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The purpose of the study is to examine the role and impacts of growth hormone in maximizing animal products. Growth hormones are biological stimulants that are found either naturally in the organism or synthetically manufactured. Phytoestrogens, phytoprogestrons and Phenolic compounds are hormones from plants. Drugs from of placenta and colostrums of cow`s contain progesterone, estrogene, gonadotropin, and prostaglandins hormones. Growth hormones have got popular applications in dairy, beef, feed improvement and Biopharmaceutical productions with the aim of producing valuable products: fat free meat (Porcine Somatotropin hormone in pigs), nutritionally and medicinally reach milk (Bovine Somatotropin hormone in cattle), palatable and disease and insect pest resistant forage crop production. They have got also contribution in maximizing livestock production by involving in adjusting animals’ reproductive process such as oestrus synchronization and superovulation mainly during artificial insemination and embryo transfer. Controversially, these hormones have wide impacts on human being, animal welfare, environment and etc. Contamination of ground water by hormones that are found in the animals` excreta will cause deleterious effects such as cancer, loss of fertility, and some imbalance of minerals in the water and soil.

Microbial genes and their product were diverse and beneficial for heavy metal bioremediation from the contaminated sites. Screening of genes and gene products plays a significant role in the detoxification of pollutants. Understanding of the promoter region and its regulatory elements is a vital implication of microbial genes. To the best of our knowledge, there is no in silico study reported so far on mer gene families used for heavy metal bioremediation. The motif distribution was observed densely upstream of the TSSs (transcription start sites) between +1 and -350 bp and sparsely distributed above -350 bp, according to the current study. MEME identified the best common candidate motifs of TFs (transcription factors) binding with the lowest e value (7.2e-033) and is the most statistically significant candidate motif. The EXPREG output of the 11 TFs with varying degrees of function such as activation, repression, transcription, and dual purposes was thoroughly examined. Data revealed that transcriptional gene regulation in terms of activation and repression was observed at 36.4% and 54.56%, respectively. This shows that most TFs are involved in transcription gene repression rather than activation. Likewise, EXPREG output revealed that transcriptional conformational modes, such as monomers, dimers, tetramers, and other factors, were also analyzed. The data indicated that most of the transcriptional conformation mode was dual, which accounts for 96%. CpG island analysis using online and offline tools revealed that the gene body had fewer CpG islands compared to the promoter regions. Understanding the common candidate motifs, transcriptional factors, and regulatory elements of the mer operon gene cluster using a machine learning approach could help us better understand gene expression patterns in heavy metal bioremediation.

The leather industry is one of the major polluting industries in Ethiopia. Environment protection has prompted industrialists and scientists to re-look at transformation of tannery solid waste materials to valuable products using enzymatic hydrolysis. Acid and liming process of gelatin production generate large amount of wastes and used limited raw materials. This study was therefore, aimed to extract papain from papaya fruit latex and use it for transforming raw trimming to gelatin. Extraction and purification was carried out using Three Phase Partitioning. Protein content and protease activity were determined using lowry and casein hydrolysis method, respectively. Effect of agitation time taken, crude extract to t-butanol ratio, ammonium sulphate concentration and temperature on purification fold and activity recovery of papain was evaluated and process was optimized. At its optimized parameters, the intermediate phase of TPP showed 94.14% percentage of protease activity recovery and 8.31 purification fold. At its optimized parameters, bottom phase showed 75.15% percentage of protease activity recovery and 6.61 purification fold. Enzymatic hydrolysis of raw trimming produced 68 wt% and 64 wt% gelatin recovery from the use of crude and intermediate phase papain, respectively. Relatively low gel strength of gelatin with bloom value of 95g and 87g were obtained from hydrolysis of raw trimming by intermediate and crude papain, respectively. This study showed that the use of crude extract for transforming raw trimming to gelatin was found good as it showed comparable protease activity. The TPP can be employed for the extraction and purification of proteases from papaya fruit for industrial application that requires it in partial pure form.