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Abstract The turtle shell is a remarkable structure that has intrigued not only evolutionary biologists but also engineering and material scientists because of its multi-scale complexity and various functions. Although protection is its most apparent role, the carapace and plastron are also related to many physiological functions and their shape influences hydrodynamics and self-righting ability. As such, analysing the functional morphology of the shell could help understanding the ecology of Triassic stem-turtles, which will contribute to the century-long debate on the evolutionary origins of turtles. Here, we used 3D imaging techniques to digitize the shells of two of the earliest stem-turtle taxa, Proganochelys and Proterochersis, and submitted their models to biomechanical and shape analyses. We analysed the strength performance under five predation scenarios and tested the function of two morphological traits found in stem-turtles, the epiplastral processes and an attached pelvic girdle. The latter, also present in the crown-lineage of side-necked turtles, has been suggested to increase load-bearing capacity of the shell or to improve swimming in pleurodires. Our results do not confirm the shell-strengthening hypothesis and, together with the results of our shape analyses, suggest that at least one of the first stem-turtles (Proterochersis) was an aquatic animal.

The article presents a method for analyzing the own errors of the discrete wavelet transform algorithms, which are introduced by these algorithms into the output quantities. The presented considerations include determining the origin of the error signals in question and determining their parameters. Both errors resulting from imperfections in the transmittance of the algorithm and those resulting from its implementation in the actual measurement chain were considered.

Abstract Magnetic vortices are topological spin structures frequently found in ferromagnets, yet novel to antiferromagnets. By combining experiment and theory, it is demonstrated that in a nanostructured antiferromagnetic‐ferromagnetic NiO(111)‐Fe(110) bilayer, a magnetic vortex is naturally stabilized by magnetostatic interactions in the ferromagnet and is imprinted onto the adjacent antiferromagnet via interface exchange coupling. Micromagnetic simulations are used to construct a corresponding phase diagram of the stability of the imprinted antiferromagnetic vortex state. The in‐depth analysis reveals that the interplay between interface exchange coupling and the antiferromagnet magnetic anisotropy plays a crucial role in locally reorienting the Néel vector out‐of‐plane in the prototypical in‐plane antiferromagnet NiO and thereby stabilizing the vortices in the antiferromagnet.

IntroductionAdvanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are capable of stimulating oxidative stress and inflammation. This study investigates the synthesis of medium crosslinked AGEs (the most optimal form of AGEs because of soluble in water, used in many assays as markers) and their biochemical properties.MethodsOne of model protein–myoglobin from horse heart muscle (MB) and a chosen respective glycation factor – D-melibiose (mel), acrolein (ACR), D-glucose (glc), 4-hydroksynonenal (4HNE), trans-2-nonenal (T2N), methylglyoxal (MGO) – were subjected to high temperature water synthesis (HTWS) and high temperature microwave synthesis in anhydrous conditions (HTMS). The syntheses were deliberately carried out in two different conditions to check whether adding an additional energy source (microwaves) while lowering the temperature and shortening the reaction time would allow for more effective obtaining of medium-cross-linked AGEs, monitored with SDS-PAGE. Products were analyzed using fluorescence measurements, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting tests and electrophoretic mobility shift assay to evaluate their ability to activate nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB).ResultsMedium cross-linked AGEs were more efficiently obtained in HTMS. Fluorescence was high for MB-ACR, MB-T2N and MB-glc products. Anti-MAGE antibodies showed reactivity towards MB-mels of HTMS and HTWS, and the MB-4HNEs from HTMS. HTWS products, apart from MB-ACR, did not activate NF-κB, whereas MB-ACR, MB-4HNE, MB-mel, and MB-T2N products of HTMS strongly activated this factor that indicates their strong pro-inflammatory properties.ConclusionHTMS is a fast and efficient method of synthesizing medium cross-linked AGEs.

