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Following the (revised) latent state–trait theory, the present study investigates the within-subject reliability, occasion specificity, common consistency, and construct validity of cognitive control measures in an intensive longitudinal design. These indices were calculated applying dynamic structural equation modeling while accounting for autoregressive effects and trait change. In two studies, participants completed two cognitive control tasks (Stroop and go/no-go) and answered questions about goal pursuit, self-control, executive functions, and situational aspects, multiple times per day. The sample (aged 18–30 years in both studies) consisted of 21 participants (14 female) in the pilot study and 70 participants (48 female) in the main study. Findings indicated poor within-subject reliability for the Stroop task error rate and reaction time difference between congruent and incongruent trials and moderate to good within-subject reliability for the go/no-go task error rate and reaction time. Occasion specificity—the systematic variance accounted for by state residuals—was at a modest level (between 1.4% and 11.1%) for the Stroop error rate and reaction time difference, and at a moderate level (between 16.1% and 37.2% for the go/no-go error rate and reaction time) in the two studies. Common consistency—the variance accounted for by latent trait variables—was at a moderate to high level for all of the investigated scores. Indicative of construct validity, the Stroop and go/no-go task error rates correlated positively with each other on the within- and between-subject level. Within-subject correlations between task scores and subjective self-control measures were very small and mostly nonsignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive longitudinal data (ILD) has been collected to capture the dynamic fluctuations of procrastination; however, researchers have typically measured daily procrastination by modifying trait measures (e.g., adding a time reference "today") without adequately testing their reliabilities. The main purpose of this study was to use an advanced approach, dynamic structural equation modeling, to assess the between- and within-person reliabilities of a widely used six-item measure of daily procrastination. A total of 252 participants completed retrospective measures of various types of trait procrastination and daily measures of procrastination over 34 consecutive days. The results showed that the entire scale for daily procrastination and five of its six items had high between- and within-person reliabilities, but one item had much lower reliabilities, suggesting that this item may be inappropriate in everyday contexts. Furthermore, we found moderate to strong associations between the latent trait factor of procrastination and trait measures of procrastination. In addition, we identified substantial between-person variation in person-specific reliabilities and explored its relevant factors. Overall, this study assessed the reliabilities of a daily measure of procrastination, which facilitated future studies to obtain more reliable and consistent results and to better estimate the reliability of ILD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional support from friends is a crucial source of social support for adolescents, significantly influencing their psychological development. However, previous research has primarily focused on how this support correlates with general levels of socioemotional problems among adolescents, neglecting the significance of daily fluctuations in these problems. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between friend emotional support and both the average and dynamic indicators of daily emotional and peer problems in adolescents. These dynamic indicators include within-domain dynamics—such as inertia, which reflects the temporal dependence of experiences, and volatility, which indicates within-person variance—and cross-domain dynamics, such as transactional effects, which measure the strength of concurrent or lagged associations between daily emotional and peer problems. Participants were 315 seventh-grade Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.05 years, SD = 0.77 years; 48.3% girls). Adolescents reported on their friends' emotional support at baseline and then completed measures of daily emotion and peer problems over a 10-day period. Using dynamic structural equation models, the results revealed that higher levels of friend emotional support were associated with fewer daily socioemotional problems. This was evident both in terms of average levels and dynamic aspects, characterized by lower mean levels of daily emotional and peer problems, reduced inertia and volatility of these problems, and a weaker spillover effect from daily emotional issues to peer problems. These findings highlight the significant role of friend-emotional support in mitigating adolescents' daily socioemotional challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on resilience is a growing field, and resilience has been conceptualized and operationalized in multiple ways. The aim of this study was to compare the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), a conventional measure of resilience, with within-person process indicators derived from experience sampling method (ESM). A sample of 177 teachers from southern Finland participated in the study, commencing with a startup session followed by an 8-day ESM period. Through twice-daily prompts, participants reported their immediate positive and negative affect as well as recent stressors encountered, such as workload and challenging social interactions. As expected, within-person variation in affect was predicted by stressors. However, contrary to expectations, individual differences in affective reactivity to stressors were not predicted by BRCS (βpositive affect [95% CI] = −.20, [−.51,.11]; βnegative affect =.33, [−.07,.69]). Item response theory analyses of the BRCS revealed problems with precision. The results call into question the validity of measuring resilience using single administrations of retrospective self-report questionnaires such as the BRCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross‐sectional association between self‐compassion and coping self‐efficacy has been well documented, but little is known about the extent to which self‐compassion or coping self‐efficacy persists in daily life. This study used dynamic structural equation modeling to explore the temporal relationship between self‐compassion and coping self‐efficacy through a daily diary study. Participants (N = 240, Mage = 18.98 ± 0.99 years, 44.8% female) completed 14 consecutive daily diaries on self‐compassion and coping self‐efficacy (for a total of 3219 observations). We found that self‐compassion and coping self‐efficacy demonstrated stability through autocorrelations. Self‐compassion was a significant predictor of subsequent coping self‐efficacy, and coping self‐efficacy was a significant predictor of subsequent self‐compassion. These findings suggest that there has been a virtuous cycle between state coping self‐efficacy and state self‐compassion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study represents a replication and extension of Kivlighan et al.'s (2021) study, focusing on the social microcosm hypothesis, which posits that group members' interpersonal relationships, operationalized by intimate behaviors such as expressing anger or caring, inside the group, mirror their interpersonal relationships outside of the group. We examined the reciprocal associations between a group member's (e.g., actors) and the other group members' (e.g., partners) in-session and intersession intimate behaviors. The participants were 122 Italian graduate students (89.3% identifying as women) participating in eight-session interpersonal growth groups led by six experienced group therapists. Before each session group members completed the Interpersonal Relations Scale Checklist (Shadish, 1984) indicating their intersession intimate behaviors in the previous week. After each session group members completed the Interpersonal Relations Scale Checklist indicating their own in-session intimate behaviors. We used dynamic structural equation modeling to examine the reciprocal, temporal associations among group members' intersession and in-session intimate behaviors. The replication hypotheses were not confirmed. However, when partners engaged in higher than average intersession intimate behaviors in the previous week, then actors engaged in more in-session intimate behaviors in the current session. In addition, when actors and partners engaged in higher than average in-session intimate behaviors in the previous session, then actors engaged in significantly more intersession intimate behaviors in the current week. The results provide partial support for social microcosm theory, which predicts a reciprocal relationship for in-session and intersession intimate behaviors. As described above, there was a reciprocal relationship for partners' but not for actors' intimate behaviors. Public Significance Statement: We examined the reciprocal relationship between a group member's intimate behaviors and the aggregate of other group members' intimate behaviors. If