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The ability of individuals to recall events is influenced by the time interval between the monitoring time and the occurrence of the event. In this article, we introduce a non-recall probability function that incorporates this information into our modeling framework. We model the time-to-event using the Weibull distribution and adopt a latent variable approach to handle situations where recall is not possible. In the classical framework, we obtain point estimators using expectation-maximization algorithm and construct the observed Fisher information matrix using missing information principle. Within the Bayesian paradigm, we derive point estimators under suitable choice of priors and calculate highest posterior density intervals using Markov Chain Monte Carlo samples. To assess the performance of the proposed estimators, we conduct an extensive simulation study. Additionally, we utilize age at menarche and breastfeeding datasets as examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In competing risks model, subjects are exposed to failure due to more than one cause. In this study, we develop a model for recall-based competing risks data when the causes associated with time to event are assumed to follow different distributions respectively. The chances of an individual recalling an event will be high if elapsed time between monitoring time and time to event is less. This information is utilized by taking non-recall probability as a function of this elapsed time. For point estimation, an expectation-maximization based algorithm is developed. For interval estimation, we construct the observed Fisher information matrix by using the missing information principle. The study is further extended to the Bayesian paradigm under suitable choices of prior distributions. The samples from full conditionals are drawn using a Gibbs sampling-based algorithm. To assess the performance of proposed estimators, an extensive simulation study is carried out for different proportions of non-recall and censored data with varying sample sizes under uniform and exponential monitoring patterns. Finally, the median duration of breastfeeding cessation for US women is estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer estadísticas reales sobre lactancia materna en España, así como factores socioculturales y perinatales que afectan a su inicio y mantenimiento. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, longitudinal, de ámbito nacional (estudio LAyDI). Sitio: Consulta de pediatras de atención primaria. Participantes: Cohorte de recién nacidos entre abril de 2017 y marzo de 2018 en España que se siguieron hasta los dos años en ocho visitas. Medidas principales: Se analizaron las tasas de los diferentes tipos de lactancia en cada visita y también se analizaron variables relacionadas con la gestación, el parto, el período neonatal, sociales, económicas y biológicas. Resultados: Muestra inicial de 1.946 (50,1% varones). El 90,7% decidieron iniciar lactancia materna al nacimiento. La cifra de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) fue del 66,4% a los 15 días y del 35,2% a los 6 meses. Cualquier tipo de lactancia materna (lactancia materna total [LMT]) a los 6 meses fue del 61,7%. La supervivencia de LMT presentó una mediana de 6,0 meses (IC 95%: 6,0-6,1). Variables relacionadas con LME a los 15 días: hijos previos, nivel de educación de madre, ausencia de enfermedad durante el embarazo, no separación madre e hijo al nacer, no utilización de chupete, no existencia de problemas en pezones, y momento de decisión tipo lactancia. Variables relacionadas con mayor duración LMT son: la relación mayor de 5 años de los padres, no usar de chupete, colecho al mes de vida, decidir lactancia materna antes del embarazo, recibir información sobre lactancia durante el embarazo y utilizar apoyo de asociaciones. Conclusiones: El abandono temprano de la lactancia materna es un problema importante en las sociedades occidentales. Existen factores sobre los que se puede actuar para mejorar resultados. Abstract: Objective: To find out actual statistics on breastfeeding in Spain, as well as sociocultural and perinatal factors that affect its initiation and maintenance. Design: Prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, nationwide study (XXX study). Site: Primary care paediatricians’ office. Participants: Cohort of newborns born between April 2017 and March 2018 in Spain who were followed up to two years of age in 8 visits. Main measures: Rates of different types of breastfeeding were analysed at each visit and variables related to gestation, delivery, neonatal period, social, economic and biological variables were also analysed. Results: Initial sample of 1946 (50.1% male). 90.7% decided to initiate breastfeeding at birth. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 66.4% at 15 days and 35.2% at 6 months. Any type of breastfeeding (total breastfeeding [TBF]) at 6 months was 61.7%. Median survival from TBF was 6.0 months (95% CI: 6.0-6.1). Variables related to EBF at 15 days: previous children, mother's level of education, absence of illness during pregnancy, no separation of mother and child at birth, no dummy use, no nipple problems, and time of decision to breastfeed. Variables related to longer duration of TBF: relationship of parents older than 5 years, no dummy use, co-sleeping at one month of life, deciding to breastfeed before pregnancy, receiving information on breastfeeding during pregnancy and using support from associations. Conclusions: Early abandonment of breastfeeding is a major problem in Western societies. There are factors that can be worked on to improve outcomes.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Two prominent factors in this regard are a woman's history of contraceptive use and the duration of breastfeeding. This study aimed to delve into these risk factors and their impact on cancer incidence. The research employed a cross-sectional design involving 125 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital in Samarinda, East Kalimantan. This study used a total sampling approach to include all available patients. Data on contraceptive use, breastfeeding duration, and cancer status were collected through a questionnaire and subsequently analyzed using the chi-square test. The study revealed that breast cancer was the most prevalent type, affecting 41.6% of patients. Additionally, more than half of the respondents breastfed for less than two years (52%), while only 48% breastfed for two years or more. Notably, a significant majority (66.4%) had a history of using hormonal contraception. Statistical analysis demonstrated a compelling association between contraceptive history, breastfeeding duration, and cancer incidence (p < 0.001). In summary, the findings highlight a substantial relationship between a woman's history of contraceptive use, the duration of breastfeeding, and the incidence of breast cancer. These results underscore the importance of further research and the development of targeted interventions to better understand and mitigate breast cancer risk factors among women.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Two prominent factors in this regard are a woman's history of contraceptive use and the duration of breastfeeding. This study aimed to delve into these risk factors and their impact on cancer incidence. The research employed a cross-sectional design involving 125 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital in Samarinda, East Kalimantan. This study used a total sampling approach to include all available patients. Data on contraceptive use, breastfeeding duration, and cancer status were collected through a questionnaire and subsequently analyzed using the chi-square test. The study revealed that breast cancer was the most prevalent type, affecting 41.6% of patients. Additionally, more than half of the respondents breastfed for less than two years (52%), while only 48% breastfed for two years or more. Notably, a significant majority (66.4%) had a history of using hormonal contraception. Statistical analysis demonstrated a compelling association between contraceptive history, breastfeeding duration, and cancer incidence (p < 0.001). In summary, the findings highlight a substantial relationship between a woman's history of contraceptive use, the duration of breastfeeding, and the incidence of breast cancer. These results underscore the importance of further research and the development of targeted interventions to better understand and mitigate breast cancer risk factors among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Duration of breastfeeding is the length of the time that infants who were initially breastfed continue to receive breast milk until weaning. The duration of breastfeeding is important for a child's health, growth, and development. However, the duration of breastfeeding decreases from time to time and further leads children to be exposed to malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and weight loss). Children who did not get enough breastfeeding are also exposed to different diseases. Previous studies used a simple survival model and didn’t see the shared frailty model on the variable of interest. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding among Ethiopian women of reproductive age with babies. Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted on 15,400 women of childbearing age with babies in nine regional states and two city administrations. The data source for the analysis was the 2016 EDHS data. The Cox-proportional hazard model, AFT, and parametric shared frailty models were conducted for the current investigation. Weibull-gamma shared frailty model was in favor of others for current data analysis. Results Among the covariates, women living in urban area (Φ = 0.96; 95% CI; (0.94,0.97); p-value = 0.001), non-educated women(Φ = 1.03; 95% CI; (1.00,1.06); p-value = 0.039), primary educated women (Φ = 1.13; 95% CI; (1.11,1.15); p-value 3 years(Φ = 1.28; 95% CI; (1.06, 1.43); p-value

Preterm and low birth weight infants are at higher risk of neurodevelopmental outcomes; breastfeeding offers several beneficial aspects for them. This study aimed to describe the average neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants and examine the associations between neurodevelopment and breastfeeding among Hungarian preterm infants at 12 months of corrected age. 154 preterm infants with low birth weight (<2500 g) and their mothers were participated in this study. Bayley-III Screening Test (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Screening Test, Third Edition) was administered to measure the cognitive, language and motor skills of infants; breastfeeding data was obtained through parental anamnesis. To analyze data, independent sample t-test or the Welch t-test, Mann-Whitney tests, Chi-square tests of independence and Spearman's rank correlation test were used to. Concerning the risk of developmental delay, Receptive and Expressive language and Fine motor subscales were the lowest. Examination of the associations between breastfeeding and neurodevelopmental performance identified significantly higher cognitive (U = 2047.5; P = 0.023) and fine motor (U = 2096.0; P = 0.037) skills in infants who were breastfed. We found significant positive correlations between the duration of breastfeeding and cognitive, expressive language and fine motor skills. The study draws the attention to the importance of breastfeeding and early screening. Further research is required to examine the casual relationship between neurodevelopmental outcomes and breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Duration of breastfeeding is the length of the time that infants who were initially breastfed continue to receive breast milk until weaning. The duration of breastfeeding is important for a child's health, growth, and development. However, the duration of breastfeeding decreases from time to time and further leads children to be exposed to malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and weight loss). Children who did not get enough breastfeeding are also exposed to different diseases. Previous studies used a simple survival model and didn't see the shared frailty model on the variable of interest. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding among Ethiopian women of reproductive age with babies. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted on 15,400 women of childbearing age with babies in nine regional states and two city administrations. The data source for the analysis was the 2016 EDHS data. The Cox-proportional hazard model, AFT, and parametric shared frailty models were conducted for the current investigation. Weibull-gamma shared frailty model was in favor of others for current data analysis. Results: Among the covariates, women living in urban area (Φ = 0.96; 95% CI; (0.94,0.97); p-value = 0.001), non-educated women(Φ = 1.03; 95% CI; (1.00,1.06); p-value = 0.039), primary educated women (Φ = 1.13; 95% CI; (1.11,1.15); p-value < 0.001), age of a child (Φ = 0.99; 95% CI; (0.76.0.99); p-value < 0.001) and non-smoker mothers (Φ = 1.60; 95% CI; (1.57, 1.63); p-value < 0.001),birth interval between 2–3 years(Φ = 1.02; 95% CI;(1.09, 1.25, p-value = 0.027), birth interval, > 3 years(Φ = 1.28; 95% CI; (1.06, 1.43); p-value < 0.01 significantly affected the duration of breastfeeding. The median survival time of breastfeeding of women of reproductive age with babies considered under study was 23.4 months. Clustering had a significant effect on the variable of interest. Conclusion: Residence area, level of education, age of the child, smoking status of women, and birth interval of successive birth significantly affected the duration of breastfeeding in the current investigation. Hence, the health staff should conduct health-related education for young women, educated women, urban women, smoker women, and women with a shorter interval of birth to increase the women's attitude and awareness towards the use of long-duration of breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Breastfeeding for optimum duration is one of the most effective ways to reduce infant morbidity and mortality and confirms expected growth and development of children. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of socio-demographic and anthropometric determinants on duration of breastfeeding (DB) among mothers in Bangladesh. Methods The data was extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2014. A total of 3541 married non–pregnant and currently non-breastfeeding Bangladeshi mothers in reproductive age who had at least one child aged 6–36 months were included in this study. Independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to find the significance difference in DB between two and more than two groups respectively. Multiple linear regression model was utilized to determine the effect of socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric and health related variables on DB. Results This study revealed that the mean and median of DB among Bangladeshi mothers were 18.91 (95% CI: 18.65–19.17) and 19.00 months respectively. Independent sample t-test and ANOVA showed that DB among Bangladeshi mothers was significantly influenced by (i) ANC visits, (ii) religion, (iii) mode of delivery, (iv) place of delivery, (v) parents’ education, (vi) geographical location, (vii) mothers’ occupation and (viii) household wealth quintile. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that mothers’ age, total number of children, mothers’ age at first birth, ANC visits, mothers’ occupation and geographical location were important predictors of DB. Conclusions Healthcare providers and decision makers can consider these findings to make plan for counseling of mothers and family members to promote optimum DB practice in first 2 years of baby’s life.

Background and Purpose: Survival tree model is a nonparametric method which can be used to identify the affecting factors from a specific time to the onset of an event. In this method, the categories are selected according to the most important factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding in mothers and introduce the homogeneous subgroups using a survival tree model. Methods: It was a historical cohort study analyzing the survival data of mothers with healthy single childbirths referring to the rural and urban health centers of Agh-Ghala County since 2011 until 2014. Data analyses and groupings of breastfeeding survival were performed using survival tree model with conditional inference algorithm in R Software. A separation criterion (SEP) confirmed the relevance of the model. Results: Survival tree model results revealed that the type of consumed milk with the complementary nutrition, ethnicity and the time interval between current childbirth and the previous delivery were the most important factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding. The SEPchr('39')s criterion was 2.082. Thus, due to the significant difference between the subgroups and the value of more than 1 for SEP criterion, the efficiency of the model was confirmed. Conclusions: Survival tree model could be introduced as a suitable and powerful method for ranking the duration of breastfeeding rate which presents four homogeneous subgroups for analysis in addition to identifying the predictive variables.

