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Putin's regime finally murdered Alexei Navalny, a Russian patriot and freedom fighter. Regardless of how the events on 16 February unfolded, his death is a direct result of the actions of Russian state agents who had long been working towards his death. Putin’s belief in his absolute impunity, reinforced by appeasement, was a decisive factor that facilitated Alexei Navalny's murder. However, what happened to Navalny must not happen to Vladimir Kara-Murza, Aleksei Gorinov, Ilya Yashin, and many others. Navalny’s death is a huge loss for all Russians who believe in a free and peaceful future for their country, but also for Europe and the world.

I denne artikkelen drøfter jeg hvorvidt det er nødvendig å ta i bruk autoritære rettslige virkemidler for å håndtere klimakrisen, i lys av Carl Schmitts begrep om diktaturet. Etter å ha presentert Schmitts begrep og satt det inn i rammen av hans generelle rettsteoretiske tenkning, kritiserer jeg begrepet generelt og som utgangspunkt for å håndtere klimakrisen. Schmitts begrep om diktaturet bør forstås adekvat, slik at man kan identifisere fremveksten av diktatoriske mekanismer og unngå at de får feste.

Die Arbeit von Harald Bodenschatz (2011) und seinen Mitautor:innen zum Städtebau im faschistischen Italien hat vor zehn Jahren Wegweisendes in der Städtebauhistoriographie geleistet. Nun wurde das seit Jahren vergriffene Buch neu aufgelegt und behutsam erweitert. Es hat viele Folgestudien inspiriert. Eine davon ist die Arbeit der Denkmalpflegerin Birgit Knauer (2022), die sich mit der „Assanierung“ der Stadt Wien im Austrofaschismus auseinandersetzt. Die Werke zeigen, wie Städtebau durch diktatorische Regime benutzt wurde, um Repression auszuüben oder Konsens herzustellen, und als wirtschaftspolitisches Programm der beschleunigten industriellen Entwicklung sowie zur volkswirtschaftlichen Erholung in und nach Krisenzeiten diente. Dabei spielen Propaganda, Geschichtsbilder, Zukunftsverheißungen und nicht zuletzt europäische Netzwerke eine Rolle.

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Politik is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Public Law / Zeitschrift für Öffentliches Recht is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rezension

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Politik is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kriminologisches Journal is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Perspektive Mediation is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the author's criticism on democracy in France in the interwar period. Topics discussed include self-representation of intellectuals in France, relation between left and right politics, technocracy during the World War II, authoritarianism in the interwar period and social system during the World War I.

Der Beitrag berichtet über die persönlichen Erfahrungen der Autorin mit der Disziplinierung öffentlicher Meinungsäußerungen durch die polnische Regierung aus einer subjektiven Perspektive.