the other members of the group engage in more intimate behaviors, like sharing feelings and expressing anger or caring, in their relationships outside of group during the previous week, then a group member will be more likely to engage in these intimate behaviors in the current group session. In addition, if the group member and the other members of the group learn and practice new intimate behaviors in the previous group session, then the group member will be more likely to engage in these intimate behaviors in their relationships outside of the group during the current week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodResultsConclusionsAnxiety disorders are prevalent among youth and adults. Increasing studies examined the dynamic associations between momentary fluctuations of anxiety and well-being, primarily focusing on the severity of general anxiety. Scant research has explored the co-fluctuations between different anxiety symptoms and mental health outcomes.The current study evaluated the multi-level factor structure and assessed the subclinical symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SP), and panic disorder (PD) in a sample of non-clinical young adults (N = 271, Mage = 18 years, 72% female, 68% non-White) who participated in a 30-day daily diary study.Between persons, GAD, SP, and PD were positively correlated with depressive symptoms, stress, as well as emotional and peer problems. Within persons, both SP and PD were positively associated with stress, peer and emotional problems on the same day. Across days, there was positive reciprocal relation between PD and stress, whereas negative reciprocal link was observed between SP and emotional problems.Current findings showed dynamic and distinct patterns in the associations between different anxiety symptoms and several mental health outcomes, which emphasizes the need to disentangle between- and within-person variation of anxiety symptoms with intensive longitudinal designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Depressive symptom dynamics, including change trajectories and symptom variability, have been related to therapy outcomes. However, such dynamics have often been examined separately and related to outcomes of interest using two-step analyses, which are characterized by several limitations. Here, we show how to overcome these limitations using location-scale models in a dynamic structural equation modeling framework. Method: We introduce location-scale modeling in an accessible manner to pave the way for its use in research integrating within-person dynamics and intervention-related change in psychopathology, and we illustrate this modeling approach in a large-scale internet-based intervention for depression (N = 1,656). Using eight data points sampled across about 8 weeks, we predicted improvement across the intervention (50% symptom reduction) as a function of early change and symptom variability. Results: Early symptom change was associated with a more likely improvement across therapy. Variability of symptoms beyond change trajectories during the intervention was associated with less likely improvement. Conclusions: Location-scale models, and dynamic structural equation modeling more generally, are well suited to modeling how patterns of symptom change during psychotherapy are related to important (e.g., therapy) outcomes. Our illustrative application of location-scale modeling showed that symptom variability was associated with less overall improvement in depressive symptoms. However, this finding requires replication with more intensive sampling of symptoms before final conclusions can be drawn on when and how to distinguish maladaptive from adaptive variability during psychotherapy. What is the public health significance of this article?: During psychotherapy, multiple mechanisms of change should work simultaneously and in concert. As this study highlights, it is important to examine multiple types of symptom dynamics during psychotherapy simultaneously to understand the processes and ultimately the causes of therapeutic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) is a useful technique for analyzing intensive longitudinal data. A challenge of applying DSEM is the missing data problem. The impact of missing data on DSEM, especially on widely applied DSEM such as the two-level vector autoregressive (VAR) cross-lagged models, however, is understudied. To fill the research gap, we evaluated how well the fixed effects and variance parameters in two-level bivariate VAR models are recovered under different missingness percentages, sample sizes, the number of time points, and heterogeneity in missingness distributions through two simulation studies. To facilitate the use of DSEM under customized data and model scenarios (different from those in our simulations), we provided illustrative examples of how to conduct Monte Carlo simulations in Mplus to determine whether a data configuration is sufficient to obtain accurate and precise results from a specific DSEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) and residual DSEM (RDSEM) are commonly used in testing intensive longitudinal data (ILD). Researchers are interested in ILD mediation models, but their analyses are challenging. The present paper mathematically derived, empirically compared, and step-by-step demonstrated three types (i.e., 1-1-1, 2-1-1, and 2-2-1) of intensive longitudinal mediation (ILM) analyses based on DSEM and RDSEM models. Specifically, each ILM model was demonstrated with a simulated example and illustrated with the corresponding annotated Mplus codes. We compared two types of detrending methods in mediation analyses and showed that RDSEM was superior to DSEM because the latter included the timetj variable as a Level 1 predictor. Lastly, we extended ILM analyses based on DSEM and RDSEM to multilevel autoregressive mediation models, cross-classified DSEM, and intensive longitudinal moderated mediation models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM; Asparouhov et al. 2018), this study tests how partner disruptions of daily routines create a chaotic relational state through intensified emotions directed at partners, as posited by relational turbulence theory (RTT; Solomon et al. 2016). To test this affective process, individuals in dating relationships (N  =   130) completed daily surveys for 30 days (T  =   30; 3,478 total observations), measuring that day's interference from their partner, anger experienced while interacting with their partner, and their relational turbulence. DSEM accounted for the intensive longitudinal aspects of the data while modeling three types of person-specific random effects: random intercepts to account for subject-specific averages; random slopes to account for subject-specific effects; and random variances to account for subject-specific volatility. RTT processes were supported, as greater than typical interference of routines in daily life predicted more relational turbulence that day via increased daily anger (controlling for the previous day's levels). The use of DSEM allowed us to further test RTT by modeling person-specific inertia and volatility (for levels of interference, anger, and relational turbulence throughout a month). The use of a multilevel "location-scale" DSEM with random intercepts and random variances revealed that attachment avoidance and anxiety predicted a variety of person-specific features of the studied longitudinal processes: averages, inertia, and volatility over time. We provide our data and a supplemental primer to illustrate how to test communication theory with DSEM and model the intensive dynamics of daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on self-determination theory, this study focuses on the person- and occasion-specific components of the daily dynamics of employees' global psychological need satisfaction at work. Predictors (job demands related to information and communication technologies, segmentation norms, and workload) and outcomes (perceived productivity, psychological detachment, work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and personal satisfaction) were also examined across both levels to better grasp the mechanisms underlying these short-term dynamics. A total of 129 French employees filled out questionnaire surveys at the end of each workday for five days (521 observations). Results from Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling (DSEM) showed clear associations between need satisfaction, the predictors, and the outcomes at the person-specific level. However, and although need satisfaction levels were found to fluctuate on a daily basis, they seemed immune to the effects of daily fluctuations in predictor levels, and unlikely to generate matching fluctuations in outcome levels. These results suggest strong homoeostatic processes protecting employees' functioning against daily fluctuations, but that the accumulation of such fluctuations over the work week may jeopardize these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent technological advances have provided new opportunities for the collection of intensive longitudinal data. Using methods such as dynamic structural equation modeling, these data can provide new insights into moment-to-moment dynamics of psychological and behavioral