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Entropy generation(EG) has attracted the attention of scientists and researchers worldwide due to its applications in the industrial and engineering sectors. Applications of entropy generation can be seen in chillers, air conditioners, air separates, air coolers, nuclear reactors, and vehicle engines. In the current investigation, we have analyzed entropy generation in Maxwell hybrid nanofluid(HNF) flow over a porous stretching sheet. Darcy Forchheimer(DF) relation is considered. Due to stretching of sheet flow generates. The thermal expression is reported taking influences of dissipation, radiation, and heat source. The second law of thermodynamics is utilized to obtain EG for considered flow. Boundary layer assumptions are considered in the modeling. Partial differential equations(PDEs) governing the flow are changed into dimensionless ordinary differential equations(ODEs) through transformations. The solution of reduced ODEs is constructed via NDSolve code in Mathematica software. Different influential flow variables impact on velocity, temperature, irreversibility, and Bejan number are discussed graphically. Physical quantities are examined numerically. The results show that velocity diminished for rising porosity and Forchheimer variables. Temperature field upsurges for an upturn in radiation and Eckert numbers, an opposite impact is noticed for higher Prandtl number. EG escalates for greater radiation, temperature, and Brinkman variables.

Entropy generation in nanofluid flows is a critical parameter that influences the performance, efficiency, and sustainability of thermal systems. Understanding and optimizing entropy creation can lead to noteworthy advancements in numerous engineering applications, from renewable energy systems to industrial processes and biomedical equipments. The purpose of this article is to examine the entropy produced in the bioconvection flow of Eyring-Powell nanomaterial with gyrotactic microorganisms. The mathematical equations representing the flow are modeled considering the flow towards a porous surface of a cylinder. Together with the effects of the governing parameters, the mass and heat transfer components of the problem are discussed. The thermal effects of different natures are used in a new way. Overall, entropy creation is designed with regard to the second law of thermodynamics. Activation energy, chemical reaction, thermal radiation, and internal friction force effects are accounted for the development of the mathematical model. Coupled non-linear dimensional equations have been altered into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and then treated using the MATLAB Finite Difference Method (FDM). Consequence of diverse sundry parameters on entropy production, thermal field, mass concentration profile, Bejan quantity, and motile density of microorganisms is deliberated via plots. Through tables, engineering quantities are analyzed. According to the findings, the velocity profile rises as the curvature and Eyring-Powell fluid parameters rise, while it falls when the magnetic parameter is enhanced. Additionally, it is noted that as the curvature variable enhances, the rate of heat transfer and skin friction coefficient decays.

Entropy generation (EG) in bioconvective nanofluid flows is a phenomenon that occurs due to the presence of nanoparticles and microorganisms within fluid flows. EG leads to an increase in thermodynamic irreversibility within the system. Understanding and quantifying EG in nanofluid flows is essential to optimize heat transfer processes and design efficient systems. Current investigation aims to analyze the irreversibility of the magnetized bioconvective flow of non-Newtonian micropolar type nanofluid. Flow features are modeled considering flow by a Darcy Forchheimer permeable surface of a stretched sheet. Phenomenon of bioconvection in a micropolar fluid is considered to regulate the solid tiny particles. Magnetic field and permeability effects are accounted in momentum relation. Energy relation is constructed in the presence of Joule heating, internal fluid friction, and thermal radiation. Mass concentration equation is formulated by accounting Arrhenius kinetics and binary chemical reaction. Furthermore, the buoyancy effects of solid tiny particles are considered in thermal and concentration relations. Total entropy of the considered flow is modeled using the second thermodynamics law. System of dimensional equations representing the flow is obtained with the implementation of boundary layer approximations. The acquired system is altered into an ordinary one through transformations and then tackled by numerical scheme Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method (RKF-45) in the Mathematica package. Behavior of velocity, thermal field, entropy production, mass concentration, motile density, and Bejan number versus sundry variables is investigated through plots. Skin friction, local heat, mass, and density rates are numerically examined. Thermal field upsurges and velocity field decays versus higher Hartmann number. Entropy generation improved versus higher Brinkman number, microorganisms diffusion variable, and temperature difference ratio variable.