Abstract Background Initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth, exclusive breastfeeding, and continuous breastfeeding for at least 2 years lower the risk of newborn deaths. This study was conducted to examine the trends and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding in Ethiopia. Methods Data for this study were extracted from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016. A total of 5122 children were included in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, and Cox proportional hazards model were fitted to find the factors associated with breastfeeding practices. Reported p - values

Background: Breastfeeding for optimum duration is one of the most effective ways to reduce infant morbidity and mortality and confirms expected growth and development of children. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of socio-demographic and anthropometric determinants on duration of breastfeeding (DB) among mothers in Bangladesh.Methods: The data was extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2014. A total of 3541 married non-pregnant and currently non-breastfeeding Bangladeshi mothers in reproductive age who had at least one child aged 6-36 months were included in this study. Independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to find the significance difference in DB between two and more than two groups respectively. Multiple linear regression model was utilized to determine the effect of socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric and health related variables on DB.Results: This study revealed that the mean and median of DB among Bangladeshi mothers were 18.91 (95% CI: 18.65-19.17) and 19.00 months respectively. Independent sample t-test and ANOVA showed that DB among Bangladeshi mothers was significantly influenced by (i) ANC visits, (ii) religion, (iii) mode of delivery, (iv) place of delivery, (v) parents' education, (vi) geographical location, (vii) mothers' occupation and (viii) household wealth quintile. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that mothers' age, total number of children, mothers' age at first birth, ANC visits, mothers' occupation and geographical location were important predictors of DB.Conclusions: Healthcare providers and decision makers can consider these findings to make plan for counseling of mothers and family members to promote optimum DB practice in first 2 years of baby's life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between breastfeeding duration and child neurodevelopment based on the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study. Material and Methods The current analysis included 501 mother–child pairs. The analysis evaluating the association between the length of breastfeeding and child neurodevelopment considered the following variables: maternal age and body mass index, weight gain during pregnancy, parental level of education, marital status, socioeconomic status, child gender, birthweight, type of delivery, preterm delivery, pre- and postnatal exposure to tobacco constituents and child day care attendance. Psychomotor development was assessed in 1-year-olds on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development . Results The length of breastfeeding correlated positively with maternal age at delivery (ρ = 0.13), maternal and paternal level of education (ρ = 0.2 and ρ = 0.14 respectively), birthweight (ρ = 0.1) and marital status (ρ = 0.16) (p < 0.05). A negative correlation between the length of breastfeeding and maternal smoking status during the first year after delivery (ρ = –0.19) and weight gain during pregnancy (r = –0.1) was observed (p < 0.05). The association between the duration of breastfeeding and child development was not statistically significant in the model with the inclusion of confounding variables. A significant association between language development and maternal level of education (p = 0.004), gender of the child (p = 0.0007) and maternal weight gain during pregnancy (p = 0.01) was found. A negative association between cognitive development and maternal salivary cotinine during pregnancy (p = 0.03) and a negative association between motor development and maternal smoking status during the first year after delivery (p = 0.007) were also found. Conclusions This study found no significant association between the duration of breastfeeding and child development after adjustment for confounders. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(2):175–84

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is influenced by several things, including the mother's motivation and supporting factors such as husband’ support. Exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding may relate to nutritional status of infants considering the effects that malnutrition may have. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects the duration of breastfeeding and partner support for breastfeeding mothers on the nutritional status of infants aged 0–6 months in the village of Tanjung Pauh, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Design and Methods: This study used a quantitative study in which a cross-sectional method. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire distributed to the 76 breastfeeding mothers were conducted by consecutive sampling at Tanjung Pauh. Chi-square test analysis was used to determine the association between the duration of breastfeeding and partner support with the nutritional status of infants. Results: There was not a significant relationship found between the duration of breastfeeding p=0.216, =0.05, p>α), and partner support for breastfeeding mothers with the nutritional status of infants aged 0–6 months in the village of Tanjung Pauh, West Sumatera (p=0.100, α 0.05, p>α). Conclusions: In Tanjung Pauh, partner support is not a factor that affects the nutritional status of infants aged 0–6 months, which may be due to the positive attitude of breastfeeding mothers toward fulfilling their babies’ nutritional requirements so as to achieve a normal nutritional status.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is influenced by several things, including the mother's motivation and supporting factors such as husband' support. Exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding may relate to nutritional status of infants considering the effects that malnutrition may have. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects the duration of breastfeeding and partner support for breastfeeding mothers on the nutritional status of infants aged 0-6 months in the village of Tanjung Pauh, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Design and Methods: This study used a quantitative study in which a cross-sectional method. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire distributed to the 76 breastfeeding mothers were conducted by consecutive sampling at Tanjung Pauh. Chi-square test analysis was used to determine the association between the duration of breastfeeding and partner support with the nutritional status of infants. Results: There was not a significant relationship found between the duration of breastfeeding p=0.216, α=0.05, p>α), and partner support for breastfeeding mothers with the nutritional status of infants aged 0-6 months in the village of Tanjung Pauh, West Sumatera (p=0.100, α=0.05, p>α). Conclusions: In Tanjung Pauh, partner support is not a factor that affects the nutritional status of infants aged 0-6 months, which may be due to the positive attitude of breastfeeding mothers toward fulfilling their babies' nutritional requirements so as to achieve a normal nutritional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth, exclusive breastfeeding, and continuous breastfeeding for at least 2 years lower the risk of newborn deaths. This study was conducted to examine the trends and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding in Ethiopia. Methods: Data for this study were extracted from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016. A total of 5122 children were included in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, and Cox proportional hazards model were fitted to find the factors associated with breastfeeding practices. Reported p - values < 0.05 or a 95% Confidence Interval of Odds Ratio/Hazard Ratio excluding one was considered as significant association with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, duration of breastfeeding and independent variables. Results: About 81.8% of the children initiated breastfeeding within 1 h of birth and during the day before an interview, 47% were exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months. The median duration of breastfeeding was 22 months (22 ± 0.50 months 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 21.01–22.99). Rural residents (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% CI 0.51, 0.99), mothers with no antenatal follow up (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57, 0.99), caesarean birth (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66, 0.96) and home delivery were associated with low initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h of birth. Mothers with no/primary education (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40, 0.96), no baby postnatal checkup (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39, 0.73), average/larger size of a child at birth (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65, 0.99) and deliveries outside of health centers were significantly associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding at the time of the interview. Further, mothers living in Amhara (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.31, 95% CI 1.05, 1.64), Oromia (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04, 1.54), and Benishangul-Gumuz (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.09, 1.65) regions had a longer duration of breastfeeding while Muslims, employed mothers, multiple births and poor economic level of households were associated with shorter durations of breastfeeding. Conclusions: Rural residence, female sex, home delivery, caesarean birth, small birthweight baby and large family size were associated with late initiation of breastfeeding. Living in Affar, Somali, and Harari, primary education level of mothers, giving birth outside of health facilities, no antenatal care follow up, and no postnatal check-up were associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding, while younger age mothers, Muslims, giving birth outside of health facilities, and employed mothers were associated with shorter time to cessation of breastfeeding. Providing health education and counseling for mothers during and after pregnancy should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast milk is the most suitable nutrition for the neonates. Breast milk and breastfeeding duration can contribute to decreased mortality rate, intestinal bleeding, and various neonatal diseases (e.g., digestive and respiratory diseases). It can also reduce the risk of diabetes and obesity in childhood and adulthood. Therefore, the estimation of breastfeeding duration and recognition of the effective factors in this regard can lead to designing and implementing appropriate programs, which can provide the foundations for the modification of breastfeeding behavior. Methods: This survival study was conducted on 501 mothers with healthy and single birth neonates born within March 21, 2011-September 21, 2012 with active medical records in Aqqala city, Golestan province, Iran, in the second half of 2014. The data were collected from the information registered at the archives of health centers by in-person visiting. In addition, some of the information was collected through phone contacts. The duration of breastfeeding was estimated in month. Data analysis was carried out using the Cox regression in the STATA software, version 11. Results: According to the results, the mean and median of breastfeeding were 20.44 and 22 months, respectively. According to the Cox regression, maternal ethnicity, living with family, birth spacing, type of milk consumed along with complementary nutrition, and type of neonatal nutrition during the hospital stay of the infant had a significant relationship with the early cessation of breastfeeding. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study and the identified factors affecting the breastfeeding duration, it seems necessary to provide the essential trainings for the young mothers and pregnant women to avoid of reducing the duration of breastfeeding. These educations can be included in the programs of the Health centers of the universities and urban and rural medical clinics.

We analyzed the factors influencing the formation of motivation for breastfeeding in maternities basing on the data analysis of clinical records and questionnaire among patients of postpartum departments of the maternity hospital.

