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The article aims to analyze the European Union (EU)'s approach to the Syrian crisis and to evaluate the role it attributes to Turkey. The EU's approach staggered between supporting transition in Syria to a postAssad regime and the need to protect itself against spill-over effects of the conflict. Two issues emerged as urgent priorities that determined the EU's approach to the conflict. One of them was to control the outpouring of refugees fleeing war and oppression in Syria and the other was to deal with the growing threat of terrorism, mainly the ISIL threat. The influx of Syrian refugees through the Aegean and Balkan route to the EU surged in the summer of 2015 leading to practical and political problems for EU countries. In the meantime, ISIL related terror attacks in the EU created a major security problem and led several Member States to bring back border controls in the Schengen area. The EU turned to Turkey and sought Turkeys cooperation in controlling the refugee flow and also keeping away the ISIL threat. The article looks at cooperation between Turkey and the EU and also points of contention that created hurdles in this cooperation. Keywords: EU Foreign Policy Turkey-EU Relations, Syrian Crisis, Refugee Crisis. Makalede Avrupa Birligi'nin (AB) Suriye krizine yaklasimi ve bununla ilgili olarak Turkiye'ye atfetigi rolun analizi amaclanmaktadir. AB'nin yaklasimi Suriye'de Esad sonrasi bir rejime gecisi desteklemek ile catismanin yayilan etkilerinden kendini korumak arasinda gidip gelmistir. Iki konu AB'nin catismaya yaklasimini belirleyen acil oncelikler olarak ortaya cikmistir. Bunlardan biri Suriye'de savastan ve baskidan kacan multeci akinini kontrol altina almak, digeri ise buyuyen terorizm tehdidi, esasen ISID ile mucadele etmektir. Ege ve Balkan guzergahi uzerinden AB'ye multeci akini 2015 yaz aylarindan itibaren hizla artmis ve AB ulkeleri icin pratik ve siyasi sorunlara yol acmistir. Bunun yaninda, AB'de gerceklesen ISID baglantili teror saldirilari temel bir guvenlik sorunu yaratmis ve bircok Uye devleti Schengen alaninda sinir kontrollerini tekrar baslatmaya itmistir. AB Turkiye'ye donerek, multeci akininin durdurulmasi ve ISID tehdidinin uzak tutulmasi icin isbirligi talep etmistir. Makale Turkiye ve AB arasindaki isbirligini ele almakta ve bu isbirligindeki uyusmazlik noktalarini degerlendirmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: AB Dis Politikasi, Turkiye-AB Iliskileri, Suriye Krizi, Multeci Krizi., The Syrian Crisis became a critical problem of strategic concern for both Turkey and the EU since 2011. Turkey, being a neighboring country to Syria and an aspiring regional power, [...]

The article comments on the important role of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the energy security of Europe as the leading country in the South Caucasus. There are many international organizations have written about it. As well as, there are the key sides in the strategic partnership have highlighted many agreements between the European Union countries and the Republic of Azerbaijan. The article highlights the increasing strategic importance of Azerbaijan in the European energy supply. The energy resources of Azerbaijan, as well as the role of a bridge between Asia and Europe, once again prove the relevance of the article. Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum pipelines have served to boost relations between EU and Azerbaijan. The European Union, along with giving its support to international projects, also boosts its economic significance. The 'Contract of the Century', which was signed between the two sides, was a turning point in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Apart from the technical and economic significance of this 'main export oil pipeline,' its political role is also great. This pipeline will give impetus to the re-establishment of relations between the world states, especially European Union and the Azerbaijani state, as well as Caucasus region. Keywords: European Union, Republic of Azerbaijan, Contract of Century, South Caucasus, Energy potential, 1. Introduction. The position and role of Azerbaijan in the European Union energy supply Relative share and role of Azerbaijan in the European energy supply is gradually increasing. Azerbaijan located [...]