processes. In intensive longitudinal data (t > 20), researchers often have theories that imply that factors that change from moment to moment within individuals act as moderators. For instance, a person's level of sleep deprivation may affect how much an external stressor affects mood. Here, we describe how researchers can implement, test, and interpret dynamically changing within-person moderation effects using two-level dynamic structural equation modeling as implemented in the structural equation modeling software Mplus. We illustrate the analysis of within-person moderation effects using an empirical example investigating whether changes in spending time online using social media affect the moment-to-moment effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms, and highlight avenues for future methodological development. We provide annotated Mplus code, enabling researchers to better isolate, estimate, and interpret the complexities of within-person interaction effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusion The present pre‐registered study examined the reciprocal day‐to‐day associations between global self‐esteem and self‐concept clarity and their incremental validity with respect to daily life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect.We used intensive longitudinal data from 153 adult workers (45.1% women), over a period of 31 days. Data were analyzed using dynamic structural equation modeling.Results attested higher global self‐esteem and self‐concept clarity mean levels for older vs. younger participants, and lower global self‐esteem and self‐concept clarity variability for older vs. younger participants. Furthermore, global self‐esteem and self‐concept clarity were correlated at a cross‐sectional daily level, yet only self‐concept clarity states positively predicted subsequent global self‐esteem states, while global self‐esteem states did not predict subsequent self‐concept clarity states. Daily global self‐esteem and daily self‐concept clarity further predicted subsequent daily higher life satisfaction and positive affect, respectively.Overall, our findings shed light on the short‐term relationships linking global self‐esteem and self‐concept clarity, pointing to their discriminant validity in predicting individuals' subjective well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We lack knowledge about the short-term predictors of suicide attempts (SAs) among treatment-seeking individuals. The current study evaluated whether (a) interpersonal difficulties, hopelessness, and affective states are associated with an increased risk of SAs on the same and the next day; (b) these daily states are interconnected differently over time among inpatients who attempt suicide compared to those who do not. In total, 110 psychiatric inpatients who attempted suicide during their stay at a psychiatric hospital self-reported their suicidal ideation, negative affect, positive affect, wish to live, interpersonal needs, and hopelessness each day (3,018 daily reports). Multilevel structural equation modeling was used to examine same-day and next-day predictors of SAs. Multilevel temporal network models assessed interconnectedness between daily predictors and were compared to network models from a matched sample of 110 psychiatric inpatients who did not attempt suicide. In multivariate models, increases in perceived burdensomeness were significantly associated with same-day SAs, whereas increased hopelessness was associated with next-day SAs. Network models for patients who attempted suicide indicated that hopelessness and suicidal ideation were central to change, leading to next-day deteriorations in mental health. In subsequent models, feeling calm and relaxed, and feeling fresh and rested were centrally connected to other variables. The centrality of these metrics tended to be higher than in the network models for patients who did not attempt suicide, suggesting differences in the interplay between risk and protective factors. This study suggests routinely monitoring interpersonal factors and hopelessness may help identify increased short-term risk of SAs among psychiatric inpatients. General Scientific Summary: Daily fluctuations in cognitive–affective states, such as interpersonal difficulties and hopelessness, may signal short-term risk for suicide attempts beyond reported levels of suicidal ideation. Hopelessness in particular exhibits high interconnectedness with other risk factors, potentially making it an effective target for interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Instability in self-esteem and instability in affect are core features of borderline personality disorder (BPD). For decades, researchers and theorists have been interested in the temporal dynamics between these constructs. Some hypothesize that changes in affective states should precede changes in self-esteem (Linehan, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, 1993), while others suggest that changes in self-esteem should precede changes in affective states (Kernberg, Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism, 1975). Methods In this study, we investigated the temporal relations between negative affective arousal states and current self-esteem in daily life. Patients with BPD (n = 42) or depressive disorders (DD; n = 40), and non-clinical controls (NCC; n = 40) were assessed every 15 min for 13 h. Results As expected, dynamic structural equation modeling showed higher levels of average daily negative affective arousal and lower levels of average daily self-esteem in the BPD group compared with the NCC group, and scores in the DD group were in-between the BPD and the NCC groups. In line with predictions based on Linehan’s (Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, 1993) model of affective dysregulation in BPD, negative affective arousal (t) and subsequent self-esteem (t+ 1) were significantly linked only in the BPD group, implying that higher negative affective arousal is followed by lower current self-esteem in the next measurement (ca. 15 min later). Importantly, self-esteem (t) and subsequent negative affective arousal (t + 1) were not significantly related (Kernberg, Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism, 1975). Conclusions Our findings suggest close dynamic temporal relations between affective instability and self-esteem instability in BPD, which highlights the importance of providing patients with means to effectively modulate high negative affective arousal states.

The relation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and aggression is well documented; however, the processes that account for higher levels of aggression associated with ADHD in the course of daily life are little understood. The current study used ecological momentary assessment to explore how ADHD traits relate to individual differences in perceiving provocation from others and the resultant aggressive behaviors; and the strengths of the links between provocation and aggression in the flow of daily life. A dynamic structural equation model was fit using data from a subpopulation of young adults involved in the longitudinal z‐proso study (n = 259, median‐age 20). Data on provocation and aggression was collected at four quasi‐random time periods per day over a 14‐day period. Individuals with higher ADHD trait levels reported higher instances of provocation and aggression, with ADHD traits significantly moderating aggression inertia such that those with higher levels of ADHD traits showed greater persistence of aggressive behavior over time. However, ADHD trait levels did not significantly moderate any of the observed cross‐lagged effects. Our findings suggest that individuals with higher levels of ADHD traits are at greater risk of exposure to interpersonal interactions involving interpersonal provocation, show higher levels of aggressive behavior in daily life, and find it more difficult to reduce their aggression once triggered. These findings support the importance of targeting factors such as social skills and emotion regulation that may underpin the increased difficulties in interpersonal interactions often experienced by individuals with high levels of ADHD symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Procrastination is a common behavior in our daily life that can lead to detrimental consequences, and previous studies have shown that female college students are more vulnerable to procrastination. Mindfulness-based interventions have been used to reduce procrastination; however, little is known about how mindfulness and procrastination interplay in everyday contexts. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to explore the dynamic and bidirectional relation between mindfulness and procrastination from a multidimensional perspective. Method: A total of 252 female college students participated in a 34-day diary study, during which they completed daily measures of procrastination and three dimensions of state mindfulness (i.e., acting with awareness, nonjudgmental acceptance, and present-moment attention). Dynamic structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Results: We found a bidirectional association of daily procrastination with one dimension of state mindfulness (i.e., acting with awareness), but not with the other two dimensions (i.e., nonjudgmental acceptance, and present-moment attention). Specifically, higher levels of acting with awareness predicted individuals' lower levels of procrastination the next day (β = -0.042, 95% CI [-0.070, -0.019]), which enhanced their subsequent levels of acting with awareness (β = -0.087, 95% CI [-0.113, -0.058]). This indicated a self-perpetuating virtuous cycle between acting with awareness and daily procrastination. Conclusions: Our findings provided valuable insights into mindfulness-based preventions and interventions. This study not only supported the role of mindfulness in reducing procrastination, but more importantly, highlighted the importance of targeting particular dimensions of mindfulness, rather than considering it as a whole, to enhance the effectiveness of mindfulness practices in addressing procrastination. Preregistration: This study is not preregistered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most prior research has focused on characterizing averages in cognition, brain characteristics, or behavior, and attempting to predict differences in these averages among individuals. However, this overwhelming focus on mean levels may leave us with an incomplete picture of what drives individual differences in behavioral phenotypes by ignoring the variability of behavior around an individual's mean. In particular, enhanced white matter (WM) structural microstructure has been hypothesized to support consistent behavioral performance by decreasing Gaussian noise in signal transfer. Conversely, lower indices of WM microstructure are associated with greater within-subject variance in the ability to deploy performance-related resources, especially in clinical populations. We tested a mechanistic account of the "neural noise" hypothesis in a large adult lifespan cohort (Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience) with over 2500 adults (ages 18-102; 1508 female; 1173 male; 2681 behavioral sessions; 708 MRI scans) using WM fractional anisotropy to predict mean levels and variability in reaction time performance on a simple behavioral task using a dynamic structural equation model. By modeling robust and reliable individual differences in within-person variability, we found support for a neural noise hypothesis (Kail, 1997), with lower fractional anisotropy predicted individual differences in separable components of behavioral performance estimated using dynamic structural equation model, including slower mean responses and increased variability. These effects remained when including age, suggesting consistent effects of WM microstructure across the adult lifespan unique from concurrent effects of aging. Crucially, we show that variability can be reliably separated from mean performance using advanced modeling tools, enabling tests of distinct hypotheses for each component of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling (DSEM) was recently introduced as an advanced multilevel time series method to analyze Intensive Longitudinal Data (ILD). Although measurement error is likely to be embedded in ILD, many applications of intensive longitudinal studies often rely on composite scores without modeling measurement error. However, measurement error can be captured in the DSEM framework using a single indicator or multiple indicators. In this paper, we discussed and compared three multilevel DSEM models that analyze within-person dynamic process of a construct with different approaches to addressing measurement error: (1) single-indicator multilevel AR(1) model without measurement error; (2) single-indicator multilevel AR(1) model with measurement error; (3) multiple-indicator multilevel dynamic factor AR(1) model. The difference between (1) and (2) and the similarity between (2) and (3) were highlighted. An experience sampling data set was analyzed to show the difference and similarity of the numerical results from the three approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students' perceptions of cost are important predictors of academic and motivational outcomes. Though cost has been described as the anticipated effort one must put forth on an activity and what an individual sacrifices to complete a task, no known work has examined the extent to which anticipated cost beliefs predict experienced cost or whether anticipated and experienced costs are differentially predictive of academic and motivational outcomes. We used dynamic structural equation modeling to explore four dimensions of cost (task effort, outside effort, loss of valued alternatives, emotional cost) as anticipated and experienced beliefs, to examine the extent to which each predicts mathematics achievement and STEM career intentions in introductory college calculus courses. Data were collected using a combination of traditional surveys, diary surveys, and institutional records. Overall, students who anticipated high cost at the beginning of the semester tended to experience high cost during the course and had more variability in their experiences of cost. Cost beliefs appear to be differently associated with grades, however, with anticipated cost associated with higher course grades and experienced cost associated with lower course grades. Results suggested that anticipated and experienced costs are, to a certain extent distinct phenomena with unique effects on student outcomes, and that examining them as such may have important implications for theory and practice. Educational Impact and Implications Statement: The present study found that anticipated cost beliefs and experienced cost beliefs function as separate constructs and impact achievement differently. Students who anticipated high costs earned higher grades, whereas students who experienced high costs earned lower grades. Anticipated cost also negatively predicted experienced cost, which in turn, negatively predicted course grades. These findings contribute to ongoing theoretical and practical discussions of cost beliefs and will aid intervention researchers in choosing the appropriate timing for intervening on students' cost beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refugee parents raise their adolescent children in a world that is different from the world they themselves grew up in, often experiencing postmigration stress. This may hamper parents' confidence in their parenting skills and make it difficult for them to grant adolescent children the autonomy they desire and need. In this preregistered study, we aimed to advance our understanding of this process by examining, in daily life, whether postmigration stress contributes to less autonomy-supportive parenting through compromised feelings of parental self-efficacy. Fifty-five refugee parents of adolescent children resettled in the Netherlands (72% Syrian; Mage children = 12.81) reported on their postmigration stress, parental self-efficacy, and parental autonomy support up to 10 times a day for 6–8 days. We fit a dynamic structural equation model to test whether postmigration stress predicted reductions in parental autonomy support, and whether parental self-efficacy explained this link. Results showed that when parents experienced more postmigration stress, they granted their children less autonomy at a later timepoint, in part, through parents feeling less efficacious after having experiencing postmigration stress. Findings held after controlling for parents' posttraumatic stress symptoms, and when controlling for all possible temporal and lagged associations. Our results highlight that postmigration stress shapes parenting practices, above and beyond symptoms of war-trauma, in the daily lives of refugee families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background With the accumulation of negative emotions brought by COVID-19-related dysfunctional beliefs, individuals adopted obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms (e.g., over-checking the wearing of masks) and formed difficulties in emotion regulation (DER). This study focused on the temporal dynamics of the bidirectional relation between OC symptoms and DER, which had a devastating effect on the individual's mental health. As an extension, we further explored whether OC and DER and their relationship affect sleep problems. Methods In February 2020, a 14-day (twice a day, of 28 measurement intervals) online questionnaire survey was conducted on 122 Chinese adults (aged 18–55 years; 63 females). Subsequently, this research applied a dynamic structural equation model with a cross-lagged relationship and a time series. Health anxiety, anxiety, and depression were controlled as covariates. Results Both OC symptoms and DER had a significant autoregressive and cross-lagged effect. Comparatively speaking, DER was a stronger predictor of OC symptoms than OC’s prediction of DER. Moreover, both higher levels of OC symptoms and DER were related to the severity of sleep problems. Conclusions More guidance on intervening in OC symptoms and identifying emotion regulation should be added to reduce the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public mental health.