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained significant attention in the field of fluid dynamics and fluid flows due to their unique properties and the potential to enhance various aspects of fluid transport features. This article explores the behavior of Darcy–Forchheimer flow of Propylene glycol $$\left( {C_{3} H_{8} O_{2} } \right)$$ C 3 H 8 O 2 submerged single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The flow features are examined over stretched preamble surface of sheet. Energy relation is acquired in manifestation of thermal radiation and Joule heating. Aspects of Arrhenius kinetics and chemical reaction are assimilated in mass transport relation. Furthermore, effects of intermolecular fluid friction is accounted. Flow prevailing mathematical model is acquired by implementing boundary layer assumptions. Transformations procedure is adapted to alter the dimensional model into non-dimensional one and then tackled through Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method (RKF-45) in Mathematica. Effective consequences of influential flow controlling parameters on fluid velocity, thermal transport and concentration are inspected by plotting. Numerical computations for interesting engineering quantities like skin friction coefficient, mass and heat transfer rates are tabulated and investigated. It is noticed that thermal field boosts versus curvature variable, Eckert and Hartmann numbers. Retardation in mass concentration is noticed via Schmidt number and activation energy variable. Velocity field shows decreasing trend through porosity parameter, Hartmann number and Darcy–Forchheimer variable. Furthermore, it is noticed that magnitude of skin friction coefficient is higher for SWCNT as compared to MWCNT.

Abstract Entropy generation is a concept that is primarily associated with thermodynamics and engineering, and it plays a crucial role in understanding and optimizing various processes and systems. Applications of entropy generation can be seen in turbo machinery, reactors, chillers, desert coolers, vehicle engines, air conditioners, heat transfer devices and combustion. Due to industrial applications entropy generation has gained attention of researchers. Owing such applications, current communication aims to model and analyzed the irreversibility in Sutterby nanoliquid flow by stretched cylinder. Momentum equation is reported by considering porosity, Darcy Forchheimer and magnetic field. While in energy equation radiation and Joule heating effects are accounted. Activation energy impact is accounted in the modeling of concentration equation. Thermodynamics second law is utilized for physical description of irreversibility analysis. Through similarity transformations dimensional equations representing flow are transformed to dimensionless ones. Numerical solution for ordinary system is obtained via Runge–Kutta-Fehlberg scheme in Mathematica platform through NDsolve code. Influence of prominent variables on velocity, entropy, temperature, Bejan number and concentration are graphically analyzed. Coefficient of skin friction, gradient of temperature and Sherwood number are numerically analyzed. The obtained results show that velocity field decreases through higher porosity and Forchheimer variables. Velocity and temperature curves shows an opposite trend versus magnetic parameter. A decay in concentration distribution is noticed through larger Schmidt number. Entropy generation amplifies against magnetic parameter and Brinkman number.

The main objective of this research paper is to scrutinize the entropy generation(EG) in the bioconvective flow of micropolar fluid by porous surface of a stretched sheet. Mixed convection effects are considered. Thermal radiation, internal fluid friction, Joule heating, and heat generation aspects are accounted for in the energy relation. Mass concentration relation is developed because of the binary chemical reactions associated with Arrhenius kinetics. The governing equations for the micropolar fluid are developed based on Buongiorno's model with the help of boundary layer restrictions. By invoking the transformation procedure, dimensional model is made dimensionless. The well-known shooting technique RKF-45 in Mathematica software is implemented to solve the transformed equations. Performance of micropolar fluid velocities, thermal field, entropy generation, mass concentration, Bejan number, and motile density versus influential variables are highlighted. Furthermore, the intensity of skin friction, Nusselt quantity, motile density, and Sherwood number is computed and analyzed. It is observed that the rate of EG improves while the Bejan number diminishes versus higher Brinkman number, and diffusion parameter due to gyrotactic microorganisms. Magnitude of heat transfer rate boosts through higher Γ, Qs, Ec, Ha and Rd at an average percentage of 44, 82, 189, 156 respectively.

Allen Cahn (AC) equation is highly nonlinear due to the presence of cubic term and also very stiff; therefore, it is not easy to find its exact analytical solution in the closed form. In the present work, an approximate analytical solution of the AC equation has been investigated. Here, we used the variational iteration method (VIM) to find approximate analytical solution for AC equation. The obtained results are compared with the hyperbolic function solution and traveling wave solution. Results are also compared with the numerical solution obtained by using the finite difference method (FDM). Absolute error analysis tables are used to validate the series solution. A convergent series solution obtained by VIM is found to be in a good agreement with the analytical and numerical solutions.