Introduction. A dietary supplement is intended to improve nutrition by providing vitamins, minerals, herbs, or amino acids. These supplements are taken orally, labeled as supplements, and are not meant to be a substitute for regular food. The increasing interest in strength training and fitness emphasizes the significance of proper nutrition. Engaging in physical activity reduces the risk of disease and enhances mental health. More research is required to understand the impact of supplements on performance, health, and the gut microbiome. Aim of study. The primary objective of this research is to compile existing data on dietary supplements commonly utilized in sports, including but not limited to creatine, protein, branched-chain amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and L-citrulline. Materials and methods. 50 articles pertaining to the issue were subjected to analysis. These articles were sourced from PubMed and Google Scholar, spanning a publication period of 19 years. Conclusions. Creatine supplementation consistently enhances strength, endurance, and lean mass, particularly when combined with resistance and plyometric training, although its impact on fat mass is modest. Whey protein effectively promotes muscle mass and strength, especially in older adults, and aids in recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage. Branched-Chain Amino Acids can reduce muscle soreness and assist in recovery, but their effects on performance and muscle damage are less pronounced. Omega-3 fatty acids improve muscle recovery and metabolic markers, but exhibit limited synergy with resistance training. L-citrulline elevates arginine levels and improves vascular function, yet its effects on performance are minimal in certain contexts.

There are conflicting theories about whether individuals like or dislike inequality, or in other words, whether living in an unequal country increases or decreases their subjective well-being. Empirical literature has so far focused on income inequality and has not yet reached a consensus. In the present paper, we focus on wealth inequality, an aspect that has so far been overlooked in the happiness literature. The aim of the present paper is to systematically investigate the wealth inequality–happiness relationship and compare the results to the income inequality–happiness association. Furthermore, we focus on different parts of income or wealth distribution, rather than using a single inequality measure. We use data from the integrated World Values Surveys and European Values Surveys for over 50 countries, matched with the World Inequality Database data over the years 1981–2020. Following our analyses, we find some evidence supporting the “tunnel effect” theory: individuals are happier with increases in the top 10% and top 1% shares of wealth and less happy with increases in the middle 40% share of wealth, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In high-income countries, increasing the bottom 50% share of wealth increases individuals’ life satisfaction, suggesting that they favor redistribution.

Abstract Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) remains the most prevalent type of stem cell transplantation. In our study, we investigated the changes in circulating miRNAs in AHSCT recipients and their potential to predict early procedure-related complications. We collected serum samples from 77 patients, including 54 with multiple myeloma, at four key time points: before AHSCT, on the day of transplantation (day 0), and at days + 7 and + 14 post-transplantation. Through serum miRNA-seq analysis, we identified altered expression patterns and miRNAs associated with the AHSCT procedure. Validation using qPCR confirmed deviations in the levels of miRNAs at the beginning of the procedure in patients who subsequently developed bacteremia: hsa-miR-223-3p and hsa-miR-15b-5p exhibited decreased expression, while hsa-miR-126-5p had increased level. Then, a neural network model was constructed to use miRNA levels for the prediction of bacteremia. The model achieved an accuracy of 93.33% (95%CI: 68.05-99.83%), with a sensitivity of 100% (95%CI: 67.81-100.00%) and specificity of 90.91% (95%CI: 58.72-99.77%) in predicting bacteremia with mean of 6.5 ± 3.2 days before occurrence. In addition, we showed unique patterns of miRNA expression in patients experiencing platelet engraftment delay which involved the downregulation of hsa-let-7f-5p and upregulation of hsa-miR-96-5p; and neutrophil engraftment delay which was associated with decreased levels of hsa-miR-125a-5p and hsa-miR-15b-5p. Our findings highlight the significant alterations in serum miRNA levels during AHSCT and suggest the clinical utility of miRNA expression patterns as potential biomarkers that could be harnessed to improve patient outcomes, particularly by predicting the risk of bacteremia during AHSCT.