Maternal infant-feeding intention is a strong determinant of breastfeeding initiation and duration. However, the effect of intended breastfeeding duration on infant-feeding practices has been less studied. This secondary analysis uses data collected in the CASTLE study which investigated the roles of Candida and Staphylococcus aureus in nipple and breast pain in breastfeeding women; 360 women intending to breastfeed for at least 8 weeks were recruited in late pregnancy and followed weekly for first 4 weeks postpartum. Intended breastfeeding duration was ascertained at recruitment. Method of infant feeding in previous 24 hours was collected at each time point. Women who intended to breastfeed for < 6 months were more likely to give their babies formula during first 4 weeks postpartum: 41% (47/116) compared to 27% (59/220) of women planning to breastfeed for > 6 months, RR 1.5 (95%CI 1.1, 2.1, p=0.01). Only 38% (129/336) of women were completely breastfeeding at the breast at all time points in first 4 weeks; women intending to breastfeed for > 6 months were more likely to be completely breastfeeding at the breast at all time points: 41% (89/220) compared to 26% (30/116) [RR 1.6,95%CI 1.1, 2.2, p=0.008). This suggests that some early formula use stems from maternal perception rather than infant requirement. Clinicians could ask all women antenatally how long they plan to breastfeed to facilitate a discussion about global recommendations for 6 months' exclusive breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding for two years and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between breastfeeding duration and child neurodevelopment based on the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study.Material and Methods: The current analysis included 501 mother-child pairs. The analysis evaluating the association between the length of breastfeeding and child neurodevelopment considered the following variables: maternal age and body mass index, weight gain during pregnancy, parental level of education, marital status, socioeconomic status, child gender, birthweight, type of delivery, preterm delivery, pre- and postnatal exposure to tobacco constituents and child day care attendance. Psychomotor development was assessed in 1-year-olds on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development.Results: The length of breastfeeding correlated positively with maternal age at delivery (ρ = 0.13), maternal and paternal level of education (ρ = 0.2 and ρ = 0.14 respectively), birthweight (ρ = 0.1) and marital status (ρ = 0.16) (p < 0.05). A negative correlation between the length of breastfeeding and maternal smoking status during the first year after delivery (ρ = -0.19) and weight gain during pregnancy (r = -0.1) was observed (p < 0.05). The association between the duration of breastfeeding and child development was not statistically significant in the model with the inclusion of confounding variables. A significant association between language development and maternal level of education (p = 0.004), gender of the child (p = 0.0007) and maternal weight gain during pregnancy (p = 0.01) was found. A negative association between cognitive development and maternal salivary cotinine during pregnancy (p = 0.03) and a negative association between motor development and maternal smoking status during the first year after delivery (p = 0.007) were also found.Conclusions: This study found no significant association between the duration of breastfeeding and child development after adjustment for confounders. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(2):175-84. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Gravidity and parity were not associated with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration in women of reproductive age. • Breastfeeding history was not associated with AMH concentration. • There is no long-term reduction in ovarian reserve associated with prior pregnancy or delivery. Are gravidity, parity and breastfeeding history associated with anti-Müllerian hormone concentration among African-American women of reproductive age? This study included baseline data from the Study of the Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids, a 5-year longitudinal study of African-American women. Within this community cohort, data from 1392 women aged 25–35 years were analysed. The primary outcome was serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration measured using the Ansh Labs picoAMH assay, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate mean differences in anti-Müllerian hormone concentration (β) and 95% CI by self-reported gravidity, parity and breastfeeding history, with adjustment for potential confounders. Of the 1392 participants, 1063 had a history of gravidity (76.4%). Of these, 891 (83.8%) were parous and 564 had breastfed. Multivariable-adjusted regression analyses found no appreciable difference in anti-Müllerian hormone concentration between nulligravid participants and those with a history of gravidity (β = -0.025, 95% CI -0.145 to 0.094). Among participants with a history of gravidity, there was little difference in anti-Müllerian hormone concentration between parous and nulliparous participants (β = 0.085, 95% CI -0.062 to 0.232). There was also little association between anti-Müllerian hormone concentration and breastfeeding history (ever versus never: β = 0.009, 95% CI -0.093 to 0.111) or duration of breastfeeding (per 1-month increase: β = -0.002, 95% CI -0.010 to 0.006). Gravidity, parity and breastfeeding history were not meaningfully associated with anti-Müllerian hormone concentration in this large sample of the Study of the Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippine Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act of 2009 (RA 10028) mandates all health and non-health facilities, establishments, and institutions to put up a lactation station and to provide lactation breaks to all nursing employees in addition to their regular breaks. This is to encourage, protect, and support the practice of breastfeeding. The study aimed to determine the association between the utilization of lactation station and lactation breaks with the duration of breastfeeding among mothers with children aged 0-23 months. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the DOST-FNRI survey entitled "2015 Updating of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and other Population Groups". Mothers' profile and knowledge and practices on infant feeding were gathered through face-to-face interview. Association between breastfeeding duration with the use of lactation station and lactation break was tested using Chisquare test at 5% level of significance. Out of the 5,131 mothers, only 7.8% cited using lactation stations while out of the 399 working mothers who were breastfeeding, 35.1% availed lactation breaks. The use of lactation station was positively associated with longer breastfeeding duration (p<0.01), but no association was noted between taking lactation breaks and breastfeeding duration. This study provided evidence that mothers who utilized lactation station breastfeeds longer. Continuous effort is needed to strengthen the awareness to and implementation of the provisions of RA 10028 to ensure that public and private organizations will establish lactation stations in the workplace and grant lactation breaks to working mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Studies examining direct vs. expressed breast milk feeding are scarce. We explored the predictors of mode of breastfeeding and its association with breastfeeding duration in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Methods: We included 541 breastfeeding mother--nfant pairs from the Growing Up in Singapore Toward healthy Outcomes cohort. Mode of breastfeeding (feeding directly at the breast, expressed breastmilk (EBM) feeding only, ormixed feeding (a combination of the former 2 modes)) was ascertained at three months postpartum. Ordinal logistic regression analyses identified predictors of breast milk expression. Cox regression models examined the association between mode of breastfeeding and duration of any and of full breastfeeding. Results: Maternal factors independently associated with a greater likelihood of breast milk expression instead of direct breastfeeding were Chinese (vs. Indian) ethnicity, (adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI; 3.41, 1.97-5.91), tertiary education (vs. secondary education or lower) (2.22, 1.22-4.04), primiparity (1.54, 1.04-2.26) and employment during pregnancy (2.53, 1.60-4.02). Relative to those who fed their infants directly at the breast, mothers who fed their infants EBM only had a higher likelihood of early weaning among all mothers who were breastfeeding (adjusted hazard ratio, 95% CI; 2.20, 1.61-3.02), and among those who were fully breastfeeding (2.39, 1.05-5.41). Mothers who practiced mixed feeding, however, were not at higher risk of earlier termination of any or of full breastfeeding. Conclusions: Mothers who fed their infants EBM exclusively, but not those who practiced mixed feeding, were at a higher risk of terminating breastfeeding earlier than those who fed their infants directly at the breast. More education and support are required for women who feed their infants EBM only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of breastfeeding for the first six months is a challenge that must be faced by working mothers. Workload and work stress sometimes become obstacles that cause irregular breastfeeding, rush and even boring and unpleasant activities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of using audiovisual media on the duration of breastfeeding for working mothers. This research was conducted using the quasi-experimental method with the posttest control group design taking place in several workplace agencies in Wonokromo village area for the period February-September 2018. The control group was working mothers who breastfeed without using audiovisual media and the case group was working mothers who breastfeed using audiovisual media. Data was collected by using observation sheets and bivariate analysis with independent sample t test p = 0.02. The conclusion of the results of this study is the use of audiovisual media influences the duration of exclusive breastfeeding in working mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Breast feeding is the most important and decisive factor in Children’s state of health and nutrition, especially in societies with lower socio-economic status. Beastfeeding plays an important role in child health and development. Acordingly this study was carried out with the aim of determining the ralationship between breastfeeding and child weigth gain up to the end of 24 months of age. Material & Methods: It was a correlational predictive study. The sample consisted of 307 mothers of 2-3 years old children who have been visited for monitoring their children’s growth in heath canters of west of Tehran. They were recruited by stratified sampling method. Mothers & children’s data was collected by questionnaire & analyzed using SPSS-PC-(v.10). Results: pearson correlation test indicated that there is no significant relationship between breastfeeding duration & children’s weight in 6 and 12 months of age. However, there was a converse significant relationship between breastfeeding duration and the children’s weight in 24 months of age (p=0.003). There was also a significant relationship between the children’s sex and their weight in 6, 12 and 24 months of age (p=0.000). No significant association was found between children’s weight in 6, 12 and 24 months of age and mothers’ age, number of deliveries, mothers’ level of education and job status, participation in educational courses for breast feeding, and the time of breastfeeding initiation after delivery. Conclusion: children fell within normal limits for weight when breastfeeding duration was longer and vice versa. Regarding the undesirable effects(eg. malnutrition and obesity) of shortening the breastfeeding period on child health, provision of support as well as education about breastfeeding continuation is recommended

Breastfeeding is rich food nutrient and it is very important for the child growth. Neonatal growth disorders, it is initially revealed from the beginning by a lack of nutrient. The lack of nutrient can be minimized by giving breastfeeding since the first living without any additional food. The objective of this study was to know the impact of length duration influenced of breastfeeding to the child growth that was seen from the child's body weight and body height. This study designed as a retrospective cohort looking for an effect of weight and height growth of subject child age between 12 to 36 months used to have only breastfeeding in Ledo. The study carried out to 101 children. The samples collected by cluster technique, the inclusion criteria had been determined. Statistical analysis used, varians, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and analysis regression.The result of study, it was shown that the duration of breastfeeding affect of child growth significantly different; the percentage of median body weight to age vs body weight to body height referred to WHO-NCHS standard (p0.05). Conclusion: duration of breastfeeding has positive effect to the growth which is measured based on the percentage of median body weight/age and body weight/body height referred to WHO-NCHS standard.