Authors present the history of psychotherapy in Slovakia. The first section refers to the social requirements for psychology and psychotherapy development. The history of psychotherapy alone is analysed in three stages of development. The first stage includes the years 1918-1945, where, related to the activities of the Clinic of Psychiatry and Neurology of the Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, we come across the first attempts at applying psychotherapeutic approaches in medical practice and in the training of physicians. The second developmental stage (1945-1989) introduces individuals that significantly influenced the development of psychotherapeutic theories and their application in individual fields of clinical practice. They simultaneously show the contribution of the training school SUR to the development of psychotherapy in Slovakia. The most significant changes in the aspect of domestication and development of psychotherapy in Slovakia happened in the last characterised stage, in the period following the Velvet Revolution in 1989. The previously almost unavailable psychotherapeutic literature became available and psychotherapy was gradually introduced into the undergraduate and postgraduate education of physicians and other professionals. The first Slovak Society of Psychotherapy was founded and became a common ground for professionals in this field. In the final section of this paper, the authors present current questions and problems of the development, research and application of psychotherapy in Slovakia and briefly characterise the influence of legislation changes and reforms in healthcare on the position of psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though Malawian democracy could still be described as in transition from authoritarianism, it has enabled an atmosphere for critical debate of and dissent against seemingly popular opinions, which was not possible during the authoritarian rule of former life president, Dr. H. K. Banda, 1964-1994. This article examines politicised cultural populism in Malawi under the dictatorship and democracy in comparative terms. President Banda, as a political populist, appropriated culture to legitimate and validate his political power as well as to cultivate popular support from the majority of ordinary people. Following reforms towards democracy since 1992, his successors have also tended towards populist politics by similarly appropriating culture and cultural activities, among other means, to cultivate popular support from mostly ordinary people for their regimes. Such politicised cultural populism involves adopting traditional roles, cultural symbols and images of power such as praise-titles, and participating in cultural activities such as traditional dances. This article examines the efforts of President Bingu wa Mutharika in the democratic dispensation to appropriate cultural artefacts used by Banda during a dictatorship in order to cultivate popular support for his regime. The article argues that Bingu’s efforts at politicised cultural populism are constrained, among other factors, by the nature and climate of democratic politics mainly because democracy, unlike a dictatorship, enables critical debate and the questioning of political leader’s behaviour and their motives. Auch wenn die Demokratie in Malawi sich immer noch in einem Übergangsstadium befindet, ist inzwischen eine Atmosphäre entstanden, in der eine kritische Debatte und das Äußern unpopulärer Meinungen möglich sind, was in den Jahren 1964-1994 unter dem früheren Präsidenten auf Lebenszeit, Dr. H. K. Banda, nicht denkbar war. Der Autor vergleicht die Nutzung von Elementen eines politisierten Kulturpopulismus in Malawi während der Diktatur und in der demokratischen Phase. Der Populist Banda setzte stark auf kulturelle Traditionen, um seine Macht zu legitimieren und sich die Unterstützung der Mehrheit der Bevölkerung zu sichern. In der Phase demokratischer Reformen seit 1992 haben seine Nachfolger dies in ähnlicher Weise versucht. Ein solcher politisierter Kulturpopulismus schließt die Übernahme traditioneller Rollen, die Verwendung tradierter Machtsymbole und die Mitwirkung an traditionellen kulturellen Aktivitäten, wie beispielsweise Tänzen, ein. Der Autor untersucht, inwieweit es dem Präsidenten Bingu wa Mutharika in der Phase demokratischer Transition gelungen ist, von Banda eingesetzte tradierte kulturelle Elemente für sich zu übernehmen. Er kommt zu dem Schluss, dass diese Bemühungen nur eingeschränkte Wirkung zeigten, denn anders als in einer Diktatur gibt es in einem demokratischen System ein politisches Klima und praktische Möglichkeiten, das Verhalten und die Motive einer politischen Führungsfigur in Frage zu stellen und zu debattieren.

