealed significant differences in recovery durations across levels of these variables for "similarly severe" injuries. Findings suggest that gender, injury setting, playing surface contribute to injury corollaries differently. Similar multi-method approaches are needed to identify determinants of injury severity and recovery in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine diet diversity, predictors associated with it, and its associations with anemia among non-pregnant women of reproductive age in rural India. Baseline data from the Reductions in Anemia through Normative Innovations (RANI) project were used and included 980 non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years from Odisha, India. The Food and Agriculture Organization's Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) was used to assess diet diversity. Anemia was determined by hemoglobin level and categorized as normal (hemoglobin ≥ 12 g/dL), mild (11 ≤ hemoglobin <12 g/dL) and moderate/severe (hemoglobin < 11 g/dL). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with diet diversity, and multinomial logistic regression for associations between diet diversity and anemia. Forty-four percent of women were classified as having a diverse diet (MDD-W ≥5). Women with higher education level, belonging to a scheduled caste (vs. tribe), and higher body mass index had higher odds of a diversified diet (p <.05 for all). A more diverse diet was associated with 30% of lower odds of mild anemia (odds ratio = 0.7, 95% confidence interval: 0.5–0.98, p =.035), however, no statistically significant associations were found for moderate/severe anemia. Diet diversity was inversely associated with prevalence of mild anemia among non-pregnant women of reproductive age in rural India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preterm birth is a leading cause of infant death and the role of maternal physical activity on this risk remains unclear. This systematic review examined low, moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) during pregnancy and the outcome of preterm birth. Methods: Key words related to preterm birth and physical activity were used to search relevant databases (Medline, Cochrane, CINAHL, Sports Discuss and Scopus). Studies were excluded if they did not measure physical activity as an exposure in pregnant women, did not provide information on gestational age at delivery, and were not published in English. All study designs and sample sizes were considered. Results: The search generated 1472 studies. There were 27 studies included in this review of which 23 received high quality reporting scores. Eleven studies reported a lower risk of preterm birth for women who performed LTPA during pregnancy, while 14 studies reported null findings. Only 2 studies detected a significantly higher risk of preterm birth with LTPA during pregnancy. Conclusion: This review of literature up to 2014 provides additional evidence to support the assertion that healthy pregnant women can engage in low, moderate, and even some vigorous levels of LTPA without risk for preterm birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sedentary behavior is associated with increased risk of functional decline and disability. Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) spend more time sedentary than healthy adults. Self-reported assessment of sedentary behavior has not been well-developed in this patient population. Methods: 172 adults with RA wore an accelerometer for 7 days and completed a modified version of the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS). YPAS-derived sedentary estimates included 1) daily sitting categories (<3, 3 to 6, 6 to 8, >8 hours/day), 2) continuous daily sedentary time calculated by subtracting hours spent sleeping or in physical activity from a 24-hour day, and 3) rank order of YPAS-derived continuous daily sedentary time. Each estimate was compared with objective accelerometer-derived sedentary time using linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: A significant relationship was observed between accelerometer-derived sedentary time and all 3 estimates. Bland-Altman plot demonstrated systematic bias, however Bland-Altman plot of rank-order demonstrated that the ranked YPAS-derived continuous estimate was an unbiased predictor of ranked accelerometer sedentary time though limits of agreement were wide. Conclusions: This patient-reported approach using the YPAS shows promise to be a useful tool to identify the most sedentary patients. Providing a practical and accurate tool may increase the frequency sedentary behavior is assessed by clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that evidence demonstrates the benefits of regular physical activity to population health and well-being. About 25% of adults worldwide do not meet the minimum recommended levels of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Many people living in the U.S. spend up to 70% of their day in sitting or reclining positions.

The timing of physical activity has been associated with weight and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in adults. However, few studies have tested associations in young adults, who are biologically and behaviorally different from adults. Young adults (18–35 yr) enrolled in a weight management program provided body mass index (BMI) and 4–7days of ActiGraph accelerometer wear time at baseline. Activity time of day was divided into the following quartiles: morning (06:00–11:59), afternoon (12:00–15:59), evening (16:00–18:59), and night (19:00–00:59). The proportion of weekly MVPA minutes occurring in each time category was used to predict BMI and total weekly MVPA using linear regression models. Marginal trends were estimated for the full sample and by sex. The analytic sample (N = 408, mAge = 23.8±4.5, mBMI = 31.1±4.4) was 79% female, 49% non-Hispanic White, with a mean weekly MVPA of 311±167minutes. MVPA timing was associated with total weekly MVPA but not BMI. Afternoon MVPA was inversely associated with total weekly MVPA in women (−1.72 [95% CI: −3.19, −0.26] min). When considering only bouted MVPA as a predictor, morning (all: 1.43 [95% CI: 0.86, 2.00] min) and night (women: 0.87 [95% CI: 0.15, 1.58] min) MVPA were positively associated with total weekly MVPA. Activity-based interventions designed to improve behavioral health may be improved by providing time-based recommendations tailored to the demographic characteristics of the target population. For example, morning may be an optimal time for both female and male young adults to engage in bouted physical activity to improve total weekly activity levels [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children cite "fun" as the primary reason for participation in organized sport and its absence as the number-one reason for youth sport attrition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical framework of fun using a novel mixed-method assessment of participants in sport (FUN MAPS) via concept mapping. Methods: Youth soccer players (n = 142), coaches (n = 37), and parents (n = 57) were stratified by age, sex, and competition level and contributed their ideas through (a) qualitative brainstorming, identifying all of the things that make playing sports fun for players; (b) sorting of ideas; and (c) rating each idea on its importance, frequency, and feasibility. Results: The FUN MAPS identify the 4 fundamental tenets of fun in youth sport within 11 fun-dimensions composed of 81 specific fun-determinants, while also establishing the youth sport ethos. Conclusion: The FUN MAPS provide pictorial evidence-based blueprints for the fun integration theory (FIT), which is a multitheoretical, multidimensional, and stakeholder derived framework that can be used to maximize fun for children and adolescents to promote and sustain an active and healthy lifestyle through sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]