Background and Objective: Child weight is considered as one of the most appropriate criteria for determining the nutritional status of the children particularly prior to 24 months of age. There is an association between duration of breastfeeding and child weight via which childhood and even adult obesity can be predicted. Regarding the importance of breastfeeding and its critical role in future health of children, the present research was carried out to investigate the association between the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the weight of 24- month-old children in Zanjan province. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional research was carried out using the registered data from 24 months old children records in rural/ urban health centers of Zanjan province. The sampling included all records of neonates born from 2010 to 2012 which were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were assessed by ordinal regression with the Proportional odds model and chi-square test. Stata12 was used for data analysis. Results: Of 8456 children with the age of 24 months, 4146 (49%) were female. The mean age of the mothers was 27.1±5.4 years. The mean duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding with related standard deviation were 20.3±5.8 and 4.7±1.4 months, respectively. The mean and standard error concerning 24-month- old children's weight was 11939±13.2 grams. There was an inverse relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding with 24-month-old children's weight (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study elucidates that continuation of breastfeeding until 24 months of age may prevent child obesity. Therefore, exclusive breastfeeding encouragement and the continued breastfeeding until 24 months are critically recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the correlation between infant breastfeeding and later overweight /obesity in childhood and adolescence. Methods Using electronic databases : CINHAL, Medline , EMbase , Pubmed and Cochrane Library to search relevant studies. In addition , references within the studies and previous reviews were retrieved. The search was restricted to English language publications during the period 1990 ∼ 2008. Results Overall, 17 studies were identified. The majority (58. 8% ) of the studies reported the protective effect of breastfeeding against later overweight/obesity. Of those , 6 studies concluded a dose-response relationship between reduced risk of obesity/overweight and the duration of breastfeeding. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Conclusion The outcomes of previous research are contradicted. Regardless of the contribution of breastfeeding to lower risk of overweight/obesity , breastfeeding needs to be encouraged and supported on a globe scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Whereas a recently published meta-analysis showed that ever breastfeeding reduces the risk of obesity in childhood significantly, the recent literature describing the relationship between duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight or obesity in childhood remains inconclusive.Methods:Between November 2000 and November 2001, all mothers and their newborns were recruited after delivery at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the University of Ulm, Germany. Active follow-up was performed at the age of 12 months and 24 months.Results:Of the 1066 children included in the baseline examination, information on body mass index was available for 855 (80%) at the 2-year follow-up. At this age 72 children (8.4%) were overweight and 24 (2.8%) were severely overweight. Whereas 76 children (8.9%) were never breastfed, 533 children (62.3%) were breastfed for at least 6 months, and 322 children (37.7%) were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 months. Compared to children who were breastfed for less than 3 months, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for overweight was 0.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2–0.8) in children who were breastfed for at least 6 months. When considering the time of exclusive breastfeeding, the adjusted OR for overweight was 0.8 (95% CI 0.4; 1.5) in children who were exclusively breastfed for at least 3 but less than 6 months and 0.4 (95% CI 0.2; 0.9) in children who were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 months compared to children who were exclusively breastfed less than 3 months.Conclusion:These results highlight the importance of prolonged breastfeeding for the prevention of overweight in children.International Journal of Obesity (2006) 30, 1281–1287. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803260; published online 28 February 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The rates of breastfeeding worldwide are slowly improving since 1996. Europe is still trailing behind the global breastfeeding incidence and prevalence rates. Thus, breastfeeding promotion, protection, prolongation and support have become an important challenge as breastfeeding sharply decreases in the first six months of life. Objectives The aim of this project is to determine, assess and identify the real impact of breastfeeding support networks in Murcia (Spain). Methods After searching unsuccessfully for a validated questionnaire, a specific one was developed and validated for measuring the impact of formal and informal support networks through five dimensions: satisfaction, consultation, experience, problems and support. The questionnaire was provided to 500 mothers with experience in breastfeeding, who brought their children to baby paediatricians between 2 June and 27 November 2014. Upon completion of the survey and fieldwork, a detailed statistical analysis was conducted. Results The degree of satisfaction perceived by the users of the services of support breastfeeding networks is remarkable. In addition, mothers who clarified their doubts and discussed their problems with health professionals and/or breastfeeding support networks were more likely to breastfeed for a longer duration compared to those who did not (p = 0.005). Furthermore, mothers who sought support in breastfeeding are more likely to breastfeed for more than 6 months (p < 0.0005). Conclusion Based on this information, we conclude that breastfeeding support networks have a positive influence in the duration of a women’s decision to breastfeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]