Perceived parental criticism is an important measure of the family emotional environment, linked to a variety of psychological difficulties in emerging adults (EAs) and traditionally assessed at a single timepoint. Our study is the first to examine perceived parental criticism as a dynamic construct that fluctuates and interacts with emerging adult (EA) affect across daily life. EAs (N = 141; ages 18-22; Mage = 19.94, 84.5% women) completed a measure of baseline depression symptoms and daily assessments of perceived parental criticism, anger, anxiety, shame, sadness, and happiness across 30 days. Within-person results revealed that previous day perceived parental criticism predicted subsequent day EA anger (but not vice versa). This cross-lagged association only emerged for anger and not other emotions. Additionally, depression moderated this association, with higher depression symptoms increasing the strength of the association. Between-person results revealed that parental criticism was positively associated with mean/trait anger, anxiety, shame, sadness, but not happiness, as well as affect reactivity (innovation variance) for anger. Associations with affect inertia were not significant. Together, these findings suggest parental criticism is more strongly related to negative than positive emotions, is proximally associated with anger in particular, especially among EAs with increased depression, and may be related to aspects of emotion dysregulation. Family interventions aiming to target negative emotionality in EAs should focus on mitigating criticism or educating parents on the importance of considering psychological health such as depression symptomology when providing critical feedback to minimize heightened negative affect or decrease the likelihood of emotional dysfunction in EAs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing research uses intensive longitudinal designs to examine antecedents and consequences associated with dynamic affective processes. These studies often rely on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) to measure affect. Studies assessing the structure of the PANAS are largely cross-sectional in nature and cannot always disentangle within-person variability from between-person differences in affect. A paucity of studies examines structural similarities and differences in affect at the between- and within-person levels, and few have done so with short-form versions of the PANAS. This study investigates the multilevel factor structure of the 10-item PANAS–short-form in a sample of young adults (n = 272) measured daily consecutively over 1 month. Additionally, dynamic relations between positive and negative affect, depressive symptoms, stress, and physical symptoms were examined. Results support a three factors within and two factors between multilevel structural model. Distinct dynamic relations were observed among positive affect, negative affect, stress, and physical symptoms at the within level. Positive and negative affect were correlated with depressive symptoms, stress, and physical symptoms at the between level. Findings indicate the need to disentangle structural components of positive and negative affect when conducting intensive longitudinal studies to examine correlates linked to dynamic affective processes. Public Significance Statement: This study supports the multidimensional and multilevel structure of affect as dynamic processes assessed through a short-form version of the PANAS. This finding has implications for applied researchers interested in examining antecedents and consequences associated with between- and within-person differences in affect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study investigated how COVID-19-related media exposure during the COVID-19 crisis was related to same-day and next-day COVID-19-related worries. Design: A 21-day diary study was conducted between late March and late April 2020 in Germany. Main Outcome Measures: Hypotheses were tested in a sample of 561 participants (Mage = 42.79, SDage = 6.12). Every evening, participants indicated their exposure to COVID-19-related media (e.g., TV, print, online) and their COVID-19-related worries. Results: Same-day analyses showed that participants reported more COVID-19-related worries on days with higher exposure to COVID-19-related media. Dynamical structural equation models provided evidence for a reciprocal cycle across days: Higher media exposure at one day predicted higher worries the next day, and higher worries at one day also predicted higher media exposure the next day. Individuals with high trait anxiety reported an enhanced general level of media exposure during the 21 days of assessment, and individuals high in neuroticism and anxiety reported an enhanced level of worries. Conclusion: These findings suggest a self-reinforcing cycle whereby consuming crisis-related media and worrying reciprocally influence each other across days, possibly amplifying adverse effects of the COVID-19 crisis and other crises alike on mental and physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research examining emotion dysregulation and alcohol use has increased exponentially over the past decade. However, these studies have been limited by their use of cross‐sectional designs and narrow definitions of emotion dysregulation. To address these significant gaps in the extant literature, this study utilized state‐of‐the‐art methodology (i.e., experience sampling) and statistics (i.e., dynamic structural equation modeling) to examine potential reciprocal associations between negative and positive emotion dysregulation and alcohol use at the momentary level. Methods: Participants were 145 community women (mean age = 40.56, 40.3% white) experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) and using substances. Surveys assessing negative and positive emotion dysregulation and alcohol use (i.e., number of standard drinks) were administered three times a day for 30 days using phone‐based interactive voice recording. Results: Significant contemporaneous effects indicated that negative and positive emotion dysregulation both co‐occurred with alcohol use. However, levels of negative and positive emotion dysregulation did not predict later alcohol use, nor did alcohol use predict later levels of negative or positive emotion dysregulation. There was significant variability among participants in cross‐lagged effects. Conclusions: Findings showed that negative and positive emotion dysregulation co‐occurred with alcohol use and that there was significant interindividual variability in the cross‐lagged associations between negative and positive emotion dysregulation and alcohol use. Research using idiographic approaches may identify women experiencing IPV for whom negative and positive emotion dysregulation drive alcohol use and alcohol use drives negative and positive emotion dysregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Daily dynamics of positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and learning goal achievement (LGA) over 32 days are stable with no systematic changes or trajectories, but with significant fluctuations. • Both PA and NA are significantly related with students' learning goal achievement. • The significant fluctuations of daily PA, NA, and LGA are related with the student's age, number of semesters studied, and their level of depressive symptoms. Affect is a critical factor impacting students' goal setting and goal achievement in learning. While existing studies have demonstrated the vital role of affect in learning and goal achievement, the day-to-day fluctuations of affect and their impact on learning have rarely been examined. This study explored the dynamic relationships between positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and daily learning goal achievement (LGA) in 72 college students ahead of a high-stakes test, analyzing 32 days of survey responses totaling 2111 observations. We employed dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM) to assess the stability, variability, and potential reciprocal relationships of PA, NA, and LGA. Additionally, we investigated the effects of depression, age, and the number of semesters studied on these variables. Results indicated that PA, NA, and LGA remained stable over the observation period, with no systematic changes or trajectories, yet exhibited significant fluctuations within and between participants. All autoregressive effects for PA, NA, and LGA were significant. Both PA and NA were significantly related to concurrent measures of LGA, although no significant cross-lagged relationships between PA and NA were found. Variability in PA, NA, and LGA was significantly explained by students' age, number of semesters studied, and level of depressive symptoms. Further findings and implications of the study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the accumulation of negative emotions brought by COVID-19-related dysfunctional beliefs, individuals adopted obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms (e.g., over-checking the wearing of masks) and formed difficulties in emotion regulation (DER). This study focused on the temporal dynamics of the bidirectional relation between OC symptoms and DER, which had a devastating effect on the individual's mental health. As an extension, we further explored whether OC and DER and their relationship affect sleep problems. Methods: In February 2020, a 14-day (twice a day, of 28 measurement intervals) online questionnaire