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effects of oral collagen supplementation on joint function, muscle recovery, and overall musculoskeletal health in athletes. Collagen, a key protein in the body, is essential for the health of joints, muscles, and connective tissues. As collagen production declines with age, supplementation has become a promising strategy for improving athletic performance and reducing injury risk. This review analysed recent studies published from 2016 onwards, focusing on the impact of collagen supplementation, particularly in combination with regular training. The research involved a comprehensive literature search in the MEDLINE database, initially identifying 82 records, with 39 undergoing quality assessment. Ultimately, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The findings indicate that collagen peptides significantly enhance joint stability, reduce pain, and accelerate recovery from injuries such as Achilles tendinopathy. Moreover, collagen supplementation combined with resistance training was shown to improve muscle strength, body composition, and recovery markers more effectively than training alone. The review also highlights collagen's role in extracellular matrix remodelling and anti-inflammatory responses, offering potential benefits in tissue repair and injury prevention. These results suggest that collagen supplementation could be a valuable addition to athletes' training regimens, warranting further research to optimize dosing strategies and explore its mechanisms of action.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been a global epidemic since the 1980s, with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) aiming to eliminate it as a public health threat by 2030. As of 2017, 36.9 million individuals were living with HIV worldwide, making HIV infection a leading cause of death globally. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective biomedical prevention method that can reduce the risk of HIV transmission by over 90% when taken consistently. This review examines the awareness and knowledge of PrEP among students, focusing on variations across gender, race, sexual orientation, study type, university type, and country of residence. A literature search conducted in the MEDLINE database between February and March 2024 identified 26 relevant studies published in the last ten years. Findings reveal significant disparities in PrEP awareness and knowledge, influenced by factors such as field of study and geographic location. While healthcare students generally show higher awareness levels, gaps remain, particularly among non-healthcare students and in different regions. Targeted educational initiatives are crucial to enhance PrEP acceptance and utilization. Addressing these gaps is essential for improving HIV prevention efforts and ultimately achieving UNAIDS' 2030 objective.

Up to 30% of people with psoriasis may develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a complicated inflammatory disease characterized by skin signs, joint discomfort, and swelling. Although pharmaceutical therapies have been the primary component of traditional PsA care, the advantages of physical activity are becoming more widely acknowledged. This review looks at how exercise can help manage PsA, with particular emphasis on several types of exercise, including resistance training, functional training, aerobic training, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Research indicates that resistance training increases muscle strength and functional ability while aerobic exercise lessens tiredness and musculoskeletal pain. Without escalating disease activity, HIIT reduces fatigue and enhances cardiorespiratory fitness. The review also looks at the relationship between physical activity and PsA symptoms including enthesitis and bone marrow edema (BME). Research shows that exercise does not worsen BME, and even if it can cause enthesitis, the advantages of exercise in terms of lowering overall disease activity and enhancing quality of life exceed the dangers. To sum up, customized exercise regimens are crucial for PsA management and have a major positive impact on patient well-being and disease control.

Gastroparesis, a complication of diabetes, is characterized by delayed gastric emptying without obstruction. It arises from chronic hyperglycemia-induced damage to the autonomic and enteric nervous systems, manifesting primarily as nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and bloating. This condition severely impacts quality of life and glycemic control, increasing the risk of further diabetes-related complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential, involving stringent glycemic control, lifestyle changes, pharmacological therapy, and sometimes surgical interventions. Diagnostic approaches include ruling out other causes, followed by tests like scintigraphy, radiological examination, and breath tests. Treatment begins with dietary modifications and, if necessary, progresses to enteral or parenteral nutrition. Glycemic management is crucial, with specific medications either recommended or contraindicated. Pharmacological treatments include metoclopramide and domperidone, though both have significant side effects. Emerging therapies involve ghrelin and motilin agonists, and antidepressants like mirtazapine. Gastric electrical stimulation, endoscopic, and surgical procedures offer additional treatment avenues for severe cases. Effective management of gastroparesis can substantially improve patient outcomes and long-term diabetes management.

