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Highlights Introduce the role of bioelectricity and the endogenous electric field in bone tissue and summarize different techniques to electrically stimulate cells and tissue. Highlight the latest progress in exploring electroactive hybrid biomaterials as well as self-powered systems such as triboelectric and piezoelectric-based nanogenerators and photovoltaic cell-based devices in bone tissue engineering. Emphasize the significance of simulating the target tissue’s electrophysiological microenvironment and propose the opportunities and challenges faced by electroactive hybrid biomaterials and self-powered bioelectronics.

Piezoelectric nanogenerators have emerged as a pivotal platform technology in bioengineering, advancing cardiac healthcare. Unlike common pacemakers, these devices capitalize on the mechanical energy derived from cardiac movements to power themselves, presenting a sustainable alternative to the battery constraints faced by current implantable cardiac devices. This review explores the advances in piezoelectric nanogenerators for cardiac monitoring and therapy, highlighting their capabilities to not only track cardiac activity but also provide therapeutic interventions and reliable energy for pacemakers. It also discusses the electrical stimulation effects and biocompatible integration with human biology, positioning piezoelectric nanogenerators at the forefront of healthcare solutions. This enhances the effectiveness, durability, and personalization of cardiac care.