In this paper, we provide a solution to the Cahn–Hilliard equation using the q-homotopy analysis method (q-HAM). The q-HAM is a more general, simple and widely used method for solving stiff nonlinear partial differential equations. The Cahn–Hilliard equation is a classical model in material sciences that describe spinodal decomposition and phase separation in two-phase flows. Using the q-HAM, the effect of various parameters of physical interest such as diffusive parameter, thickness parameter, advection and reaction terms on concentration is studied. The comparison of the computed solution with the exact solution is presented for some fixed parameter values to validate the solution obtained using the q-HAM.

In this communication irreversibility minimization in bio convective Walter's-B nanofluid flow by stretching sheet is studied. Suspended nanoparticles in Walter's-B fluid are stabilized by utilizing microorganisms. Total irreversibility is obtained via thermodynamics second law. The influences of applied magnetic field, radiation, Joule heating and activation energy are accounted in momentum, temperature and concentration equations. Furthermore thermophoresis and Brownian movement impacts are also accounted in concentration and temperature expressions. The flow governing dimensional equations are altered into dimensionless ones adopting transformation procedure. Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) code in Mathematica is implemented to get the convergent series solution. The influences of important flow variables on temperature, velocity, motile density, irreversibility, mass concentration, Bejan number and physical quantities are analyzed graphically. The obtained results revel that the velocity profile decreases for escalating magnetic parameter and Forchheimer number. Entropy generation is increased for higher Brinkman variable while Bejan number declines versus Brinkman variable. The important observations are given at the end.

ABSTRACT Phazolicin (PHZ) is a peptide antibiotic exhibiting narrow-spectrum activity against rhizobia closely related to its producer, Rhizobium sp. strain Pop5. Here, we show that the frequency of spontaneous PHZ-resistant mutants in Sinorhizobium meliloti is below the detection limit. We find that PHZ can enter S. meliloti cells through two distinct promiscuous peptide transporters, BacA and YejABEF, which belong to the SLiPT (SbmA-like peptide transporter) and ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter families, respectively. The dual-uptake mode explains the lack of observed resistance acquisition because the simultaneous inactivation of both transporters is necessary for resistance to PHZ. Since both BacA and YejABEF are essential for the development of functional symbiosis of S. meliloti with leguminous plants, the unlikely acquisition of PHZ resistance via the inactivation of these transporters is further disfavored. A whole-genome transposon sequencing screen did not reveal additional genes that can provide strong PHZ resistance when inactivated. However, it was found that the capsular polysaccharide KPS, the novel putative envelope polysaccharide PPP (PHZ-protecting polysaccharide), as well as the peptidoglycan layer jointly contribute to the sensitivity of S. meliloti to PHZ, most likely serving as barriers that reduce the amount of PHZ transported inside the cell. IMPORTANCE Many bacteria produce antimicrobial peptides to eliminate competitors and create an exclusive niche. These peptides act either by membrane disruption or by inhibiting essential intracellular processes. The Achilles’ heel of the latter type of antimicrobials is their dependence on transporters to enter susceptible cells. Transporter inactivation results in resistance. Here, we show that a rhizobial ribosome-targeting peptide, phazolicin (PHZ), uses two different transporters, BacA and YejABEF, to enter the cells of a symbiotic bacterium, Sinorhizobium meliloti. This dual-entry mode dramatically reduces the probability of the appearance of PHZ-resistant mutants. Since these transporters are also crucial for S. meliloti symbiotic associations with host plants, their inactivation in natural settings is strongly disfavored, making PHZ an attractive lead for the development of biocontrol agents for agriculture.

The developing interest in thermal engineering and nano-technology presented the idea of nanoparticles with enhanced thermal mechanisms and attained convinced novel applications in heat transportation systems, solar energy, micromechanics, air conditioning systems, cooling and heating facilities, bio-medical applications like cancer treatment, artificial heart surgery etc. Beside this, the phenomenon of entropy generation is another fascinating research area which used to improve the assessment of heat transportation with optimized procedure. The entropy generation in bio-convective flow of Eyring-Powell nanofluid over permeable stretched surface of cylinder is scrutinized in this research. The effects of magnetic field, thermal radiation and viscous dissipation are considered. Concentration communication is obtained in view of activation energy associated with binary chemical reaction. Furthermore, properties of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis of nanoparticles are accounted. Suspended nanoparticles are made stable through mutual effects of bioconvection and buoyancy forces. Total entropy generation rate is modeled through second thermodynamics law. The governing flow model is obtained with the help of boundary layer approximations. Dimensional model is transformed into non-dimensional one by transformations and then tackled by Newton built-in shooting procedure. Impact of different influential variables on entropy generation, velocity, temperature, concentration, Bejan number and motile density of microorganisms are analyzed via graphs. Numerical values of skin friction coefficient, density, Sherwood and Nusselt numbers are tabulated and examined. Major findings are listed at the end. Since this analysis is based on theoretical flow assumptions, therefore the flow parameters specify the constant range like 0.0⩽Γ⩽6.0, 1.0⩽γ⩽4.0, 0.1⩽Ha⩽1.2, 0.2⩽λ⩽0.6,0.2⩽Rd⩽1.7, 0.1⩽K⩽3.0, 0.1⩽Pr⩽4.5, 0.3⩽Nb⩽1.8, 0.2⩽Nt⩽1.7, 0.0⩽E1⩽1.0, 1.0⩽Ec⩽4.0, 0.2⩽σ⩽1.4, 0.4⩽Sc⩽1.7, 1.0⩽δ⩽2.5, 0.5⩽Pe⩽2.0, 0.5⩽Ω°⩽2.0, 0.1⩽Br⩽1.0,0.1⩽Lb⩽1.5. The results show that fluid velocity decreases with curvature parameter and porosity constant. A decreasing variation in nanofluid temperature due to curvature parameter is examined. The entropy generation and Bejan number decline Brinkman number, motile density diffusion parameter and mass concentration diffusion variable. Furthermore, it is observed that skin friction coefficient increases with curvature parameter and porosity constant.

A pot experiment was conducted at Horticulture Experimental Area, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan to investigate the combined effects of NPK and organic manures on growth and yield of carrot, for two consecutive years. The experiment was laid out in CRD with six treatments and four replications. Five different organic manures such as poultry manure (PM), sewage sludge (SS), farmyard manure (FYM), press mud (PrM) and goat manure (GM) were applied in combination with NPK, each at recommended levels for two successive years. A fertilizer check (control) was also included as treatment where no fertilizer and manure were used. The study revealed significant improvements in almost all growth and yield attributes by combined application of NPK and organic manures. Among different combinations, NPK + PM surpassed all other treatments by giving maximum leaves per plant (8.73 and 8.13), leaf length (38.17 and 36.77cm), root length (29.30 and 24.83cm), root diameter (3.10 and 3.27cm), root weight per plant (142.40 and 142.00g), total biomass per plant (169.33 and 166.67g) and root yield (56.67 and 56.83 t/ha), during both the experimental years. Similarly, NPK combination with green manure and sewage sludge also produced better results pertaining to carrot growth and production for two consecutive years. It was also observed during the study that control treatment showed poorest findings and placed at lowest levels.

Here flow behavior of stratified Williamson nanofluid over porous surface of stretching cylinder is examined. The concept of gyrotactic miscroorganisms is implemented to control the random movement of suspended nanoparticles. Effects of magnetic field is accounted. Further chemical reaction with Arrhenius activation energy is considered for the modeling of concentration equation. Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are further considered. The flow model is obtained by employing the boundary layer assumptions. Appropriate transformations are used to reduced the dimensional system into non-dimensional ones. NDSolve code in MATHEMATICA software is used to tackle the obtained non-dimensional flow expressions. Behavior of velocity, mass concentration, temperature and motile microorganisms versus involved variables is examined graphically. The engineering curiosity like skin friction coefficient, heat and mass transfer rates (Nusselt and Sherwood numbers) and density number are computed and analyzed. Important observations are highlighted at the end.

Abstract This research work investigates the existence of semianalytical solutions of a chemical kinematics model. We develop the conditions for the existence of the solutions for a proposed enzyme kinetics model, via tools of the fixed point theory. The semianalytical results were obtained with the help of Laplace transformation and Adomian decomposition method. The results established by the proposed techniques are in the form of infinite series. Furthermore, with extending homotopy perturbation method (HPM), we develop a series solutions for the considered model. By using Matlab, we present the approximate solution for both methods up to a few series terms.