survey was conducted on 122 Chinese adults (aged 18–55 years; 63 females). Subsequently, this research applied a dynamic structural equation model with a cross-lagged relationship and a time series. Health anxiety, anxiety, and depression were controlled as covariates. Results: Both OC symptoms and DER had a significant autoregressive and cross-lagged effect. Comparatively speaking, DER was a stronger predictor of OC symptoms than OC's prediction of DER. Moreover, both higher levels of OC symptoms and DER were related to the severity of sleep problems. Conclusions: More guidance on intervening in OC symptoms and identifying emotion regulation should be added to reduce the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trait-state-occasion model (TSO) is a popular model within the latent state-trait theory (LST). The TSO allows distinguishing the trait and the state components of the psychological constructs measured in longitudinal data, while also taking into account the carry-over effects between consecutive measurements. In the present study, we extend a multilevel version of the TSO model to allow for the combination of fixed and random situations, namely the mixed-effects TSO (ME-TSO). Hence, the ME-TSO model is a measurement model suitable to analyze intensive longitudinal data that allows studying the psychometric properties of the indicators per individual, the heterogeneity of psychological dynamics, and the person–situation interaction effects. We showcase how to use the model by analyzing the items of positive affect activation of the crowdsourcing study HowNutsAreTheDutch (HoeGekisNL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic structural equation modeling was applied to examine feelings of competence and in the moment motivation among pre-service science teachers (N = 101) enrolled in a course on practical biology during their second semester. The student teachers completed a short questionnaire 18 times, and the interaction between their feelings of competence and momentary motivation over time was examined in relation to control-value theory. The autoregressive values of both variables were significant, and a pattern was observed of low competence at the beginning of the course session, combined with low motivation in the moment. Feelings of competence increased by the end of each course session but returned to a low level at the beginning of the next session. Momentary motivation followed this back-and-forth shifting somewhat but showed more carryover effects. The student teachers’ motivation depended on their feelings of competence from the previous moment in the biology course session, but feelings of competence did not depend on their motivation.

Emerging adulthood is often overlooked as a developmental time period critical to shaping future health outcomes. Recurrent pain is a commonly experienced health concern within this age group, particularly headaches and low back pain, and early experiences of recurrent pain are related to subsequent chronic pain and disability. Furthermore, adults from marginalized populations report more frequent and severe recurrent pain. Many studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effect of physical activity on pain relief; however, others have demonstrated that physical activity can also exacerbate pain symptoms. Therefore, the current study aimed to (1) assess a bidirectional relationship between reported pain and engagement in physical activity among an emerging adult sample (N = 265) and (2) determine whether sociodemographic factors moderate this relationship. Using longitudinal daily reported pain and ActiGraph monitor data collected over two weeks, a novel dynamic structural equation modeling approach was employed. Results indicated no significant cross-lagged relationships between pain and physical activity, and no significant moderation effects. These findings suggest that a bidirectional relationship does not exist among a diverse college sample of emerging adults even after considering sociodemographic moderators. Excellent retention and few missing data suggest that using accelerometers and daily diaries are feasible methods to collect data in this population. Sample considerations and future analytical approaches are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High sleep quality has been associated with beneficial outcomes across the life span. Intensive longitudinal studies suggest that these beneficial effects can also be observed on a day-to-day level. However, the dynamic interplay between subjective sleep quality and affective well-being in children's daily life has only rarely been investigated. The aims of the present work were (a) to replicate findings from a prior ambulatory assessment study in this area (Könen et al., 2016), (b) to explore the effect of subjective sleep quality on well-being throughout the day, and (c) to examine the reciprocal relation between subjective sleep quality and well-being in more detail. Data from two ambulatory assessment studies with children between 8 and 11 years (N = 108/84, with assessments over 28/21 consecutive days) consistently showed that positive affect was higher and negative affect was lower after nights with better sleep quality, and that the effects of subjective sleep quality were stronger on well-being assessed in the morning compared with later in the day. Results from dynamic structural equation models revealed reciprocal effects of subjective sleep quality and positive affect. Negative affect was not consistently related to worse subsequent sleep quality after controlling for positive affect and prior night's sleep quality. Results suggest a close relation of sleep quality and positive affect, which strengthens the idea behind interventions targeting both, children's sleep and well-being. Differences between children in the dynamic interplay between sleep and affect may be important predictors of long-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety and depression are believed to be associated with increased use of maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies and decreased use of adaptive strategies; nonetheless, most work on this topic has been approached using static perspectives on measuring ER, which may overlook the dynamic interplay between ER and emotional experiences. We combined ecological momentary assessment and dynamic structural equation modeling in two independent college-student samples (N 1 = 202; N 2 = 213) to investigate bidirectional relationships between ER and daily affect. In Study 1, we examined reciprocal associations between negative affect and two ER strategies characterized by repetitive negative thinking (rumination and worry), while in Study 2, we explored reciprocal relationships between both negative and positive affect and two context-dependent and cognitively demanding ER strategies (reappraisal and distraction). We then explored associations of these reciprocal relations with laboratory questionnaires of anxiety and depression. Results indicated both anxiety and depression were associated with greater average negative affect in daily life, greater use of worry, and greater variability in positive affect. However, anxiety was related specifically to difficulties in maintenance of distraction, whereas depression showed unique associations with negative affect inertia, average use of rumination, and difficulties in maintenance of cognitive reappraisal. Findings collectively reveal commonalities and differences in dynamics of ER and daily affect experience related to depression and anxiety. These insights can inform future research into targeted interventions for these negative emotions. • Both depression and anxiety were associated with higher use levels of worry, mean NA and PA variability in daily life. • Anxiety was uniquely associated with difficulties in maintaining distraction. • Depression were uniquely linked to higher use of rumination, NA inertia, and difficulties in maintaining reappraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in theories and data collection methods have made intensive longitudinal data (ILD) increasingly relevant and available for organizational research. New methods for analyzing ILD have emerged under the multilevel modeling framework. In this article, we first delineate features of ILD (including autoregressive relationships, trends, cycles/seasons, and between-subject variability in temporal trends). We discuss the analytic challenges for handling ILD using traditional analytic tools familiar to organizational researchers (e.g., growth models, single-subject time series analyses). We then introduce a statistical approach for handling ILD from the multilevel modeling framework: dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM). We provide three examples using simulated data sets to demonstrate how to apply DSEM to examine ILD with a software program familiar to organizational researchers (i.e., M plus). Finally, we discuss issues related to applying DSEM, including centering, missing data, and sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advances have led to an increase in intensive longitudinal data and the statistical literature on modeling such data is rapidly expanding, as are software capabilities. Common methods in this area are related