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Protein hydrolysates are composed of peptones and peptides, and their type depends on the biological source and manufacturing process. We studied the survival response of Salmonella enterica in the presence of casein, soy protein, and fish protein hydrolysates at refrigeration and freezing temperatures. Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) was identified as the only capable hydrolysate of sustaining the viability of S. enterica for 60 days at refrigeration temperatures. None of the three hydrolysates were able to impart cryoprotection to S. enterica under freezing conditions. The survival rate of S. enterica in FPH was further enhanced by growing the inoculum on agar instead of broth. An optimization study using response surface methodology was also conducted to identify suitable concentrations of protein hydrolysates capable of maximizing the survival of S. enterica. The results of this study can be used to manage Salmonella-related food safety incidents by replacing animal-sourced with plant-sourced protein hydrolysates at the recipe development stage, as well as the use of FPH in microbiological growth media and the formulation of secondary reference materials. These results indicate that FPH produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of Stolephorus indicus at lower concentrations (5%) can serve as nutritive agents in culture media, contribute to long-term preservation, and can be used in the formulation of quantitative reference materials for Salmonella.

In countries where farming is largely subsistence, no pedigree records of farm animals are maintained at farmers' herd and scientific mating plans are not observed which leads to the accumulation of inbreeding and loss of production potential. Microsatellites have been widely used as reliable molecular markers to measure inbreeding. We attempted to correlate autozygosity estimated from microsatellite data with the inbreeding coefficient (F) calculated from pedigree data in Vrindavani crossbred cattle developed in India. The inbreeding coefficient was calculated from the pedigree of ninety-six Vrindavani cattle. Animals were further grouped into three groups viz. acceptable/low (F: 0–5%), moderate (F: 5–10%) and high (F: ≥10%), based on their inbreeding coefficients. The overall mean of the inbreeding coefficient was found to be 0.070 ± 0.007. A panel of twenty-five bovine-specific loci were chosen for the study according to ISAG/FAO. The mean FIS,FST, and FIT values were 0.0548 ± 0.025, 0.012 ± 0.001 and 0.0417 ± 0.025, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the FIS values obtained and the pedigree F values. The locus-wise individual autozygosity was estimated using the method-of-moments estimator (MME) formula for locus-specific autozygosity. The autozygosities ascribing to CSSM66 and TGLA53 were found to be significantly (p <.01 and p <.05, respectively) correlated with pedigree F values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formal concept of lattice plays a vital role in knowledge discovery. Reduction of the attribute has many applications in machine learning technology and data mining fields. In this paper, we introduce an object ranking concept to define a consistency set and the reduction of the attributes by structural features. An incomplete information system works on the three-way concepts using the SE-ISI Context. The granular was emphasized with join (meet) irreducible sets using the object ranking concepts. A dual operator is defined based on the object ranking concepts and its properties and conditions are verified. Hence, this elaborates on the four kinds of reduction of the attributes. The ordered pairs give the knowledge of the attributes that deal with the interval set of both the approximation of rough set theory concerning the objects. Therefore, the relationship between four kinds of reduction of the attribute was appropriate to access the consistency set using the object ranking concepts by some of the theorems and examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) are widely used in high strength and light weight applications. AL7075 featuring high fatigue strength, good corrosion and wear resistance makes it to employ as a good vehicle building material and also finds it usage in some important engine components which are subjected to constant wear. In this study, dry sliding wear behaviour of hybrid MMC formed by reinforcement of aluminium 7075 with B4C and TiO2 at 3% and 3% weight fraction respectively is investigated. Reinforced particles are powdered using ball mill, reduced to nano size and uniformly dispersed in aluminium matrix using stir casting method. Specimen was prepared according to ASTM standards and wear tests were conducted. Experiments were conducted with keeping force, speed and distance as input parameters while Coefficient of Friction (CoF) and average wear rate as the output parameters. RSM and ANN models were developed to simulate the experiments. The surface which was subjected to test evidenced that presence of TiO2 and B4C particles protected the material to a certain extent. The tests revealed that wear