In the debate about the European Neighbourhood Policy, two positions may be distinguished: those who propose a stricter and more consistent use of democratic conditionality, prioritizing democracy over other EU objectives--and those who refuse to set compliance with democratic standards as a precondition for support, expecting democracy to emerge from closer linkages. The paper argues that both positions do not sufficiently recognize the selective effectiveness of EU conditionality. Democracy conditions can become effective if (1) dense societal, economic and cultural ties with the EU support their domestic acceptance and (2) ruling political elites are faced with a competitive opposition. While the EU can not generate or reinforce domestic political competition in Eastern Partnership countries, its democracy conditions can become effective in competitive constellations by helping domestic political actors to agree on institutional constraints to executive authority or on mechanisms of executive accountability. The EU's democracy conditions remain ineffective in less competitive political systems, because their ruling political elites lack incentives to cooperate with the opposition. Keywords: Europeanization, democratic conditionality, European neighbourhood, Eastern Partnership, Introduction The European Union has offered privileged relations to the three western and the three Caucasian successor states of the former Soviet Union--Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia--in the [...]

The paper offers an overview of the evolution of the Eastern-Partnership, viewed from the main conclusions of each Summit dedicated to the EaP. I tried to analyse separately each summit, and the evolution of political discourse is significant. If in 2009 they spoke in Prague about an ambitious project, which encouraged good governance and development of new economic partnerships, the last summit at Riga in 2015, drew a real alarm on the worrying developments around Romania. The Eastern Partnership was intended to provide within the EU a tangible support and comprehensive democratic transformation, and an oriented market. Keywords: Eastern Partnership, summit, Romania, EU, Introduction The Eastern Partnership (EaP) is a joint initiative involving the EU, its member states and 6 eastern European partners: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. The Russian-Georgian conflict [...]

The post-1945 world was shaped, regulated and led by the transatlantic order, based on a set of values, interests, arrangements and institutions emerging from the strategic alliance between the United States and Western Europe. The West won the Cold War and eventually extended its umbrella over the Central and Eastern European countries, after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The ideological core of the liberal democracy has been the corner-stone of the Western system and the engine for a long era of success and hegemony. More than a simple review of the current theories focusing on the end of the Atlantic order but definitely less than a comprehensive answer to the major interrogations of a changing world, this article assumes the modest purpose of emphasizing some questions, real arguments as well as a few dilemmas (and sometimes illusions!) related to the nowadays large perception of a definitive transfer of the 'gravity centre' from Atlantic to Asia-Pacific co-ordinates. Key words: West, United States, Europe, Atlantic, Asia-Pacific, The approach of this paper is not necessarily lining up with the current thesis naming the decline of the North-Atlantic order but it takes into consideration multiple evidences of a [...]

EUROPEANS DON'T COME from Venus. They are the conflicted inheritors of a long military tradition which still survives--but which nearly devastated their continent, leaving in its trail a complex relationship [...]

ROBERT KAGAN'S ARTICLE 'Power and Weakness' fascinated Washington and European capitals when it appeared in this journal ten years ago. Its most famous line-- 'Americans are from Mars and Europeans [...]

BOB KAGAN'S ESSAY, 'Power and Weakness,' was and remains brilliant. Funny and illuminating, it crystallized a set of thinking at a critical moment in history. And it stands the test [...]

ON A BLEAK February day in 2.002, I found myself standing in a derelict Christian cemetery in Kabul, a bemused onlooker at a memorial service for the British soldiers who [...]

THE ATLANTIC ALLIANCE has demonstrated remarkable resilience over the past two decades. Most alliances do not outlast the dissolution of the threat that brought them into being, nato, however, not [...]

TEN YEARS AGO Robert Kagan told us it was time 'to stop pretending that Europeans and Americans shared a common view of the world.' We knew, of course, that we [...]

The liberal international agenda promoted by the European Union is in crisis. At a time when America is rediscovering the merits of multilateralism, engagement, and diplomacy, Europe is slowly acknowledging [...]

Western Europe's twentieth century was characterised by conflict and peace. Between 1900 and 1945, the failings of European liberal democracy led to the First and Second World Wars, which caused [...]

The hidden secret at the cote of Michael Haneke's remarkable film of that name is Georges Laurent's denunciation of a young Algerian boy who found refuge on his relatives' farm after his own parents had perished in the infamous 1961 Paris massacre. In a bizarre return of the repressed, the memory of this betrayal invades and destroys his affluent bourgeois existence forty years later. In this article, I attempt to link this return to the 'colonial boomerang' of the suburban revolts of 2005 (and 2007) and the ''official' occlusion of past crimes against humanity most clearly shown in the case of Maurice Papon, in which the betrayal of France's Jews and the massacre of Algerian demonstrators merge on the grounds of the Vel d'Hiv.