Abstract Plant pathogenic bacteria engage in an ongoing struggle for survival. Gram negative phytopathogenic prokaryotes deploy type III secretion system to deliver effector proteins into plant cells to manipulate the host cellular environment. In many cases, the targets of these effector proteins are unknown. The bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), causes a devastating disease in rice and the Xoo-rice interaction is an example of the ongoing evolutionary battle between plants and pathogens. In this study, we show that an effector XopL from Xoo exhibits E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and induces cell death in the nonhost Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb). Through yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and biomolecular fluorescence complementation assays, it was shown that XopL interacts with ferredoxin (NbFd), an electron transport molecule in plant chloroplasts. XopL induced defense-related response in Nb and specifically targeted NbFd for ubiquitination and ubiquitin-mediated degradation, a process that increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study demonstrates the ubiquitination and degradation of NbFd as a result of XopL activity, which further illustrates the tremendous functional diversity in Xanthomonas effector proteins.

Abstract Background Bacterial blight of cotton (BBC), which is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm), is a destructive disease in cotton. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs), encoded by tal-genes, play critical roles in the pathogenesis of xanthomonads. Characterized strains of cotton pathogenic Xcm harbor 8–12 different tal genes and only one of them is functionally decoded. Further identification of novel tal genes in Xcm strains with virulence contributions are prerequisite to decipher the Xcm-cotton interactions. Results In this study, we identified six tal genes in Xss-V2–18, a highly-virulent strain of Xcm from China, and assessed their role in BBC. RFLP-based Southern hybridization assays indicated that Xss-V2–18 harbors the six tal genes on a plasmid. The plasmid-encoded tal genes were isolated by cloning BamHI fragments and screening clones by colony hybridization. The tal genes were sequenced by inserting a Tn5 transposon in the DNA encoding the central repeat region (CRR) of each tal gene. Xcm TALome evolutionary relationship based on TALEs CRR revealed relatedness of Xss-V2–18 to MSCT1 and MS14003 from the United States. However, Tal2 of Xss-V2–18 differs at two repeat variable diresidues (RVDs) from Tal6 and Tal26 in MSCT1 and MS14003, respectively, inferred functional dissimilarity. The suicide vector pKMS1 was then used to construct tal deletion mutants in Xcm Xss-V2–18. The mutants were evaluated for pathogenicity in cotton based on symptomology and growth in planta. Four mutants showed attenuated virulence and all contained mutations in tal2. One tal2 mutant designated M2 was further investigated in complementation assays. When tal2 was introduced into Xcm M2 and expressed in trans, the mutant was complemented for both symptoms and growth in planta, thus indicating that tal2 functions as a virulence factor in Xcm Xss-V2–18. Conclusions Overall, the results demonstrated that Tal2 is a major pathogenicity factor in Xcm strain Xss-V2–18 that contributes significantly in BBC. This study provides a foundation for future efforts aimed at identifying susceptibility genes in cotton that are targeted by Tal2.

This paper describes the design, parametric study, and IR signature analysis of plume of a slit-shaped exhaust nozzle. Circular-shaped exhaust nozzles are generally used to get the essential thrust necessary for an aircraft flight. However, the Infrared (IR) signature of the exhaust plume emanating from these nozzles is very high, and the IR missile can easily lock and hit the aircraft. In this paper, the compressible flow CFD model using a realizable k-ε turbulence model is used to study the flow characteristics of the exhaust nozzle with different aspect ratios. The exit cross-section of the nozzle is kept elliptical up to a maximum aspect ratio of 10. IR signature for each nozzle shaped is calculated using a set of input parameters in Mid-wave IR and Long-wave IR spectral bands. The IR signature of exhaust plume in Long-wave IR spectral band is not significant due to high transmittance of species in the exhaust plume mixture. However, for this particular case of low flying UAV, a considerable reduction in the IR signature is recorded for the high aspect ratio nozzle in MWIR spectral band.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have unparalleled advantages in the preparation of nanocomposites for various applications. However, a major challenge associated with CNCs in nanocomposite preparation is the lack of compatibility with hydrophobic polymers. The hydrophobic modification of CNCs has attracted increasing interest in the modern era standing with long challenges and being environmentally friendly. Here, we synthesized CNCs by using cotton as raw material and then modified them with 2-carboxyethyl acrylate to improve their corresponding mechanical, adhesive, contact angle, and thermal properties. Different concentrations (1–5 wt%) of CNCs were used as modifiers to improve the interfacial adhesion between the reinforced CNCs and E-51 (Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) epoxy resin system. CNCs offered a better modulus of elasticity, a lower coefficient of energy, and thermal expansion. Compared with the standard sample, the modified CNCs (MCNCs) showed high shear stress, high toughness, efficient degradation, thermal stability, and recycling due to the combined effect of the hyperbranched topological structure of epoxy with good compatibility. The native CNCs lost their hydrophilicity after modification with epoxy, and MCNCs showed good hydrophobic behavior (CA = 105 ± 2°). The findings of this study indicate that modification of CNCs with 2-carboxyethyl acrylate in the presence of epoxy resin and the enhancement of the features would further expand their applications to different sectors.