Diabetes mellitus affects over half a billion people worldwide and is associated with numerous complications, including diabetic gastroparesis, characterized by delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction. Although diabetic gastroparesis does not affect life expectancy, it significantly impairs digestion and medication absorption, complicating glucose metabolism and health management, thus reducing quality of life. The etiology of diabetic gastroparesis is multifactorial, involving autonomic neuropathy, vagus nerve dysfunction, disturbances in interstitial cells of Cajal, nitric oxide synthesis, hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress. Symptoms include early satiety, bloating, nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, and unintentional weight loss, which complicate diabetes management by causing unpredictable glycemic control. Despite advancements in understanding diabetic gastroparesis, it remains underdiagnosed due to its often asymptomatic nature. Further research is needed to elucidate its epidemiology and pathophysiology, particularly in asymptomatic patients. This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, and clinical consequences of diabetic gastroparesis, highlighting the need for improved diagnostic and management strategies.

TANGO2 deficiency disorder is an autosomal recessive disease caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the TANGO2 gene. First described in 2016, the disorder is characterized by acute metabolic crises, neurological dysfunctions, developmental delays, and intellectual disabilities. Laboratory findings indicate a mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defect, with metabolic crises often triggered by stressors such as illness or fasting. The TANGO2 protein, implicated in lipid metabolism, membrane trafficking, and cellular homeostasis, is critical for maintaining lipid droplets, regulating phospholipid levels, and facilitating protein and lipid transport between cellular compartments. Symptoms of TANGO2 deficiency are diverse, including psychomotor delays, intellectual impairments, seizures, ataxia, and episodic neurological symptoms known as TANGO2 spells. Diagnosis involves genetic testing, with several pathogenic variants identified. During metabolic crises, patients may experience severe cardiac and metabolic disturbances. No curative treatment exists; management includes B-vitamin supplementation, antiepileptic drugs, and interventions for spasticity, dystonia, thyroid dysfunction, and arrhythmias. TANGO2 deficiency disorder can co-occur with DiGeorge syndrome, complicating diagnosis due to overlapping symptoms. Improved awareness and diagnostic strategies are crucial for effective management of this underrecognized condition.

Engaging in regular physical activity (PA) is crucial for managing type 1 diabetes (T1D) effectively. PA helps reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), lower total daily insulin requirements, improve endothelial function, enhance muscular strength, and boost psychological well-being and quality of life. However, individuals with T1D tend to engage in PA less frequently than their healthy peers due to various barriers, with the fear of hypoglycemia (FOH) being a significant factor that impacts quality of life and diabetes outcomes. Understanding these barriers can increase awareness, improve comprehension, and enhance better support from non-diabetology specialists. This article aims to review the current literature on the primary limitations to regular PA, including continuous glucose management (CGM), in individuals with T1D. Additionally, we explore the impact of various types of PA on blood glucose management and overall well-being.

Key Clinical Message A comprehensive evaluation, including symptoms, medical history, C‐peptide levels, and anti‐GAD antibodies, is essential for distinguishing between diabetes' types, particularly in cases of diagnostic uncertainty. While obesity is often associated with T2DM, BMI should be viewed as a factor rather than a criterion for the exclusion of diabetes type.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increases the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED), affecting up to 52% of diabetic males. This review examines the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment modalities of ED in diabetic patients. Key factors influencing ED in this population include poor glycemic control, obesity, hypertension, and the duration of diabetes. Both the latest reports on treatment and well-known articles containing fundamental knowledge about this condition were analyzed, mainly using online databases like PubMed. Effective management of ED in diabetic patients requires optimal glycemic control and lifestyle modifications such as diet, exercise, and weight management. Pharmacological treatments involve phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors like sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil, which enhance erectile function by increasing cGMP levels. Alternatives for those unresponsive to oral medications include intracavernous injections, intraurethral alprostadil, vacuum constriction devices, low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT), and penile prosthesis implantation. Emerging therapies like mesenchymal stem cell therapy and novel drug combinations offer promising avenues, focusing on cellular regeneration and improved vascular function. Despite the availability of these treatments, ED remains underreported due to patient embarrassment and healthcare provider hesitation, underscoring the need for increased awareness and proactive management. As projections indicate a rising global prevalence of ED, integrating ED management into comprehensive diabetes care is essential to enhance patient quality of life and address this significant public health issue.