The responses of different Directorates-General to the European Commissions integration of immigration and asylum goals in to the European Union's external relations are examined. Political pressure from their regions is found to influence organizational responses, which can be grouped in four types: adaptation, institutional decoupling, reinterpretation and evasion.

The article examines the agreements, economic cooperation, major obstacles and upcoming potential of the European-Mediterranean partnership in terms of the Economic and Financial Partnership (EFP).

The aim of this research is to analyze how Turkey is portrayed by the British media. This study uses discourse analysis to examine Turkey's portrayal in two British daily newspapers, [...]

The European Union's (EU's) legitimacy deficit in the eyes of non-Europeans is analyzed. The negative Israeli narrative regarding the EU is discussed.

The modified American policy and the growth of oil and gas traffic which has led to the shift in the importance of Black Sea and the western Balkan parts of southeast Europe, has put Romania and Bulgaria in fundamentally new external situations. The dynamic of the Turkish accession process has been found to highly affect the international relations of Romania and Bulgaria, in addition to their ties with EU and Turkey.

The series of events, which followed the signature of the Rome treaty in 2004, proves the uncertainties of reconciling European policy goals with national political opinion. The treaties stated objective was to achieve greater clarity in the relations between European nations over a variety of areas, which include a clearer definition of the powers of the EU.

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00484.x Byline: Alun Jones (*) Keywords: Europeanization; geopolitical narrative; Mediterranean; state spaces Abstract: Europeanization, defined as a multidirectional process that entails changes in the rationales and structures of state action, involves the diffusion of distinctive forms of political organization and governance and the promotion of 'European' solutions outside of European Union territory. I examine Europeanization in the context of international region building in the Mediterranean and demonstrate how geopolitical narratives for Europeanization are constructed by state and European political actors. These narratives serve as an instruction for the sociopolitical mobilization of states in their search for new economic and geopolitical advantages. Through a rigorous empirical analysis, I seek to meld narrative-based political geographies and state space regulation and show how international region building is a messy, problematic, and highly contested activity for parceling, regulating, and representing geopolitical space. Author Affiliation: (*)Department of Geography, University of Leicester Article History: Initial submission, April 2005; revised submission, September 2005; final acceptance, September 2005 Article note: Correspondence: Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom, e-mail: arj11@le.ac.uk.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.11.001 Byline: Joan Johnson-Freese, Andrew S. Erickson Abstract: Through a techno-nationalist lens, this paper will assess the growing China-European Union (EU) space partnership, and its implications for international space cooperation and competition. Techno-nationalism (jishu minzuzhuyi), the idea that technological strength is an effective determinant of national power in a harshly competitive world,.sup.3 3 See Shen Hao. 'Woguo tuliaoye de 'jishu minzuzhuyi'yu guoji de zhiding' ['Techno-nationalism and the establishment of national standards in china's coatings industry]. China Paint 2004;8:8-9; Jiang Qiping. ''Xin jishu minzuzhuyi'jiang xingqi -- jishu qiangguo luxian tu fenxi zhiyi' ['New techno-nationalism' is on the rise-an analysis of one path to techno-national power]. China Internet Weekly 2004;20:58-9; Zhang Yuan, Chang Guangyi. ' Jishu xinxi buneng shuzhigaoge' [Technology information must not be neglected]. Developing 1996;4: 12-3. informs both Chinese and US perceptions of China's space development. Using this lens elevates all space activities -- manned, unmanned, military and scientific -- to the strategic level. It is our contention that because of the increasing China-EU space partnership, the USA must re-evaluate its approach to China -- away from the containment approach, which has thus far predominated, toward an approach which would offer the USA the opportunity to influence and, thereby, decrease the importance of the emerging partnership. Author Affiliation: US Naval War College, 686 Cushing Road, Newport, RI 02841-1207, USA

The decision-making behavior of seconded national experts in the European commission includes a mix of departmental, epistemic and supranational behavior is presented. It is found that the decision-making behavior evoked by seconded national officials in the commission is strongly affected by organizational characteristics of the commission itself and less by the member-state administrations from which the secondees originate.