to time-series analysis, a framework that historically has received little exposure in psychology. There is a scarcity of psychology-based resources introducing the basic ideas of time-series analysis, especially for data sets featuring multiple people. We begin with basics of N = 1 time-series analysis and build up to complex dynamic structural equation models available in the newest release of Mplus Version 8. The goal is to provide readers with a basic conceptual understanding of common models, template code, and result interpretation. We provide short descriptions of some advanced issues, but our main priority is to supply readers with a solid knowledge base so that the more advanced literature on the topic is more readily digestible to a larger group of researchers. The way that researchers collect data has been transformed by technological advances. New types of data are being collected which are accompanied by new statistical methods necessary to analyze such data. Specifically, intensive longitudinal data have become more widespread in psychology where each person in the data provides a large amount of data over a relatively short interval. The statistical literature for modeling this type of data has moved more quickly than the uptake by researcher who collect and analyze their data. Therefore, the goal of this article is to walkthrough the basic idea of these models for intensive longitudinal data and how they can be fit in the popular Mplus software program, which was recently added specific routines for facilitating these types of models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment remains greatly underutilized. Innovative strategies are needed to improve AUD treatment access and patient engagement. The Ria Treatment Platform (RTP) is a patient-centered telemedicine AUD treatment program accessed through a smartphone application (app) that includes a package of physician visits (with AUD prescriptions as appropriate), text- and phone-based support from a recovery coach, video monitoring of medication adherence, and Bluetooth-linked breathalyzer tracking of alcohol intake.Objectives: The purpose of the current study is to examine changes in alcohol use among patients utilizing the RTP.Methods: This study examines daily breathalyzer blood alcohol content (BAC) readings collected from 77 adult patients (50.7% male) over the first 90 days in treatment with the RTP. Data were analyzed using dynamic structural equation modeling.Results: The treatment retention rate at 90 days was 55%. The best fit for the BAC data was given by a cubic curve, which showed that among patients who remained engaged for 90 days average BAC levels declined approximately 50% (from .091 to .045) from baseline to day 90.Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence of substantial alcohol use reductions among patients utilizing the RTP, an innovative telemedicine program accessed via smartphone. Although other alcohol-reduction apps have shown promise from scientific evaluations, the RTP appears to be the only app that incorporates physician-prescribed medication and a recovery coach. Research incorporating random assignment and meaningful comparison groups is needed to further evaluate this promising strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The body image field aims to cultivate positive body image. To do so, it must appreciate factors contributing to positive body image. Sexual desirability is one such factor. Using experience sampling data from Australian Grindr users, we aimed to quantify the overlap between sexual desirability and body satisfaction. We found sexual desirability and body satisfaction correlated strongly between- (r =.90) and within-persons (r Median =.60). Using dynamic structural equation modeling, we analyzed 238 participants' data (T = 9058), finding that sexual desirability and body satisfaction were bidirectionally related – previous sexual desirability predicted current body satisfaction (β = 0.22) and vice versa (β = 0.17). Participants' average body satisfaction tended to be higher when sexual desirability contributed more to body satisfaction (r =.31) and was more stable across time (r =.19). We found sexual desirability and body satisfaction overlap considerably and that sexual desirability may contribute more to body satisfaction than vice versa. Our results suggest that (1) sexual desirability and its dynamics across time influence body satisfaction, and (2) research on sexual desirability and its relationship with body image should be a focus for the field. We discuss avenues for future research on sexual desirability. • When sexual minority men feel sexy, they feel greater body satisfaction. • Sexual minority men who feel sexier, in general, tend to feel greater body satisfaction. • Feeling sexually desirable and body satisfaction mutually reinforce each other over time. • The field should incorporate sexual desirability into body image research and practice. • We present the first dynamic structural equation model published in Body Image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The investigation of session-to-session effects of working alliance on symptoms and coping experiences in patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. In addition, investigating these effects dependent on whether therapists are primed to work with patients strength (resource priming) or to adhere to the treatment manual (adherence priming). Method: Data was drawn from a randomized controlled trial in which 57 patients were randomly assigned to either the resource priming condition or the adherence priming condition. Within- and between patient associations were disentangled using dynamic structural equation modeling. Results: The total score of the working alliance, as well as all its overlapping components (i.e., goal agreement, task consensus, bond) showed significant within-patient effects on next session coping experiences. More specifically, better alliance scores in one session were followed by more coping experiences in the subsequent session. With regard to anxiety symptoms, an association was found only with the working alliance total score as well as for the bonds component, but not for the goals and task components of the working alliance. The priming condition (resource priming vs. adherence priming) had no influence on the within-patient alliance–outcome association. Between-patient alliance associations were only present with coping experiences, but not with anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: The findings provide further empirical evidence for the hypothesis that the working alliance may be a robust facilitative factor for change in CBT treatments for generalized anxiety disorder, which evolves irrespective of the strictness with which therapists adhere to the treatment manual. The present study shows that for a homogeneous sample of patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder, fluctuations in patients' ratings of the working alliance predict anxiety symptoms and coping experiences in the subsequent session. This alliance–outcome association was more pronounced for patients with higher average alliance scores over the course of the treatment but was not influenced by the strictness with which therapists adhered to the treatment manual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between esport participation and loneliness, as well as its moderating factors. Chinese college students (N = 216) self-reported their esport playing time and degree of loneliness each day immediately before bedtime for four consecutive weeks. The findings revealed that as playing time increased, students did not experience reduced sense of loneliness during playing esport, but they experienced a temporary and intensified feeling of loneliness the same day following gameplay. Students with higher general loneliness tended to feel more after-game loneliness associated with increased esport participation. Students with higher obsessive passion about esport tended to experience more loneliness (both in-game and after-game) associated with increased esport participation. Students with greater coping motivation about esport tended to experience more in-game loneliness associated with previous increased esport participation. Students who played esport less often with friends in person, or with more escape motivation toward esport, tended to increase esport participation time more following previous increased after-game loneliness. The findings suggested that college students should avoid utilizing esport to achieve a sense of belonging and should be cautious of the loneliness-inducing effect after gameplay. A healthy level of loneliness can be maintained by playing esport more with friends in person, learning strategies to avoid obsessive passion, coping motivation, and escape motivation towards esport. • Increased esport participation did not predict a reduction in feelings of loneliness during gameplay. • Increased esport participation predicted heightened feelings of loneliness on the same day following gameplay. • The relationship between esport participation and loneliness was moderated by esport playing habits, passion orientation, and motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate associations between self-reported biopsychosocial factors and persistent fatigue with dynamic single-case networks. 