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Permanent methods of contraception are used by an estimated 220 million couples worldwide, and are often selected due to convenience, ease of use and lack of side effects. A variety of tubal occlusion techniques are available for female permanent contraception, and procedures can be performed using a transcervical or transabdominal approach. This article reviews currently available techniques for female permanent contraception and discusses considerations when helping patients choose a contraceptive method and tubal occlusion technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multicentre trial was conducted to compare efficacy of postpartum sterilisation with clip and partial salpingectomy. Life-table estimates of pregnancy probabilities were compared through 2 years of follow up. A significantly different risk of pregnancy between the clip and partial salpingectomy groups was observed. Nine pregnancies were observed in the clip group versus two in the partial salpingectomy group. Cumulative probability of pregnancy through 2 years was 0.017 with the clip and 0.004 [correction added after online publication 25 September 2012; 0.044 has been replaced with 0.004] for partial salpingectomy ( P < 0.04). Equivalent efficacy of the clip compared with partial salpingectomy has not been demonstrated in postpartum women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The modified Pomeroy procedure is currently the most widely used method for postpartum sterilisation. Alternative options are Filshie clips, Hulka-Clemens clips and Falope rings. In this systematic review we pooled the available evidence in order to compare the failure rates, complications, technical difficulties, and reversibility of the Pomeroy method and Filshie clips when resorted to for postpartum sterilisation. Methods We gathered data from MEDLINE, EMBASE (1970-2010), the Cochrane database, and reference lists of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. We extracted information on study design, sample characteristics, interventions, and outcomes. Results Our search yielded 294 citations of which 43 were retrieved for detailed evaluation. Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review. One RCT and three observational studies compared failure rates of the Pomeroy method vs. Filshie clips. A random-effects analysis of the pooled studies showed no difference in the failures rates between these two methods (odds ratio 0.76 [95% confidence interval 0.30-1.95]). Complication rates were similar although the Filshie clip technique was reported to be easier. Conclusions Filshie clip application is easier to perform. The failure and complication rates are comparable to those of the modified Pomeroy method, when performed in the postpartum period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Systematic review of the literature on the effectiveness and safety of permanent female contraception. Material and methods A systematic Medline and Cochrane Library review of the literature on technique, effectiveness, safety and complications of female sterilisation. Keywords used for research were ‘female sterilisation’, ‘tubal occlusion’, ‘history’, ‘counselling’, ‘hysteroscopy’, ‘laparoscopy’, ‘complications’ and ‘effectiveness’. Results Worldwide over 220 million couples have resorted to either male (nearly 43 million) or female sterilisation (180 million). In this review the different methods of female sterilisation are described and their advantages and disadvantages discussed. Tubal occlusion is carried out via (mini-) laparotomy, laparoscopy or hysteroscopy. The Ovabloc®, Essure® and Adiana® permanent contraception systems make use of the latter route. Conclusions Female sterilisation via the transcervical route is an outpatient or office procedure; it is performed under local anaesthesia or even without anaesthesia. Its complication rate is low. It should be preferred to the abdominal procedures provided the equipment and the experience required are available. Counselling should include information on vasectomy for the partner as well as on alternative long-acting reversible contraceptives. The ten-year cumulative pregnancy rate of sterilisation techniques ranges from 0.1 to 3.6 per 1000 procedures. The life-time risk of failure is around 1/200. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: ObjectiveTo compare, by conducting a randomized trial, Filshie clip and Pomeroy techniques for postpartum and intrapartum cesarean sterilizations in a United States teaching hospital with respect to surgeon preference and perioperative outcomes.: MethodThirty-two obstetric patients consented for sterilization were randomized to Pomeroy technique or Filshie clip placement. Following the surgical procedure, surgeons and operating room technicians completed a survey regarding their experience with the procedures and preference. Patient demographic data, time for procedure and follow-up visits were obtained by chart review.: ResultsFor most postpartum sterilizations, the mean duration of the procedure was almost 7 min faster for the Filshie