Background: Acute cholecystitis and acute appendicitis are among the most common conditions leading to surgical admissions. However, their concurrent presentation is rare and poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Compared with traditional open surgery, laparoscopy has revolutionized the management of various abdominal pathologies by providing enhanced visualization, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery times. Case Presentation: A 66-year-old woman with severe right upper quadrant and lateral abdominal pain, and nausea was admitted to the general surgical ward. Physical examination showed tenderness and muscle guarding in the right upper quadrant, and a positive Murphy's sign. Laboratory investigations revealed leukocytosis, elevated inflammatory markers, and abnormal liver function. An inconclusive ultrasound led to a CT scan, diagnosing acute cholecystitis and acute appendicitis. A decision was made to perform simultaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appendectomy. The patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged after ten days with standard surgical recommendations. Conclusion: This case report highlights the importance of considering multiple potential causes of abdominal pain, especially with inconclusive initial imaging. Simultaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appendectomy demonstrated in this case proved to be feasible, safe, and effective. Early and accurate diagnosis, facilitated by thorough clinical examination and advanced imaging, is crucial for prompt treatment. Surgeons must be prepared for rare concurrent presentations and capable of performing synchronous laparoscopic surgeries to improve patient outcomes and streamline recovery.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) encompasses a spectrum of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, action, or both. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are the most prevalent forms, whereas Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) represents a monogenic subtype, often misdiagnosed due to its phenotypic overlap. This case study highlights a 26-year-old male initially diagnosed with T1DM at age 12, managed with insulin therapy. Upon admission, despite stable glycemic control and preserved C-peptide secretion, genetic testing revealed MODY 2 due to a variant in the GCK gene. Unlike T1DM and T2DM, MODY 2 is characterized by mild, persistent hyperglycemia with a low risk of complications, emphasizing the importance of genetic diagnosis for tailored management and family counseling. This case underscores the critical role of genetic evaluation in accurately diagnosing and managing atypical diabetes presentations.

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by severe cognitive and behavioral impairments. It often coexists with multiple and complex anxiety symptoms that exacerbate the clinical challenges associated with schizophrenia. This case report presents the history of a 32-year-old woman with a final diagnosis of both paranoid schizophrenia and mixed anxiety disorders. The patient presented with persistent auditory pseudohallucinations, severe anxiety together with occasional panic attacks, which were treated with a variety of antipsychotics. Treatment adjustments were necessitated by the emergence of side effects, including neutropenia, motor disturbances and the observation of major anxiety symptoms, including panic disorder. Ultimately, the successful use of quetiapine in monotherapy was achieved. This case study emphasizes the need for comprehensive treatment strategies to address the complex interplay of psychotic and anxiety symptoms. Increased clinical awareness and targeted treatment of comorbid anxiety can significantly improve the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are autoimmune diseases that frequently coexist, complicating clinical management due to the compounded risks of systemic inflammation and thromboembolism. We present a case of a 52-year-old female with SLE and APS, initially diagnosed after a pulmonary embolism in 2015. Her medical history includes recurrent anemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and two myocardial infarctions treated with angioplasty and stenting. Despite treatment with hydroxychloroquine, methylprednisolone, methotrexate and apixaban (later switched to warfarin), the patient experienced severe disease flare-ups and cardiovascular complications, prompting consideration for biologic therapy with anifrolumab. This case study illustrates the difficulties associated with the management of concurrent SLE and APS. It is clear that early diagnosis, vigilant monitoring, and aggressive management of both autoimmune and cardiovascular risks are essential to improve patient outcomes.

Acne vulgaris is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting up to 80% of young adults and adolescents. The pathogenesis of acne is multifactorial and involves the pilosebaceous units of the skin. As a result of the disease process, skin lesions such as open and closed comedones, nodules, pustules, and papules appear on the skin. In recent years, acne has been increasingly observed in younger patients, which is associated with the earlier onset of puberty. Moreover, acne is increasingly diagnosed in individuals over 20 years of age, particularly in women, which is referred to as adult female acne (AFA). Effective and rapid implementation of treatment is crucial to prevent complications such as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne scars, as well as to mitigate the negative psychological impact of the disease on patients. The article discusses both topical treatment and aesthetic medicine procedures in the management of acne vulgaris. Topical treatments include the use of retinoids, antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, clascoterone, dapsone, azelaic acid, and combination therapies. Aesthetic procedures such as chemical peels, microdermabrasion, photodynamic therapy, blue light therapy, and laser therapies can be beneficial as adjunctive treatments. The article also addresses the issue of acne as a comorbid condition in patients seeking aesthetic medicine treatments, even if it is not the primary reason for their visit.