rate and CoF were greatly influenced by force and distance followed by the speed of the rotating disc. The predictions from RSM and ANN models are also correlated well with the experimental data. ANN model also showed better accuracy and capability for predicting the wear rate and CoF. By desirability function, it was found that the material performed well at a keeping force of 38.9 N, speed of 300rpm and distance of 1000 rpm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the gelatin from fresh croaker fish (Johnius sp) skin was obtained by rapid extraction and its properties were assessed. The gelling and melting temperature of croaker skin gelatin was 17.4 and 23.8°C as revealed by dynamic visco-elastic analysis using Controlled Stress Rheometer. Croaker skin gelatin (CSG) had the bloom value of 193.4 g. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of freeze dried gelatin showed the presence of voids surrounded by a loose network imitating a sponge or coral like structure. Texture profile parameters such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of croaker fish skin gelatin gel were relatively lower than the porcine gelatin gel. The amino acid composition of gelatin revealed a higher proportion of glycine, alanine, and hydroxyl proline (30.25, 23.4, and 11.82 g/100 g protein, respectively) content. The electrophoretic analysis showed the presence of two peptide chains with the approximate molecular weight of 200 and 116 kDa corresponds to β and α peptide chain of collagen. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of gelatin showed peaks correspond to the structures like α helix, β sheet, and random coil in the gelatin preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of temperature, salinity and body-size on depuration of naturally accumulated heavy metals in clams, mussels and oysters harvested from Ashtamudi and Vembanad estuaries of Kerala, India were investigated using a static depuration system. Before depuration, the concentrations of heavy metals such as Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Zn were analysed and it was found that the Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb contents in all the three bivalve molluscs were above the prescribed limit which poses a significant health risk to bivalve consumers. To protect consumer food safety, depuration experiments were conducted at varying temperatures, salinities and body-sizes. The clams, mussels and oysters depurated under the room temperature depuration system (RTDS) showed a better reduction of heavy metals compared with low-temperature depuration system (LTDS). ANOVA showed clams and mussels depurated at RTDS significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the heavy metals than LTDS. However, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in oysters between RTDS and LTDS. Further, clams and mussels depurated at low salinity (15-psμ) showed high resistance against Pb reduction. But, all the heavy metals, particularly, Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu were effectively removed at higher salinity depuration (25-psμ and 35-psμ). Moreover, irrespective of the body-size of clams, mussels and oysters used for depuration, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in all metals (Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cu) was observed. Relatively, the medium-size bivalves showed higher reductions compared to small-size bivalves. Based on the experiments conducted, we recommend 48 h depuration using the static system under room temperature (30 ± 1 °C) with a salinity range of (25–35 psμ) using medium-size bivalves (clam>30 mm; mussel >45 mm, and oyster >65 mm length) as optimum conditions for producing safe bivalves for consumption in the tropics. [Display omitted] • Optimized the depuration process parameters of tropical bivalves for heavy metals. • Initial concentrations of Pb in bivalves pose a public health risk. • Zn showed high resistance to depuration in all the bivalves. • Temperature and salinity played a major role in depuration of heavy metals. • Bigger the size of the bivalve, better the depuration efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, biochemical changes in dressed and frozen storedPriacanthus hamrurand their influence on quality of fish sausage have been studied. During the frozen storage period of five months, moisture content decreased and led to the increment on other proximate constituents due to percentage balance. Quality indices such as total volatile base nitrogen and trimethyl amine nitrogen increased significantly (P< 0.05) and reached 44.80 mg N/100 g and 22.00 mg N/100 g of meat, respectively. Non-protein nitrogenous contents were found to decrease due to the loss in thaw drip. Lipid freshness parameters such as peroxide value and free fatty acid value increased and resulted in reduced extractability of salt soluble proteins. Gel strength of fish sausage decreased significantly (P< 0.05) during the storage period and this was also supported by the folding test. Increments in the expressible moisture content clearly indicated the loss of protein functionality, like water holding ability, due to denaturation