Roman Catholic Charity, an organised and community-centred form of volunteer activity in social and healthcare services exceeding the framework of individual and private benevolence, had seen years of abundant and - in many aspects - still unrivalled development between the founding of the independent state of Czechoslovakia (1918) and the onset of the totalitarian Communist regime (1948). As the Communist Party took control of the country, the entire system of charity was dissolved, in contrast to the neighbouring countries of the Soviet Bloc (East Germany, Poland and Hungary) where some forms were allowed to function. The objective of the present study is to map out those dramatic changes and highlight individual key events and dates. The opening sections outline the well-developed system of charity that existed before the Communist seizure of power. The final sections present the developing trends of charitable work after the fall of Communism in 1989. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article covers the history of psychotherapy in the present-day Czech Republic, focusing mainly on the era of the Communist dictatorship which lasted from 1948 to 1989. However, we also investigate how psychotherapy developed before Communism and how the period of totalitarianism is reflected in the present state of psychotherapy in the Czech Republic. Apart from psychotherapy in the narrow sense, we will mention related fields such as psychohygiene, philosophy, religion, development of psychology as a scientific discipline, mental health care, consultancy, etc. In the first part, we describe the history of psychotherapy in Czechoslovakia, which we will divide into five periods: 1. before the Communist putsch in 1948; 2. from the Communist putsch to the late 1950s (severe dictatorship); 3. the 1960s (liberalisation of the regime and a development of civic society); 4. from 1968 to 1989 (a period of the so-called normalisation when the regime strengthens again in the 1970s and weakens in the 1980s); 5. the period after the so-called Velvet Revolution (1989). In the second part, we will briefly address two specifically Czech therapeutic approaches (Mr. and Mrs. Knobloch's integrated psychotherapy and the SUR training program). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sándor Karácsony (1891-1952) was an original, creative and influential representative of Hungarian pedagogical, linguistic and philosophical thinking. As a secondary school teacher and a university professor he established a new school of thought with a lasting impact. The principle underlying his philosophy was that in education, in scientific research, and in all areas of life 'the other person' must be taken into account if we are to achieve valid results. In the 1970s and 1980s his former disciples and co-workers achieved significant results in various fields of science and education, such as mathematics, biology, linguistics, psychology and ethnography by applying and further developing his ideas, and many of them have also been responsible for new schools of scientific thought. Karácsony's pedagogical thinking is very much alive even today. Representatives of the third and fourth generations of teachers who are familiar with Karácsony's ideas believe that education takes place as a joint achievement of teacher and student if the two partners have respect for each other's autonomy, and on this basis they relate to the ideals and values of the school. After 1990 his disciples and their co-workers created several social organisations dedicated to the task of making his work known again to those concerned. A part of this work was re-editing his ten-volume educational theory based on interpersonal logic and interpersonal psychology, and in the past 23 years holding conferences to present his pedagogical principles, which continue to be valid even today, to teachers, students and parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Age of Enlightenment marked the beginning of modern religious criticism in Europe. Several atheistic ideas born at that time have maintained their influence and affected the life and culture of many generations. This process, which clearly manifested itself in the People's Republic of Poland as well, led to the atheisation of culture. The church in Poland has been acting as the patron of culture for centuries and this role was especially important at times of political dependence such as the division or the occupation of the country. Under the Communist rule culture was given a subordinate status based on the structural and political principles of the Communist Party. Consequently, culture was primarily expected to serve Communism. The intention of authorities to marginalise Christian culture and art resulted in its increasing ghettoisation. Following the declaration of a state of emergency (1981) the ghetto conditions created for Christian culture contributed to the so-called internal emigration of artists and the boycott of the Polish radio and television. This process generated an unofficial system of culture, which could cater to the needs of the majority of citizens. This unofficial system comprised actors and trustees of culture who were not subservient to state power or had enough authority and freedom to represent different values, norms or forms of behaviour than those of the dominant cultural system. For example, churches or parish community rooms hosted theatre shows and other performances as well. The unofficial system of culture contributed to social integration in a significant way and helped to preserve national identity. The social status quo following the political turn compelled the Polish church to re-define its position on the free market of ethical, cultural and religious values and played a role in eliminating the gulf between the Christian message and modern society. Since church and culture have been deeply intertwined and Christians are conscious of their centuries-long spiritual and cultural heritage, they cannot and do not want to give up this unalterable element of national and religious identity. Christians have been forming the image of intangible culture for centuries and they will continue to strive for a position as equal and full partners in constructing the new European reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper tries to provide a history of psychotherapy in Rumania during the socialist dictatorship of Nicolae Ceauşescu (1965-1989). In order to fully understand the peculiarities of the development of psychotherapy in the last decades of the previous century, it is absolutely necessary to take into consideration the deep degradation of the quality of interpersonal relations in Rumania and to analyze the causes that have determined this process. Rumania is the only country in Eastern Europe having as leaders, for 45 years continuously, two Stalinists, both of them with identical political formation, who are remembered for intense ideological activity, misguided zeal and constancy, both becoming dreaded and indisputable leaders, setting up a national-communist dictatorship - Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej - and a personal one - Nicolae Ceauşescu. Under these circumstances, beginning with 1945, the recently founded Rumanian Society for Psychopath ology and Psychotherapy disrupted its activity, due to the schisms between members. The Rumanian Academy was abolished, and a new one was set up. One by one, the Popular Rumanian Academy contested Freudism, psychosomatic medicine, and behaviourism. Without being formally forbidden, psychotherapy was incompatible with the primitive Marxism of the era, and this general state of things lasted for quite a long period. The paper presents the efforts of specialists after the '60s, when more papers and books were published that described various types of psychotherapies, familiarising the professionals with the fundamental ideas in psychotherapy; there were also psychiatrists and psychologists with initiatives in the field and the main textbooks published in this period described psychotherapeutic methods. Unfortunately, little attention was paid to psychoanalysis, cognitive therapies, group therapies, family therapies, and psychodrama. Without openly suppressing the practice of psychotherapy, the officials responsible for the health system did not encourage the ones with such initiatives at all, and the academic bodies, with few exceptions, were hostile to various forms of psychotherapy with an emphasis on those of psychoanalytic origin, for which they had cultivated old reflexes of rejection. This state of things explains the amplitude and the vigour of the initiatives breaking out after 1989, accomplishing the modalities for a structured and complete training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Constitution of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia of 3 September 1931 was issued by onesided king's act, and without participation of the National Assembly, which makes it a model for the category of the so called octroyed constitutions. By analysing the circumstances that preceded the proclamation of the Constitution as well as the circumstances emerging from the proclamation of the 1931 Constitution, the authors have come to relevant conclusions about fundamental principles, institutions and relations established in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. While doing so, the main conclusion comes downs to the fact that the 1931 constitution, in which everything was regulated in such a way that the king (furtheron) could exercise all the power, was only a cover for (although no more open but concealed) dictatorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lateinamerika Analysen is the property of Institute for Ibero-American Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)