Sinusitis is a disease of usually mild course - however, sometimes secondary diseases might develop such as pneumonia which might have moderate to severe course. Pneumonia is usually treated ambulatory, regardless some patients’ state worsens and they are in need of hospital treatment, sometimes even in Intensive Care Unit. In this article is presented a case of a patient with such history - a young adult with no medical history of chronic diseases, whose state worsened and required ICU treatment.

Background/Objectives: Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) may be considered as a neuro-immune disorder. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains an important therapeutic option for patients with TRS, however, its impact on cytokine profile is barely investigated. Therefore, this study attempts to establish associations between serum cytokines IL-6, IL-12, IL-5, IL-10 and TGF-β1 changes (pre- and post-ECT) and the effectiveness of ECT in TRS patients. The second aim is to search for correlations between serum concentrations of the above specified cytokines and psychometric assessments of clinical schizophrenia symptoms. Methods: The cytokine concentrations were measured in eight TRS patients on psychopharmacological treatment prior to and following ECT and in 13 control subjects. Psychopathology assessment was based on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results: Prior to ECT, IL-10 concentration was significantly higher in TRS patients, while IL-5 was decreased in comparison to the controls. A significant concentration decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (p = 0.012), IL-12 (p = 0.049) and anti-inflammatory IL-10 (p = 0.012) post-ECT vs. pre-ECT was observed, whereas concentrations of IL-5 and TGF-β1 did not significantly change. Also, a significant decrease in schizophrenia symptoms measured by the PANSS post-ECT was found. Furthermore, the pattern of correlations between PANSS scores and cytokine concentrations was different when comparing levels pre- and post-ECT. Additionally, correlations between changes in PANSS scores and cytokine concentrations were found. Conclusions: These results may indicate the probable impact of electroconvulsive therapy on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which may correspond to a neurobiological therapeutic effect of ECT in TRS patients.

Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA) is a rare but severe metabolic complication of diabetes mellitus characterised by elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis despite normal or mildly elevated blood glucose levels. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have emerged as effective antidiabetic medications, yet their use is associated with an increased risk of euDKA, especially when coupled with insulin dose reduction. We present the case of a 50-year-old male with a 20-year history of diabetes mellitus, initially managed with insulin and metformin, who developed euDKA following the introduction of empagliflozin and sitagliptin alongside a reduction in insulin therapy. Despite normoglycaemia the patient exhibited symptoms of ketoacidosis, including chronic fatigue, polydipsia, and polyuria. Diagnostic workup revealed metabolic acidosis, elevated inflammatory markers, acute kidney injury and ketonuria. Subsequent specialised laboratory tests confirmed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with the presence of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies and the absence of C-peptide secretion. Management involved fluid therapy, intravenous insulin and glucose administration. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of euDKA and emphasises the importance of differentiating between T1DM and T2DM, as management strategies vary significantly. Patient education on insulin therapy and injection techniques is crucial to prevent complications such as improper insulin delivery and dose reduction, which can precipitate euDKA. In conclusion, clinicians should be vigilant for euDKA in patients on SGLT2 inhibitors, particularly when insulin dose reduction is involved. Comprehensive patient education and accurate differentiation between diabetes types are essential for timely diagnosis and optimal management, thereby reducing the risk of severe complications.