31 persistently fatigued adolescents and young adults with various chronic conditions (aged 12 to 29 years) completed 28 days of Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM) with five prompts per day. ESM surveys consisted of eight generic and up to seven personalized biopsychosocial factors. Residual Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling (RDSEM) was used to analyze the data and derive dynamic single-case networks, controlling for circadian cycle effects, weekend effects, and low-frequency trends. Networks included contemporaneous and cross-lagged associations between biopsychosocial factors and fatigue. Network associations were selected for evaluation if both significant (α < 0.025) and relevant (β ≥ 0.20). Participants chose 42 different biopsychosocial factors as personalized ESM items. In total, 154 fatigue associations with biopsychosocial factors were found. Most associations were contemporaneous (67.5%). Between chronic condition groups, no significant differences were observed in the associations. There were large inter-individual differences in which biopsychosocial factors were associated with fatigue. Contemporaneous and cross-lagged associations with fatigue varied widely in direction and strength. The heterogeneity found in biopsychosocial factors associated with fatigue underlines that persistent fatigue stems from a complex interplay between biopsychosocial factors. The present findings support the need for personalized treatment of persistent fatigue. Discussing the dynamic networks with the participant can be a promising step towards tailored treatment. No. NL8789 (http://www.trialregister.nl) • Individual dynamic single-case networks complement group-level research. • Biopsychosocial associations with fatigue were heterogeneous between participants. • The associations with fatigue differed widely in direction and strength. • The heterogeneity supports the need for personalized treatment of fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the success of their instruction, teachers need to rely on observable cues in students' behavior. However, students exhibit different attention-related behavior within one lesson as well as compared with their peers. It is not yet clear to what extent these differences result from the design of classroom instruction and how individual and contextual factors determine students' behavior during instruction. In the present study, we applied a continuous behavior-rating system to 10 classroom videos and based our analysis on 1200 1-s intervals of N = 199 students. Using dynamic structural equation modeling, students' attention-related behavior was primarily determined by contextual factors, stressing the important role of teachers but also the impact of factors that are unique in individual classrooms. • Momentary changes in students' learning behavior were investigated. • Student behavior was studied using dynamic structural equation modeling. • Students' behavior depended more on contextual than on their individual characteristics. • Dynamics within classrooms are unique to the set of students and their teacher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrinsic motivation (IM) and controlled extrinsic motivation (EM) have been widely studied by psychologists; however, most studies concern only static associations: Research on the dynamic relationship between employee motivation and the potential weekend effect is limited. Dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM), a novel time-series approach, was used to assess the daily dynamic and cyclic relationship between the two types of motivation. Derived from the Team Events and Motivation Study, data involved 238 employees (51 females) and a total of 11,470 daily questionnaires. Results supported the positive relationship between IM and controlled EM at the trait level and showed low or moderate carryover from one workday to the next. An increase in controlled EM was linked to higher IM on the next workday; furthermore, weekly cycles emerged in which employees showed lower motivation on Monday. The autoregressive effects of IM and controlled EM were greater from Friday to Monday than during other periods; in addition, bidirectional cross-lagged effects were negative after considering weekends. Findings highlight the complexity of the motivation process and the importance of understanding employee motivation from a dynamic perspective. • IM and controlled EM showed low or moderate carryover from one workday to the next. • An increase in controlled EM was linked to higher IM on the next workday. • Weekly cycles emerged in which employees showed lower motivation on Monday. • The carryover and cross-lagged effects were related to the weekend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Negative emotion dysregulation predicts next-day posttraumatic stress symptoms. • Similar findings emerge for positive emotion dysregulation. • Results highlight nuances of within- and between-individual relations. Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are a debilitating health concern that can develop following sexual assault. One factor central to PTSS is emotion dysregulation. However, little is known about how emotion dysregulation, particularly the dysregulation of positive (versus negative) emotions, relates to the maintenance of PTSS over time. This study aimed to address this gap in the literature by using a micro-longitudinal approach to examine daily reciprocal relations between negative and positive emotion dysregulation and PTSS. Participants were 121 individuals with a history of sexual assault (M age = 35.27; 70.2% women; 81.0% white) recruited from the community. Participants self-reported on negative and positive emotion dysregulation as well as PTSS once daily for seven days. Findings provide support for the effects of both negative and positive emotion dysregulation on increases in next-day PTSS. Results carry important implications for PTSS assessment and intervention efforts among those with a history of sexual assault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand how social anxiety develops, it is crucial to identify mechanisms that influence anxiety following social stressors. Anxiety sensitivity social concerns (ASSC; fear of publicly observable anxiety symptoms) and fear of negative evaluation (FNE; distress arising from concerns about negative judgment) are constructs that amplify anxiety following social stressors. However, it is unclear how ASSC and FNE influence acute anxiety following stressors in naturalistic settings. In the current study, the impact of ASSC and FNE on anxious arousal and anxious apprehension following stressors was examined in community adults (N = 83; M age = 29.66 years, SD = 12.49, 59.0% female) who completed questionnaires five times per day for two-weeks. Dynamic structural equation modeling was used to examine predictors of overall levels of anxiety as well as anxiety following social and nonsocial stressors. ASSC interacted with the presence of social stressors, such that ASSC positively predicted anxious arousal following social stressors. FNE interacted with the presence of nonsocial stressors to predict both forms of anxiety, such that FNE positively predicted anxiety following nonsocial stressors. These findings suggest ASSC may specifically amplify anxious arousal following social stressors, whereas FNE may broadly amplify anxiety following nonsocial stressors. • Anxiety sensitivity social concerns (ASSC) predicted anxiety after social stressors. • Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) predicted naturalistic fluctuations in anxiety. • Controlling for FNE, ASSC predicted anxiety following social stressors. • Accounting for shared variance, ASSC and FNE predict worry after nonsocial stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to dynamic, relational developmental systems-based theoretical perspectives, empathy is fundamental to understanding fluctuations in adaptive functioning. Most studies measuring empathy focus on group-based statistics, assuming short-term stability and developmental equivalence across people in empathy. The present research examined person-specific short-term fluctuations in empathy and their potential relations with well-being, indexed by mood and sleep. Collecting approximately 1260 observations nested in 35 adolescents (M age = 15.91, SD = 1.69) across 16 to 18 weeks, dynamic structural equation modeling identified person-specific fluctuations in empathic concern and perspective taking. On average, fluctuations in empathy were associated with daily mood but not daily sleep. However, the relations between empathy, mood and sleep differed across participants, and age moderated the within-person relation between empathic concern and sleep. The results contribute to our understanding of person-specificity in empathy variability and highlight that adolescents' capacity for empathy may vary across time and places. • Adolescents' empathy changes from day to day. • Adolescents' daily empathy covaried with daily mood but not sleep quality. • Association between empathy and mood and sleep quality varied across adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]