The debate regarding the effect of European Union (EU) on its member states is discussed without including the non-EU members. Three strategies were used to demonstrate the importance of the EU that points to the limits of the process tracing and counterfactual reasoning and advocates the comparison of EU member states with non-members.

As George W. Bush begins the sixth year of his presidency, he has been lamed if not crippled by international condemnation of suspected torture of detainees in U.S. custody. Media […]

Victor Davis Hanson: Today's Euro-USA Split Will Persist The new chasm between Europe and the United States seems to widen still--even as transatlantic diplomats assure us that it has narrowed--despite [...]

The topic of empire has loomed large in recent writings on eighteenth-century Britain. This article attempts to encourage greater appreciation of Britain's multifarious connections with continental Europe in this period. It also seeks to establish that empire and Europe were seen by many Britons as complementary rather than competing areas of interest and engagement.

As he starts his second term, President George W. Bush will soon test the distance between America and its anxious, fractious, and sometimes baffled European allies, especially France and Germany. [...]

"It is no longer possible to paper over the differences in joint communiques and attractive photo opportunities. What is needed is a new transatlantic bargain that includes a European response to the challenges of the Bush administration."

The significance of the potential global impact of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) framework is examined as to how this interregional framework positively and usefully connects with, and interacts in the wider global system. The term 'multilateral utility' is referred to as the proactive contributions made by the framework to foster stability, peace, prosperity and equality in the global system in partnership with multilateral institutions.

The transatlantic relationship is fraying at the edges. The Europeans are increasingly uneasy over the George W. Bush administration's national security policy, judging by the pronouncements coming from government officials. [...]

Tensions between the United States and its European allies often ran high during the later days of the Cold War, but today's conflicts are more numerous and frequently more severe--and [...]

Notwithstanding the end of the cold war, Russia continued to occupy a prominent place in some of the most divisive debates in American foreign policy in the 1990s and promises [...]

This article advances hypotheses linking specific European institutions to changes in agent preferences, with the objective to explore the pathways and mechanisms through which such shifts occur. Drawing on work in social psychology and communications research, the author develops a micro-, process-, and agency-based argument on the nature of social interaction within institutions. Empirically, he examines committees of the Council of Europe, the main European rights institution, asking whether the preferences/interests of social agents changed as they discussed and debated issues. Put differently, did they 'go native' in Strasbourg? Theoretically, a series of scope conditions for when argumentative persuasion will be effective in 'changing minds' is advanced. By thus defining clear domains of application, the article contributes to a central goal of this special issue: building bridges to other--rationalist, in this case--views on social interaction. Keywords: persuasion; institutions; preferences; agency; Council of Europe.

The literature on European foreign policy has paid scant attention to one critical aspect--European diplomacy. This article considers the nature of European diplomacy, the ways in which it manifests itself and, most importantly, the preparation of EU officials as well as national diplomats for European diplomacy. It is argued that more attention needs to be paid to training so that they may engage more effectively in European diplomacy. In order to facilitate this, support is lent to the idea of establishing a College of European Diplomacy. Effective European foreign policy needs a professional supporting diplomatic service.

The following is the executive summary of a September 2002 joint policy paper by the Atlantic Council of the United States (ACUS) and the German Marshall Fund of the United [...]

In April of this year, I was asked by the State Department to give a presentation on American culture at a large conference of European academics, government officials, and businessmen [...]

A history of Russian-European relations is presented, from early attempts by Europeans to colonize Russia to contemporary issues such as Russia's relationship with NATO and the European Union.

A series of news briefs provides an overview of international current events and implications for the former Soviet Union. Topics include America's rejoining UNESCO, a potential alliance between NATO and Georgia, Japanese/North Korean foreign policy, European visa initiatives, oil pipeline construction and the impact of police corruption on tourism in St. Petersburg.

Peter Wood: Welcome to this final session of 'Our Country, Our Culture.' I will be moderating this panel on 'European/American Relations: Who Leads?' That question can be broached in several [...]

IRAQ To start by stating the obvious, Saddam Hussein's regime is a serious problem. He is a brutal dictator responsible for horrendous wars. He has manufactured weapons of mass destruction [...]

The alliance between most Western European nations and the US that has lasted for over 50 years is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Differing approaches in international economics, Middle East tensions, the war on terrorism, and the uses of force are deepening rifts caused by emphasizing coercion rather than example.