A FEW QUESTIONS ABOUT SAMOTNA MATKA AND SAMODZIELNA MATKA, AND THEIR LEXICOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION The author raises questions about how the terms samotna matka [single mother] and samodzielna matka [independent mother] are accounted for in a lexicographic description, whether they are considered discontinuous units, and what relationships exist between them. The author of the article presents corpus data that allows dating the appearance of the term samotna matka and the collocation samodzielna matka in Polish. The author comments on selected definitions of the adjective samotny (lonely). Then, she presents arguments in favour of recognising the combination samotna matka as a linguistic unit. Similar arguments were presented for the collocation samodzielna matka. The article also addresses issues of differences in valuation associated with the discussed collocations and indicates how a new collocation affects the meaning of the older unit.

This study presents a comprehensive structural analysis of the adducts formed upon the reaction of two Ru(III) complexes [HIsq][trans-RuIIICl4(dmso)(Isq)] (1) and [H2Ind][trans-RuIIICl4(dmso)(HInd)] (2) (where HInd–indazole, Isq–isoquinoline, analogs of NAMI-A) and two Ru(II) complexes, cis-[RuCl2(dmso)4] (c) and trans-[RuCl2(dmso)4] (t), with hen-egg white lysozyme (HEWL). Additionally, the crystal structure of an adduct of human lysozyme (HL) with ruthenium complex, [H2Ind][trans-RuCl4(dmso)(HInd)] was solved. X-ray crystallographic data analysis revealed that all studied Ru complexes, regardless of coordination surroundings and metal center charge, coordinate to the same amino acids (His15, Arg14, and Asp101) of HEWL, losing most of their original ligands. In the case of the 2-HL adduct, two distinct metalation sites: (i) Arg107, Arg113 and (ii) Gln127, Gln129, were identified. Crystallographic data were supported by studies of the interaction of 1 and 2 with HEWL in an aqueous solution. Hydrolytic stability studies revealed that both complexes 1 and 2 liberate the N-heterocyclic ligand under crystallization-like conditions (pH 4.5) as well as under physiological pH conditions, and this process is not significantly affected by the presence of HEWL. A comparative examination of nine crystal structures of Ru complexes with lysozyme, obtained through soaking and co-crystallization experiments, together with in-solution studies of the interaction between 1 and 2 with HEWL, indicates that the hydrolytic release of the N-heterocyclic ligand is one of the critical factors in the interaction between Ru complexes and lysozyme. This understanding is crucial in shedding light on the tendency of Ru complexes to target diverse metalation sites during the formation and in the final forms of the adducts with proteins.

The correlations between two groups of factors and energy consumption were analysed in four types of dairy plants with different production profiles. Groups of dairy plants with a similar production profile, as well as individual plants, were compared. Energy consumption was most strongly correlated with technical equipment (r = 0.88 – 0.99); this observation can be used by designers to promote better energy conservation measures during plant operation. Energy consumption was highest in plants producing milk powder. Plants specializing in milk powder may also produce up to 8 other dairy products; however, engineering and production factors can significantly contribute to reducing energy consumption, which suggests that energy is being consumed for non-production purposes at these plants.

The study describes organic producers’ perceptions of organic livestock production, product commercialisation, use of contentious inputs such as allopathic antibiotics, antiparasitics and vitamins and bedding materials availability in Mediterranean (MED) and North/Western European (NWE) countries. A total of 426 MED (46.2%) and NWE (53.8%) responses were analysed revealing more difficulty finding information on alternatives to antiparasitics and antibiotics than on bedding materials. They identified ‘feeding/nutrition’, ‘animal health’ and ‘welfare’ as the most relevant topics in their farms. Whereas ruminants and monogastrics farmers in the NWE region also indicated ‘organic regulation’ as relevant, farmers rearing ruminant species in the MED region identified farm profitability and commercialisation. Farmers still mainly relied in conventional treatments but they often applied phytotherapy, although >61% of the participants did not treat their animals in the last year. If treated, most of them administered on average one course of antibiotic treatment per animal (>62%). In the MED region, the main sources of information on alternative treatments were veterinarians (>60%) and the Internet (>32%). In the NWE region, it was other farmers for producers including ruminant species (>63%) and veterinarians (>77%) for monogastric farmers. In the NWE region, direct commercialisation and through a cooperative and/or food industry were the most frequent channel used; while, in the MED region, they were the food industry and/or direct commercialisation. In conclusion, this survey provides novel cross-European insights into organic livestock producers' concerns. A particular value of the survey is that MED countries, which are often underrepresented, were well sampled.