Due to the greater availability and low biodegradability plastic waste became a great concern for the researchers worldwide, because this waste is one of the main environmental issues. Nowadays harmful industrial waste can be helpful in place of conventional aggregate in concrete mix, which in turn will also save natural resources. A similar effort has been made in this research study for making concrete having replaced percentage of plastic aggregate along with plasticizer and reduced water cement ratio. Total of fifty-seven concrete cylinders and six beams were cast, and after curing period, these were tested for compression and flexural strength respectively. Compression strength decreases by increasing the percentages of plastic aggregates while reducing the w/c, the compression strength increases. The strength of beams in flexure increases by 57% through reduction of W/C from 0.68 (normal concrete/fc’=3000psi) to 0.3, and with further replacement of 40% plastic aggregate the increase in strength as compared to the normal concrete was still 3%.

Back in 1993, Strategic Highway Research Program introduced new mix design method known as SUPERPAVE that is an acronym of Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement. Superpave caters filed performance of bituminous mixes and Superpave gradation chart includes 0.45 power line, restricted zone and control points. In Superpave, the gradation that compliance with the restricted zone was considered less rut resistant as compared to gradation passing outside the restricted zone. This study targets three types of gradations that passed above, below and through the restricted zone. The results show that the gradation passing through the restricted zone not only satisfy Superpave volumetric requirements but also performs better against rutting as compared to gradation passing outside the restricted zone. Resilient modulus (MR) measured through indirect tensile strength setup that defines the elastic properties of bituminous mix under repeated load test. Laboratory study was conducted to find factors that affect the gradation. Two-way factorial design was carried out by using Minitab-15 statistical software and the results reflected that the individual factor i.e. loads duration and temperature as well as interaction of factors has significant effect on the performance of HMA.

In this research, a new biodegradable and eco-friendly adsorbent, starch-grafted polymethyl methacrylate (St-g-PMMA) was synthesized. The St-g-PMMA was synthesized by a free radical polymerization reaction in which methyl methacrylate (MMA) was grafted onto a starch polymer chain. The reaction was performed in water in the presence of a potassium persulfate (KPS) initiator. The structure and different properties of the St-g-PMMA was explored by FT-IR, 1H NMR, TGA, SEM and XRD. After characterization, the St-g-PMMA was used for the removal of MB dye. Different adsorption parameters, such as effect of adsorbent dose, effect of pH, effect of initial concentration of dye solution, effect of contact time and comparative adsorption study were investigated. The St-g-PMMA showed a maximum removal percentage (R%) of 97% towards MB. The other parameters, such as the isothermal and kinetic models, were fitted to the experimental data. The results showed that the Langmuir adsorption and pseudo second order kinetic models were best fitted to experimental data with a regression coefficient of R2 = 0.93 and 0.99, respectively.

This article addresses the entropy generation in mixed convection magnetohydrodynamics Eyring–Powell nanofluid flow toward a permeable surface of a cylinder. The flow is modeled considering heat generation and chemical reaction aspects. The influence of buoyancy forces, magnetic field, and thermal radiation is also considered. Moreover, activation energy, viscous dissipation, and permeability effects on bio-nanofluid flow are assimilated in modeling of concentration and energy relations. Total entropy generation is modeled in view of the second thermodynamics law. The governing system of PDEs is deduced by incorporating boundary layer assumptions. Relevant transformations are used to reduce the dimensional flow model into a non-dimensional one. The built-in shooting technique and the NDSolve code in Mathematica software are used to handle the dimensionless flow expressions. Variation in velocity, temperature, concentration, motile micro-organisms, Bejan number, and entropy generation with respect to the involved parameters is scrutinized graphically. Surface drag force, heat transfer rate, mass transfer rate, and density number are further calculated and investigated. Important results are summarized at the end.