clip technique (p = 0.08); perioperative outcomes were equivalent (p = 0.05). Application of the Filshie clip was rated easier than Pomeroy suture application and, overall, the Filshie clip sterilization procedure was rated less difficult (p = 0.03). Seventy percent of surgeons preferred the Filshie clip technique and would choose it if only one postpartum sterilization method was available.: ConclusionFor obstetric sterilization, surgeons preferred the Filshie clip over the Pomeroy technique. In addition, operating time was shorter for the Filshie clip. This pilot study suggests that use of the Filshie clip technique has the potential to establish a new standard of care for postpartum and intrapartum cesarean sterilization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

: ObjectiveTo determine if laparoscopic sterilization using the Filshie clip causes less postoperative pain as compared to the Falope ring during the first 24 h after surgery.: Study designForty subjects were enrolled. Five milliliters of 0.5% bupivicaine was injected at each of the two incision sites and 5 mL was dripped onto each fallopian tube. Subjects then received one Filshie clip and Falope ring on opposite fallopian tubes; the side of occlusion was randomized. Subjects were questioned about pain prior to the first administration of analgesics postoperatively, 1 and 2 h after surgery, at discharge, and 24 h after surgery.: ResultsForty subjects completed the study; 32 without major deviations from protocol. There was no significant difference in pain between sides with the Filshie clip or Falope ring at any times evaluated.: ConclusionThere was no significant reduction in the postoperative pain associated with the Filshie clip as compared to the Falope ring within 24 h after surgery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To compare the failure rate (pregnancies) of a Pomeroy procedure and Filshie clips tubal occlusion at the time of Caesarean section. This is a retrospective observational study done in a district general hospital in the UK. There were 290 sterilisations performed at the time of Caesarean section over the period of 1994–2007. Studied population included 203 Pomeroy procedures and 87 Filshie clips applications. Follow-up period ranged from 2 to 15 years. A birth register and an operating theatre database were used to identify patients who underwent Caesarean section with a tubal occlusion. These patients’ names were checked against the antenatal booking database, the early pregnancy assessment unit database, the operating theatre database in case of ectopic pregnancies, and a termination of pregnancy database to recognise failed sterilisation. There was no failure of tubal occlusion with a Pomeroy procedure (0/203). The failure rate of Filshie clips tubal occlusion was 1.15% (1/87) ( p = 0.3). The length of the follow-up period ranged from 2 to 15 years (for Pomeroy procedure, median was 9 years and inter-quartile range (IQR) was 7; for Filshie clip, median was 8 years and IQR was 7). Pomeroy technique appears to carry a lower risk of a failed sterilisation than Filshie clips tubal occlusion at the time of Caesarean section. However, Pomeroy procedure needs to be balanced against the speed and simplicity of Filshie clips tubal occlusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate postoperative pain after the administration of topical bupivacaine during laparoscopic sterilization with Filshie clips. Study Design: Sixty-three women who underwent laparoscopic tubal sterilization with Filshie clips were assigned randomly to receive topical bupivacaine or placebo. Presence of pain, pain intensity, nausea, vomiting, timing of request for pain medication, and pain medication requirements were assessed postoperatively. Results: Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups. Topical bupivacaine decreased the incidence (P = .005) and intensity (P = .028) of postoperative pain at 30 minutes. No differences in incidence or severity of pain were seen at hospital discharge or on postoperative day 1. Conclusion: Topical bupivacaine that is applied to the fallopian tubes at the time of laparoscopic tubal sterilization with the Filshie clip decreases immediate postoperative pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tubal occlusion using Filshie clip is one of the most commonly performed operations for female sterilization. It is usually a simple and safe procedure, and operative complications are uncommon. We report a rare case of spontaneous expulsion of a Filshie clip through the anterior abdominal wall 5 years after sterilization. The management and possible underlying mechanisms are discussed and the related literature is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An acute abdomen is a common diagnostic problem for physicians. A case is presented in which a Filshie clip had undergone torsion resulting in the presentation of an acute abdomen. This unusual complication should be considered in patients who present with abdominal pain following laparoscopic sterilization using Filshie clips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]