The artery of Kugel is defined as a rare anatomical variant of the coronary arteries. It consists of an anastomotic connection between the branches of the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left circumflex artery (LCx). In patients with coronary artery occlusion, the presence of this connection bypassing the area of the occluded vessel may be a factor that prevents significant necrosis of a specific area of the myocardium. Most cases are detected by invasive coronary angiography. We present images from coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), which documented the existence of Kugel’s artery in a 67-year-old patient with subtotal stenosis of the left main artery. The presented images clearly indicate that CCTA can visualize the existing rescue collateral circulation in patients with significant coronary artery disease.

The article describes a method for determining the resultant expanded uncertainty value in the case of analyzing an uncertainty budget with many components. It employs interval arithmetic, known for its low calculation complexity compared to other methods in the literature. The article includes a detailed explanation of the proposed method and showcases its applications. Results are compared with those from the Monte Carlo method and assumptions based on the central limit theorem. The relative error in estimating the resulting expanded uncertainty value typically stays within ±5% of the Monte Carlo method’s result.

Abstract We show that the interaction between ferromagnetic Fe(110) and antiferromagnetic CoO(111) sublayers can be mediated and precisely tuned by a nonmagnetic Au spacer. Our results prove that the thickness of the Fe and Au layers can be chosen to modify the effective anisotropy of the Fe layer and the strength of the exchange bias interaction between Fe and CoO sublayers. Well-defined and tailorable magnetic anisotropy of the ferromagnet above Néel temperature of the antiferromagnet is a determining factor that governs exchange bias and interfacial CoO spins orientation at low temperatures. In particular, depending on the room temperature magnetic state of Fe, the low-temperature exchange bias in a zero-field cooled system can be turned “off” or “on”. The other way around, we show that exchange bias can be the dominating magnetic anisotropy source for the ferromagnet and it is feasible to induce a 90-degree rotation of the easy axis as compared to the initial, exchange bias-free easy axis orientation.

Impressions of vertebrate bodies or their parts, such as trace fossils and natural molds of bones, are a valuable source of information about ancient faunas which may supplement the standard fossil record based on skeletal elements. Whereas trace fossils of animal activity are relatively common and actively studied within the field of ichnology, and natural impressions of internal or external surfaces are a frequent preservation mode in fossil invertebrates, natural molds of bones are comparatively rare and less extensively documented and discussed. Among them, internal molds (steinkerns) of turtle shells are a relatively well-known form of preservation, but the mechanisms and taphonomic prerequisites leading to their formation are poorly studied. External shell molds are even less represented in the literature. Herein, we describe a historic specimen of a natural external turtle plastron mold from the Triassic (Norian) Löwenstein Formation of Germany-a formation which also yielded a number of turtle steinkerns. The specimen is significant not only because it represents an unusual form of preservation, but also due to its remarkably large size and the presence of a potential shell pathology. Although it was initially interpreted as Proterochersis sp., the recent progress in the knowledge of proterochersid turtles leading to an increase in the number of known taxa within that group allows us to verify that assessment. We confirm that the specimen is morphologically consistent with the genus and tentatively identify it as Proterochersis robusta, the only representative of that genus from the Löwenstein Formation. We note, however, that its size exceeds the size observed thus far in Proterochersis robusta and fits within the range of Proterochersis porebensis from the Grabowa Formation of Poland. The marks interpreted as shell pathology are morphologically consistent with Karethraichnus lakkos-an ichnotaxon interpreted as a trace of ectoparasites, such as leeches. This may support the previously proposed interpretation of Proterochersis spp. as a semiaquatic turtle. Moreover, if the identification is correct, the specimen may represent a very rare case of a negative preservation of a named ichnotaxon. Finally, we discuss the taphonomy of the Löwenstein Formation turtles in comparison with other Triassic turtle-yielding formations which show no potential for the preservation of internal or external shell molds and propose a taphonomic model for the formation of such fossils.