during frozen storage. From the sensory evaluation, dressedP. hamrurcan be stored frozen without any cryoprotective and preservative agents up to four months when it is intended for the preparation of fish sausage and this was also evidence from the changes in biochemical constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fish protein hydrolysates were prepared from Catla catla using different proteases viz. alcalase, bromelain, flavorzyme and protamex and designated as HA (alcalase), HB (bromelain), HF (flavorzyme) and HP (protamex), respectively. HB was found to have higher 2, 2 diphynyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ( DPPH) free radical-scavenging activity followed by HF, HP and HA. HB had higher ferric-reducing power followed by HP, HF and HA. Linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition of HA, HB, HF and HP were 54 ± 4.75, 50 ± 2.60, 49 ± 3.00 and 36 ± 6.15%, respectively. Higher emulsion stability index and foaming capacity were recorded for HB. The emulsion activity index was higher in HP (52.76 ± 1.27 m2/g). The foaming stability was found to be good in HF. Practical Application The properties of fish protein hydrolysates from Catla catla using different enzymes have been studied. The protein hydrolysates prepared from C. catla can be used as antioxidant and functional ingredient in the processed food products. Among four different enzymes used, bromelain was effective in obtaining the protein hydrolysate with desired antioxidant and functional properties. The potential to use bromelain for hydrolysate preparation is high considering the abundance of pineapples in southern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the course of falciparum malaria in a 28-year-old male patient who developed haemoglobinuria, black water fever following parenteral administration with artesunate. In the treatment of falciparum malaria, apart from quinine, use of other antimalarials, either singly or in combination are associated with the syndrome of blackwater fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, the effect of dietary supplementation of thiamine and pyridoxine loaded vanillic acid-grafted chitosan microspheres (TPVGC) on growth, metabolic and immune responses in Wistar strain albino rats was studied. Eight experimental groups, namely four groups each for male and female rats were fed with 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6% of TPVGC in the diet. At the end of 45 days feeding trials, both male and female rats supplemented with TPVGC had higher weight gain% and specific growth rate than the control groups. Significantly (p < 0.05) lower blood glucose level and higher respiratory burst activity were recorded in the treatment groups than the control groups of both male and female rats. Activity of metabolic enzymes (aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control groups and a decreasing trend in the same was observed with a gradual increase in the inclusion level of TPVGC in the diet of the treatment groups. However, a reverse trend was observed for acetylcholine esterase. It was inferred that dietary supplementation of thiamine and pyridoxine loaded vanillic acid-grafted chitosan enhanced the growth performance, metabolic and immune responses in the animal-model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tilapia processing waste is a potential source for production of protein hydrolysates (FPH). • FPH improved the growth performance of Silver Pompano fingerlings. • Inclusion of FPH in the diet enhanced the innate immunity. • Supplementation of FPH increased disease resistance against Vibrio anguillarum. • FPH can be used as a bio-functional ingredient in aqua feed. Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) has gained importance in recent times due to its growth and health promoting properties. Forty days feeding trial was carried out to study the effect of FPH prepared from tilapia fish processing waste (TFW) on growth, metabolism, immunity and resistance against bacterial infection induced by Vibrio anguillarum in silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fingerlings. During the study, fishes were fed practical diets containing 0, 30, 60 and 90 g/kg tilapia protein hydrolysate (TPH) at 70 g/kg body weight per day initially which was gradually reduced to 30 g/kg. Animals fed with 90 g/kg tilapia protein hydrolysate in diet showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher weight gain percentage, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Similarly, metabolic enzyme activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in control group which decreased gradually with increasing level of TPH supplemented in diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher lysozyme activity and disease resistance against Vibrio anguillarum was observed in the fishes fed with 90 g/kg tilapia protein hydrolysate in diet. It can be concluded from the study that dietary supplementation of TPH shows promising results in terms of improved growth, metabolism, immune response and resistance against bacterial infection in silver pompano fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]