The aim of the current investigation is to discuss the behavior of mixed convection magnetohydrodynamic flow of Eyring–Powell nanoliquid subjected to gyrotactic microorganisms over a stretchable cylinder. Energy communication is developed through the first law of thermodynamics and deliberated in the manifestation of viscous dissipation. Furthermore, Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are also considered. Nonlinear system of partial differential equations is altered into ordinary one due to employing transformations. The given systems are then solved through ND-solve technique. Impact of influential variables on velocity, motile microorganism’s temperature, and concentration is deliberated graphically. Skin friction coefficient, mass transfer rate, density number, and Nusselt number are numerically computed versus different influential variables. Velocity and temperature have opposite impact for curvature parameter. For higher estimation of fluid parameter, temperature and velocity fields boost up.

Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) provides us the need to save valuable aggregate and the help of which the use of expensive bituminous binder will be reduced as well. In this study we have considered one WMA additive (Sasobit). The rut resistance of mixes was improved by adding either RAP or Sasobit or both as compared to control asphalt mixes. For lower contents of RAP i.e. up to 15 %, highest rut resistances was observed at 2 % Sasobit addition, and for higher content of RAP highest rut resistance was observed at 3 % Sasobit addition. On the other hand, increasing RAP and Sasobit content increased the moisture susceptibility of mixes, so best recommended combination is to use 30-40 % RAP in addition of 3 % Sasobit as far as permanent deformation and moisture susceptibility criteria are concerned.

Smoking is one of the major cause of health problems around the globe. The present article deals with the dynamics of giving up smoking model of fractional order. We study analytical solution (approximate solution) of the concerned model with the help of Laplace transformation. The solution of the model will be obtained in form of infinite series which converges rapidly to its exact value. Moreover, we compare our results with the results obtained by Runge-Kutta method. Some plots are presented to show the reliability and simplicity of the method. Keywords: Smoking dynamics, Mathematical models, Fractional derivatives, Laplace-Adomian decomposition method, Analytical solution

The establishment of a modern fruit culture in developing countries requests an accurate evaluation of the preexisting germplasm and its health status. This to prevent the possibility to introduce new germplasm which can be easily prey of the endemic diseases carried by asymptomathic host plants. Therefore, after the identification of cases of citrus plants affected by Tristeza virus, a survey of the germplasm cultivated in the Nangarhar valley and some nearby regions was run. The survey was focussed on the identification of the main Citrus species widely cultivated using barcoding analysis of conserved sequences located in the plastid DNA. The sequences of matK and rbcl genes did not show any discriminatory ability while the analysis of the the non-coding psbA-trnH intergenic spacer (psbA-trnH) showed a robust single nucleotide polymorphism (sNP) discriminating C. aurantium from C. sinensis in all analysed samples. These non-coding regions have no known function; thus, much of the variation may result from the spread of mutations unconstrained by selection. Because nucleotide variation in the psbA-trnH spacer region is high, mutational hot spots may be useful to detect species-level variations. According to our study, the afghan citrus germplasm belong to the C. aurantium species which is commonly used in citrus culture as a rootstock. In Afghanistan it is widely cultivated for fresh consumption, without topworking with selected varieties and this may be the reason why symptoms are often mild and cultivation can be anyhow carried on.

Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis (Xtc) causes bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of important cereal crops, including wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) play vital roles in many plant diseases caused by Xanthomonas spp., however, TALEs have not been previously characterized in Xtc. In this study, the whole genome of NXtc01, a virulent strain of Xtc from Xinjiang, China, was sequenced and compared with genomes of other Xanthomonas spp. Xtc NXtc01 consists of a single 4,622,298 bp chromosome that encodes 4,004 genes. Alignment of the NXtc01 sequence with the draft genome of Xtc strain CFBP 2541 (United States) revealed a single giant inversion and differences in the location of two tal genes, which were designated tal1 and tal2. In NXtc01, both tal genes are located on the chromosome, whereas tal2 is plasmid-encoded in CFBP 2541. The repeat variable diresidues (RVDs) at the 12th and 13th sites within Tal2 repeat units were identical in both strains, whereas Tal1 showed differences in the third RVD. Xtc NXtc01 and CFBP 2541 encoded 35 and 33 non-TALE type III effectors (T3Es), respectively. tal1, tal2, and tal-free deletion mutants of Xtc NXtc01 were constructed and evaluated for virulence. The tal1 and tal-free deletion mutants were impaired with respect to symptom development and growth in wheat, suggesting that tal1 is a virulence factor in NXtc01. This was confirmed in gain-of-function experiments that showed the introduction of tal1, but not tal2, restored virulence to the tal-free mutant. Furthermore, we generated a hrcC deletion mutant of NXtc01; the hrcC mutant was non-pathogenic on wheat and unable to elicit a hypersensitive response in the non-host Nicotiana benthamiana. Our data provide a platform for exploring the roles of both TALEs and non-TALEs in promoting BLS on wheat.

