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Although it is often asserted that, in view of their reduced length, axially compressible beams have a higher buckling load than their inextensible counterpart, a detailed analysis demnstrates that this is not necessarily the case. The argument to arrive at this conclusion is made in terms of relatively straightforward concepts of elasticity and structural mechanics. It is shown that for certain classes of materials the reduced pre-buckling length is more than compensated by a softening of the elastic response, leading to a reduction of the Euler critical load.

Budiansky's nonlinear shell theory is particularized to a 2D setting, and thereupon generalized to a fully nonlinear, statically and kinematically exact, theory of strain-gradient elasticity of beams. The governing equations are displayed in their weak and strong forms. A suitable finite element is used to accommodate the new degrees of freedom emanating from the theory and several numerical examples with large geometrical nonlinearities are displayed showing the relative influence of the strain gradient. The numerical apparatus is then applied to permanently magnetized bodies under the action of external magnetic fields.

The use of double groupoids and their associated double Lie algebroids and characteristic distributions is proposed for the description and analysis of continuous media that carry two different constitutive or geometric structures. Various measures of misalignment and lack of uniformity that may arise when two individually perfectly uniform structures are combined are suggested, and the concept of coupled symmetries is proposed and illustrated.

The constitutive characterization of the uniformity and homogeneity of binary elastic composites is presented in terms of a combination of the material groupoids of the individual constituents. The incorporation of these two groupoids within a single double groupoid is proposed as a viable geometric differential framework for a unified formulation of this and similar kinds of problems in continuum mechanics.

An attempt is made to bring into harmony two of the paradigms commonly used in the theory of continuous distributions of defects. It is shown that the common differential geometric apparatus is provided neatly by the theory of G-structures. In the case of a structural model, based on putative experimental observations at the microscopic level, a G-structure can be shown to emerge from the group of linear transformations that preserve a tensorial quantity. For the phenomenological (macroscopic) constitutive model, the G-structure arises from the notion of material isomorphism and the underlying local symmetry group of the constitutive law. A comparative example is presented in the framework of certain smectic liquid crystals.

A hybrid quantum-classical model is proposed whereby a micro-structured (Cosserat-type) continuum is construed as a principal Hilbert bundle

The 1950's foundational literature on rational mechanics exhibits two somewhat distinct paradigms to the representation of continuous distributions of defects in solids. In one paradigm, the fundamental objects are geometric structures on the body manifold, e.g., an affine connection and a Riemannian metric, which represent its internal microstructure. In the other paradigm, the fundamental object is the constitutive relation; if the constitutive relations satisfy a property of material uniformity, then it induces certain geometric structures on the manifold. In this paper, we first review these paradigms, and show that they are equivalent if the constitutive model has a discrete symmetry group (otherwise, they are still consistent, however the geometric paradigm contains more information). We then consider bodies with continuously-distributed edge dislocations, and show, in both paradigms, how they can be obtained as homogenization limits of bodies with finitely-many dislocations as the number of dislocations tends to infinity. Homogenization in the geometric paradigm amounts to a convergence of manifolds; in the constitutive paradigm it amounts to a $\Gamma$-convergence of energy functionals. We show that these two homogenization theories are consistent, and even identical in the case of constitutive relations having discrete symmetries., Comment: v.2: minor changes

A novel formulation of statics in terms of the exterior algebra of an affine space is shown to be the underlying mathematical structure of Vlasov's thin-walled beam theory in structural mechanics.

Lie groupoids and their associated algebroids arise naturally in the study of the constitutive properties of continuous media. Thus, Continuum Mechanics and Differential Geometry illuminate each other in a mutual entanglement of theory and applications. Given any material property, such as the elastic energy or an index of refraction, affected by the state of deformation of the material body, one can automatically associate to it a groupoid. Under conditions of differentiability, this material groupoid is a Lie groupoid. Its associated Lie algebroid plays an important role in the determination of the existence of material defects, such as dislocations. This paper presents a rather intuitive treatment of these ideas.

The problem of constant-speed ballistics is studied under the umbrella of non-linear non-holonomic constrained systems. The Newtonian approach is shown to be equivalent to the use of Chetaev's rule to incorporate the constraint within the initially unconstrained formulation. Although the resulting equations are not, in principle, obtained from a variational statement, it is shown that the trajectories coincide with those of geometrical optics in a medium with a suitably chosen refractive index, as prescribed by Fermat's principle of least time. This fact gives rise to an intriguing mechano-optical analogy. The trajectories are further studied and discussed.

A continuum mechanical framework for the description of the geometry and kinematics of defects in material structure is proposed. The setting applies to a body manifold of any dimension which is devoid of a Riemannian or a parallelism structure. In addition, both continuous distributions of defects as well as singular distributions are encompassed by the theory. In the general case, the material structure is specified by a de Rham current $T$ and the associated defects are given by its boundary. For a motion of defects associated with a family of diffeomorphisms of a material body, it is shown that the rate of change of the distribution of defects is given by the dual of the Lie derivative operator., Comment: 28 pages

The existence of solutions to the boundary tracking of the displacement at one end of a linear Timoshenko beam is discussed on the basis of the Cauchy problem with time and space interchanged.

A unified theory of material defects, incorporating both the smooth and the singular descriptions, is presented based upon the theory of currents of Georges de Rham. The fundamental geometric entity of discourse is assumed to be represented by a single differential form or current, whose boundary is identified with the defect itself. The possibility of defining a less restrictive dislocation structure is explored in terms of a plausible weak formulation of the theorem of Frobenius. Several examples are presented and discussed., Comment: 6 pages, CanCNSM2013, Montreal

The theory of singular dislocations is placed within the framework of the theory of continuous dislocations using de Rham currents. For a general $n$-dimensional manifold, an $(n-1)$-current describes a local layering structure and its boundary in the sense of currents represents the structure of the dislocations. Frank's rules for dislocations follow naturally from the nilpotency of the boundary operator.

The notions of uniformity and homogeneity of elastic materials are reviewed in terms of Lie groupoids and frame bundles. This framework is also extended to consider the case Functionally Graded Media, which allows us to obtain some homogeneity conditions., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures