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Objectives: Advanced age is a well-established risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Exacerbated inflammation affects multiple organs, among which hematopoiesis responds by increased output of various cells. We aimed to determine the association between COVID-19 progression and large immature cell (LIC) counts, changes in erythrocyte and platelet distribution widths (RDW, PDW) with reference to patients' age. Methods: A total of 755 patients with complete blood cell (CBC) analysis in the first 24 h of hospitalization were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups: under and above 65 years of age. Results: The LIC counts were different in both groups (p < 0.003). However, only the senior patients had markedly different values of RDW and PDW (p < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis provided increased LIC (AUC = 0.600), RDW (AUC = 0.609), PDW (AUC = 0.556), and platelet to LIC ratio (AUC = 0.634) as significant in discriminating outcome in the older group. Importantly, these results were not repeated in the younger patients. In the elderly, the progression was predicted with LIC cut-off at ≥ 0.305 × 109/L (OR = 3.166) and RDW over 12.15% (OR = 2.081). Discussion: Aging is characterized by a decline in immunological competence with a compromised control of inflammation leading to a proinflammatory state. This background together with the actions of pathogens may lead to emergency myelopoiesis. Conclusion: Our results point to the important differences between age groups regarding CBC-related parameters of stress hematopoiesis during severe infection. Higher LIC, RDW and PDW levels were reliable in the early identification of COVID-19 progression only in the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A dysregulated proinflammatory microenvironment is considered one of the reasons why current therapies of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) do not secure disease control. Therefore, the development of BCR-ABL1-independent therapies is encouraged. Renalase (RNLS) is a multifunctional protein that exhibits both enzymatic and non-enzymatic cytokine-like properties, along with potent anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. It is expressed in various tissues, including tumors. Methods: We investigated the levels of RNLS in the blood of CML patients in the chronic phase, treatment naïve patients, and those in remission under TKI treatment (either imatinib or nilotinib) and compared them to healthy individuals. Results: Renalase concentration was markedly decreased in treatment-naive CML patients compared to other groups (p = 0.000), while lower levels in the TKI group were not statistically significant compared to controls. The levels correlated negatively with the total leukocyte and neutrophil count (p < 0.05), while a positive correlation was present with CRP levels in treatment naïve patients. Conclusions: Dynamic regulation of RNLS expression and activity is coupled with transcription factors NF-κB and STAT3. Interpretation of our results might rely on differential requirements of activated STATs (STAT3/5) during CML clone development and maintenance, including the observation of RNLS rise upon TKI introduction. Overall, our research provides new insights into the field of hematological malignancies. Unlike other malignancies studied, RNLS plasma levels are significantly decreased in CML. In future perspectives, RNLS could potentially serve as a diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic option for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory disease associated with severe systemic inflammation. The optimal status of vitamins and microelements is considered crucial for the proper functioning of the immune system and necessary for successful recovery. Most patients with respiratory distress in COVID-19 are vitamin and microelement deficient, with vitamin D and Se deficiency being the most common. Anyway, various micronutrient supplements are widely and arbitrarily used for prevention or in the treatment of COVID-19. We aimed to summarise current knowledge about molecular and physiological mechanisms of vitamins (D, A, C, B6, B9 and B12) and microelements (Se, Zn, Cu and Fe) involved in the immune system regulation in consideration with COVID-19 pathogenesis, as well as recent findings related to their usage and effects in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In the early course of the pandemic, several, mainly observational, studies reported an association of some micronutrients, such as vitamin C, D and Zn, with severity reduction and survival improvement. Still, emerging randomised controlled trials showed no effect of vitamin D on hospitalisation length and no effect of vitamin C and Zn on symptom reduction. Up to date, there is evidence neither for nor against the use of micronutrients in the treatment of COVID-19. The doses that exceed the recommended for the general population and age group should not be used, except in clinical trials. Benefits of supplementation are primarily expected in populations prone to micronutrient deficiencies, who are, as well, at a higher risk of worse outcomes in COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium is a widespread, toxic industrial pollutant. The proximal tubule of the mammalian kidney is a major target of Cd-induced toxicity. We analyzed the effects of cadmium exposure on the model system of experimental animals, the thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive substance (TBARS) level, and the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) and catalase in kidney of rats, with and without glutathione and lipoic acid (LA). The experimental animals were classified into six groups, regarding cadmium, glutathione, and LA intake. The concentration of TBARSs in the homogenate was determined by spectrophotometric method according to Nabavi et al. The specific activity of XO was determined spectrophotometrically by the method of Aygul et al. Catalase activity in tissues was determined by spectrophotometric method according to Nabavi et al. The increased level of TBARS and the increased activity of XO in kidney tissue in cadmium poisoning are statistically significant compared to control ( p < 0.001). Glutathione and LA applied along with cadmium lowered TBARS concentration and reduced XO activity ( p < 0.001). Catalase activity in the kidney tissue was increased in the group, which was administered cadmium ( p < 0.001). In conclusion, glutathione and LA, as physiological antioxidants applied with cadmium, have reduced the level of lipid peroxide and the activity of XO, and can be used as protectors in conditions of cadmium poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]