This paper considers the approximation of solution for a fractional order biological population model. The fractional derivative is considered in the Caputo sense. By using Laplace Adomian decomposition method (LADM), we construct a base function and provide deformation equation of higher order in a simple equation. The considered scheme gives us a solution in the form of rapidly convergent infinite series. Some examples are used to show the efficiency of the method. The results show that LADM is efficient and accurate for solving such types of nonlinear problems.

The fractional order Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) epidemic model of childhood disease is considered. Laplace–Adomian Decomposition Method is used to compute an approximate solution of the system of nonlinear fractional differential equations. We obtain the solutions of fractional differential equations in the form of infinite series. The series solution of the proposed model converges rapidly to its exact value. The obtained results are compared with the classical case.

Introduction. Laurence-Moon-Biedl (LMB) syndrome is a rare autosomal-recessive ciliopathy with manifold symptomatology. The cardinal clinical features include retinitis pigmentosa, obesity, intellectual delay, polydactyly/syndactyly, and hypogenitalism. In this paper, the authors report on three siblings with Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome associated with a probable pseudocycloid form of congenital nystagmus. Methods. This was a case study conducted at King Khaled Hospital. Results. The authors assert that the nystagmus in Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome is essentially similar to idiopathic motor-defect nystagmus and the nystagmus seen in optic nerve hypoplasia, ocular albinism, and bilateral opacities of the ocular media. Conclusion. The data support the previous hypothesis that there is a common brain stem motor abnormality in sensory-defect and motor-defect nystagmus.

Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis causes bacterial leaf streak disease on small grain cereals. Type II and III secretion systems (T2SS and T3SS) play a pivotal role in the pathogenicity of the bacterium, while no data are available on the transcriptomic profile of wheat cultivars infected with either wild type (WT) or mutants of the pathogen. In this study, WT, TAL-effector mutants, and T2SS/T3SS mutants of X. translucens pv. cerealis strain NXtc01 were evaluated for their effect on the transcriptomic profile of two wheat cultivars, 'Chinese Spring' and 'Yangmai-158', using Illumina RNA-sequencing technology. RNA-Seq data showed that the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was higher in Yangmai-158 than in Chinese Spring, suggesting higher susceptibility of Yangmai-158 to the pathogen. In T2SS, most suppressed DEGs were related to transferase, synthase, oxidase, WRKY, and bHLH transcription factors. The gspD mutants showed significantly decreased disease development in wheat, suggesting an active contribution of T2SS in virulence. Moreover, the gspD mutant restored full virulence and its multiplication in planta by addition of gspD in trans. In the T3SS-deficient strain, downregulated DEGs were associated with cytochrome, peroxidases, kinases, phosphatases, WRKY, and ethylene-responsive transcription factors. In contrast, upregulated DEGs were trypsin inhibitors, cell number regulators, and calcium transporter. Transcriptomic analyses coupled with quantitative real-time-PCR indicated that some genes are upregulated in Δtal1/Δtal2 compared with the tal-free strain, but no direct interaction was observed. These results provide novel insight into wheat transcriptomes in response to X. translucens infection and pave the way for understanding host-pathogen interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taqi ad Din Ahamad ibn Taymiyyah remarkable, recognized and medieval Sunni Theologian, jurisconsult , logician and great reformer.Today,he is known by the title of Sheikh-ul-Islam. He was the member of Hanbali School of jurisprudence and well known personality and figure in his own life period. He had great and matchless command and mastery overall knowledge of that time. He led the Muslims community of his age in every field of life. This made him unpopular with majority scholar of the time. Therefore, he was imprisoned several times. See, the miracles of the nature, he died in prison. He adopted a separate way of Islamic jurisprudence in that research .By this he had his own opinions and thoughts about jurisprudence, some of these are different from four schools of jurisprudence. His different opinions and thoughts are called"Fiqhi tafarudat" "فقہی تفرداتّ" which are on the base of Quran and Sunnah.