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Ling-Xia Ha,1 Yu-Dong Du,2,3 Xiao-Xiao Qu,2 Jin-Juan Wang2 1Reproductive Medicine Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People’s Republic of China; 2Ningxia Medical University, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Reproductive Medicine, Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ling-Xia Ha, Reproductive Medicine Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 of Shengli Road, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 951 6744033 ; +86 13629500990, Fax +86 951 6743891, Email halingxia@126.comObjective: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between hemoglobin levels and metabolic disorders in patients with PCOS.Methods: A total of 573 patients were selected, based on the hemoglobin level; 342 patients with PCOS were divided into two groups as follows: Group A (normal Hb group, n = 269) and Group B (high Hb group, n = 73); 231 non-PCOS patients were divided into two groups as follows: Group C (normal Hb group, n = 199), and Group D (high Hb group, n = 32). The general information, glucose and lipid metabolism indicators, and uric acid levels of all patients were compiled for data analysis.Results: (1) Hb, HGB concentration in mean red blood cells and RDW in PCOS patients were higher than those in non-PCOS patients, and MCV was lower than that in non-PCOS patients (P < 0.05); (2) Compared with Group A, patients in Group B had higher BMI, Hb, 2-hPG, FINS, 2-hINS, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, and uric acid levels while the QUICKI was lower; in Group C, the age, FSH, HDL-C, and LDL-C were higher, and AMH, BMI, T, TG, and uric acid level were lower (P< 0.05); compared with Group D, AMH, BMI, FINS, HOMA-IR, TG, uric acid level increased, while age, FSH, and QUICKI decreased in Group B; and Hb and T decreased in Group C (P< 0.05); (3) Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that Hb in PCOS patients was positively correlated with BMI, FPG, 2-hPG, FINS, 2-hINS, and HOMA-IR, and negatively correlated with the QUICKI (P< 0.05); (4) Multi-factor logistic regression analysis suggested that the high Hb level in PCOS patients was an independent risk factor of IR (P< 0.05).Conclusion: Hb level in patients with PCOS was associated with BMI and glucose metabolism indicators; a high Hb level may be an independent risk factor for IR.Keywords: hemoglobin, insulin resistance, metabolic disorder, polycystic ovary syndrome

Ling-Xia Ha,1 Wei-Xia Li,2 Yu-Dong Du,3 Ying-Ying Yuan,1 Xiao-Xiao Qu3 1Reproductive Medicine Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China; 2Reproductive Center, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Yinchuan City, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China; 3Ningxia Medical University, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ling-Xia Ha, Reproductive Medicine Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 of Shengli Road, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 951 6744033 ; +86 13629500990, Fax +86 951 6743891, Email halingxia@126.comObjective: This study aimed to analyze tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level in the uterine fluid of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its correlation with the clinical parameters of PCOS.Methods: A total of 162 patients treated in the Reproductive Medicine Center of the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University between December 2019 and November 2021 were enrolled as research subjects, including 80 patients with PCOS and 82 patients with other gynecological disease, who were used as the controls. The patients’ general data, along with blood glucose, blood lipid, insulin, and sex hormone levels and other data, were collected. The TNF-α levels in the patients’ serum and uterine fluid were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Compared with the patients in the control group, the body mass index (BMI), anti-Müllerian hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone (T), fasting insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of patients with PCOS were higher, and high-density lipoprotein was lower (P < 0.05). The TNF-α levels in the serum and uterine fluid of patients with PCOS were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01), and the TNF-α levels in the uterine fluid of these patients was significantly correlated with BMI, T, FINS, HOMA-IR, serum TNF-α, TG, and LDL (P < 0.05).Conclusion: There is local inflammation in the uterine cavity of patients with PCOS, and the detection of cytokines in uterine secretions may be a simple and feasible method of understanding the uterine microenvironment of patients with PCOS.Keywords: polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fluid, TNF-α, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism