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This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Fund (DEP2016- 75598-R, MINECO/FEDER, UE) and Spanish Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (FPU17/03934). Additionally, this study was supported by funding from the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigación 2016– Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)–and the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de ConoIMiento, Investigación y Universidades, European Regional Development Fund (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR). This study was also supported by the Ministry of Education of Chile CONICYT PAIMEC programme 2015 (MEC 80150030) and Postdoctoral programme “Becas Chile” 2019 (Project No 74200025) from Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID). In addition, the R&D research staff contract, within the framework of the Spanish National Youth Guarantee funded by the Junta de Andalucía and the European Social Fund., To Chilean and Spanish schoolchildren and their parents who agreed to participate in the study. To Own Research Plan, University of Granada and Junta de Andalucía, Ministry of Knowledge, Research and Universities. Finally, the Postdoctorado 2020, “Becas Chile”, from ANID, Chile., This study was reviewed and accepted by both the Ethical Committee of the University of Granada, Spain (code: 162/CEIH/2016) and the Ethical Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (code: CCF02052017)., Background: Independent mobility (IM) provides young people with many opportunities to increase their autonomy and physical activity (PA). This study aimed to analyse whether the parent’s PA, active commuting to work and sociodemographic factors serve as predictors of IM to school in children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 684 parents (52.8% mothers) and their offspring (56.4% girls) were included in this study, which was performed in Granada (Spain) and Valparaíso (Chile). The parents self-reported their sociodemographic characteristics, PA and mode of commuting to work. The mode of commuting to and from school and the offspring accompaniment mode were reported. T-test and chi-square test were used to study quantitative and qualitative differences by parental gender, respectively. Binary logistic regression models (odds ratio = OR) and stepwise analysis were performed to study the association between the parents’ sociodemographic variables and IM to school. Results: Adolescents showed higher IM to school than children (58.9% vs 40.2%; p < 0.001). No car availability and shorter distance to work were positively associated with higher IM to school in children (OR = 2.22 and 2.29, respectively). Mothers’ lower salary/month (OR = 2.75), no car availability (OR = 3.17), and mother passive commuting to work (OR = 2.61) were positively associated with higher IM to school in adolescents. The main predictor of IM to school in children and adolescents was no car availability (OR = 6.53). Conclusion: Parental sociodemographic factors, such as salary, distance to work and car availability, were associated more strongly with IM than parental PA and active commuting to work., ANID, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile, Ministry of Education of Chile CONICYT 74200025,MEC 80150030, Ministry of Knowledge, Research and Universities, Spanish Ministry of Education and Vocational Training FPU17/03934, University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigación, University of Granada and Junta de Andalucía, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad MINECO, European Social Fund ESF, European Regional Development Fund DEP2016-75598-R ERDF, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España MINECO, Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía SOMM17/6107/UGR

(1) To analyze the effectiveness of a school-based sleep education program on sleep duration, latency, and efficiency, as well as separated by weekdays and weekend days and by sex. (2) To analyze children's sleep patterns (duration, latency, and efficiency) on weekdays and weekend days and by sex. A total of 110 children (average age of 8.4 (0.3) years, 62% girls) (experimental group (60 children, girls 52%) and control group (50 children, girls 74%) from 5 schools in Granada (Spain) participated in the study. The sleep patterns were measured by accelerometers attached to the non-dominant wrist 7 days/24 h, and by sleep log. The program lasted 8 weeks with a total of eight activities (one activity per week). Regarding our first objective, sleep duration decreased significantly in both groups on weekdays (p = 0.004) and weekend days (p

The low rates of active commuting to/from school in Spain, especially by bike, and the wide range of cycling interventions in the literature show that this is a necessary research subject. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the feasibility of a school-based cycling intervention program for adolescents, (2) to analyse the effectiveness of a school-based cycling intervention program on the rates of cycling and other forms of active commuting to/from school (ACS), and perceived barriers to active commuting in adolescents. A total of 122 adolescents from Granada, Jaén and Valencia (Spain) participated in the study. The cycling intervention group participated in a school-based intervention program to promote cycling to school during Physical Education (PE) sessions in order to analyse the changes in the dependent variables at baseline and follow up of the intervention. Wilcoxon, Signs and McNemar tests were undertaken. The association of the intervention program with commuting behaviour, and perceived barriers to commuting, were analysed by binary logistic regression. There were improvements in knowledge at follow-up and the cycling skill scores were medium-low. The rates of cycling to school and active commuting to/from school did not change, and only the “built environment (walk)” barrier increased in the cycling group at follow-up. School-based interventions may be feasibly effective tools to increase ACS behaviour, but it is necessary to implement a longer period and continue testing further school-based cycling interventions., Spanish Government, European Commission DEP2016-75598-R, University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Junta de Andalucia, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), "R&D research staff contract, within the framework of the Spanish National Youth Guarantee" - Junta de Andalucia, European Social Fund (ESF), Spanish Government FPU18/04251 FPU17/03934

Objective:The goals of this study were to (1) describe physical activity levels during school recess in 8-year-old children, (2) analyse the percentage of children who achieved physical activity recommendation at recess, and (3) examine if recess physical activity levels varied by gender, weight status, and parental educational level.Methods:In all, 291 children (mean age ± SD = 8.3 ± 0.3 years, 156 boys) from 7 schools of Granada (Spain) were recruited by convenience. To analyse sedentary time and physical activity levels during recess, children wore a tri-axial accelerometer attached to the wrist over five consecutive school days.Results:Sedentary time (29.6% vs 40%) and light physical activity (33.2% vs 35.5%) were lower in boys than in girls (all p Conclusions:Levels of moderate-vigorous physical activity during school recess are very low in children, being lower in girls than in boys, a very low percentage of children achieve moderate-vigorous physical activity recommendations during school recess, and girls and overweight/obese children show lower values in moderate-vigorous and vigorous physical activity.

The main objectives of this study were: to compare the barriers to active commuting to and from school (ACS) between children and their parents separately for children and adolescents; and to analyze the association between ACS and the children’s and parents’ barriers. A total of 401 child–parent pairs, from Granada, Jaén, Toledo and Valencia, self-reported, separately, their mode of commuting to school and work, respectively, and the children’s barriers to ACS. T-tests and chi-square tests were used to analyze the differences by age for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Binary logistic regressions were performed to study the association between ACS barriers of children and parents and ACS. Both children and adolescents perceived higher physical and motivational barriers and social support barriers towards ACS than their parents (all p < 0.05). Additionally, the parents perceived higher distance, traffic safety, convenience, built environment, crime-related safety and weather as barriers towards ACS, than their children (all p < 0.05). Moreover, a higher perception of barriers was related to lower ACS. The results of our study showed the necessity of attenuating the perceptions of children and their parents in order to increase ACS. This is relevant to develop interventions in the specific contexts of each barrier and involving both populations., Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, European Commission DEP2016-75598-R, University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Junta de Andalucía, European Commission, European Social Fund (ESF)

La evaluacion de la condicion fisica tradicionalmente ha estado vinculada al paradigma de rendimiento, que ha orientado la calificacion hacia la eficacia del estudiante. El presente estudio tiene como objeto analizar la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes de Cadiz (Espana). Ademas, este trabajo aporta una calculadora de rendimiento y esfuerzo para guiar la evaluacion formativa de la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y aportar orientaciones metodologicas para su aplicacion en el ambito escolar. Participaron 323 estudiantes de entre 12 y 19 anos (Medad=14.68; ±1.75), 168 chicos (52%) y 155 chicas (48%). Se valoro la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria a traves del test de 20 metros de ida y vuelta al que se le incorporo pistas de audio. Los participantes fueron monitorizados con un pulsometro (ONrhythm 500) y respondieron a una escala de percepcion de esfuerzo (Borg, escala 1-10). Los valores medios para las variables analizadas fueron: ultimo estadio completado, 5.92 (±2.47); frecuencia cardiaca (FC) maxima, 198.02 (±0.71); diferencia entre la FC maxima teorica y real, -0.33 (±11.05); percepcion de esfuerzo, 7.87 (±2.03). A partir de los resultados obtenidos se elaboro una calculadora para estimar el esfuerzo y orientar el analisis del rendimiento. Se espera que sea una herramienta util para los profesores de Educacion Fisica e investigadores para calcular el nivel de condicion cardiorrespiratoria, estimar el esfuerzo y analizar el nivel de riesgo de padecer una enfermedad cardiovascular.===Physical fitness assessment has traditionally been linked to a performance paradigm, which has oriented the grades towards student effectiveness. The present study aims to analyze the cardiorespiratory capacity in adolescents from Cadiz (Spain). In addition this work provides a performance and effort tool to guide formative and shared assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness and to provide methodological guidance for its application in the school setting. Students. A total of 323 students between 12 and 19 years (mean age 14.68; ±1.75), 168 boys (52%) and 155 girls (48%). Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed by an adaptation of the original 20-meter shuttle run test, which consisted on including music. Participants were monitored with a heart rate monitor (ONrhythm 500) and registered the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (1-10). Mean values for the variables analyzed were: last completed stage, 5.92 (±2.47); maximum heart rate, 198.02 (±0.71); difference between theoretical and real maximum HR, -0.33 (±11.05); perception of effort, 7.87 (±2.03). Based on the results obtained, a calculator was developed to estimate effort and provide guidance in performance analysis. It is elaborated to be a useful tool for Physical Education teachers and researchers to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, estimate the effort and to analyze the risk of future cardiovascular disease.

Background: Some studies have reported a positive parent&ndash, child association between physical activity (PA), but few have examined the difference in these associations concerning both genders. The objective of this study was to establish the association between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and mode of commuting (MC) of the parents with their children by gender and age group. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 686 mothers and fathers (43.4 &plusmn, 6.5 years old) and their children (children 9.7 &plusmn, 1.7 y. and adolescents 14.0 &plusmn, 1.7 y.). Each participant completed a questionnaire on PA and MC. Chi-square test, odds ratio for categorical variables, and lineal regressions for continuous variables were used to examine the parent&ndash, child associations. Results: An inverse association was found between fathers&ndash, children in the weekend MVPA in children and between mothers&ndash, adolescents in out-of-school and weekend MVPA. An inverse association was found in MVPA between mothers-girls, and the different parents&rsquo, MC to work was positively associated with the MC to school in children and adolescents except for the association AC parents&ndash, adolescents. The AC was mainly associated between mothers and girls and boys. Conclusions: A weak association in parent&ndash, child MVPA but a strong association in MC between parent&ndash, child was found.

The purposes of this study were: (a) to describe the patterns of modes of commuting to school (children) and to work (parents) separated by gender and age, (b) to validate the questions on children&rsquo, s mode of commuting to and from school according to their parents, and (c) to analyse the reliability of a family questionnaire focused on commuting to school behaviours. A total of 611 parents (mean age: 43.28 &plusmn, 6.25 years old) from Granada (Spain) completed &ldquo, Family commuting-to-school behaviour&rdquo, questionnaire in two sessions separated by 14 days, (2016 and 2018). The validation between family and children&rsquo, s questions was assessed using the Kappa and Spearman correlation coefficients, and the test&ndash, retest reliability within the family questions was assessed using the Kappa and the weighted Kappa. The children&rsquo, s modes of commuting to school (mean age: 11.44 &plusmn, 2.77 years old) were mainly passive (57.7% to school) while parents&rsquo, modes of commuting to work were mainly active (71.6%). The validity of the mode of commuting was significant with high Kappa and Spearman coefficients. The test&ndash, retest reliability presented a good agreement for the mode of commuting to school in children, distance and time to school, and the mode of commuting to work in parents, while the questions on acceptable distance to walk or cycle to school showed a moderate to good agreement. The &ldquo, questionnaire could be a useful tool to assess the mode of commuting of children, distance and time to school for researchers and practitioners.

We are grateful to Ana Yara Postigo Fuentes for her assistance with the English language. Also, we would like to express our gratitude to the children, parents, teachers and schools for allowing us to carry out this school program, as well as for their involvement and support during the process., The relationship between physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and academic achievement in young people is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between PA, CRF and academic achievement in 152 children according to sex (average age of 8.6 ± 0.3 years) in southern Spain. A tri-axial accelerometer was used to measure PA; the 20-m Shuttle Run Test was performed to assess the CRF; and to know the academic achievement, the official school records were considered. The results showed a weak correlation between moderate PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) with CRF in boys (all, 0.2 > r < 0.4; p < 0.05), whereas the vigorous PA showed a moderate and weak correlation with CRF (all, p < 0.05), in both boys (r = 0.537) and girls (r = 0.382), respectively. In addition, a weak inverse correlation between moderate PA and MVPA with academic achievement showed in girls (all, 0.2 > r < 0.4; p < 0.05). Finally, the CRF weakly correlated with academic achievement only in boys (all, 0.2 > r < 0.4; p < 0.05). Our study showed a relationship between PA and CRF in both sexes. Nonetheless, the PA was inversely related to academic achievement in girls, whereas the CRF was related to academic achievement in boys., This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [DEP2015-63988-R].

A pesar de que en los últimos años han proliferado programas para el desarrollo de la deportividad, existen evidencias empíricas que corroboran la necesidad que demanda actualmente el fútbol base de un tratamiento ético. Por esta razón el objetivo del presente estudio fue elaborar un programa de intervención específicamente diseñado para jugadores de fútbol alevín centrado en la mejora de los aspectos personales de la deportividad y analizar el cambio que pudiera generar. La muestra la compusieron ciento veintiséis ( n = 126) futbolistas fe - derados con una media de edad de 10.9 años. Al grupo experimental se le aplicó un programa de educación en valores de cinco semanas de duración. Para valorar la eficacia del programa se realizó un análisis intra-grupo en el que se empleó la prueba de Wilcoxon y una inter- grupo, para el que se utilizó el test exacto de Fisher’s. Los participantes en el programa, en comparación con los que no recibieron tratamiento educativo, mejoraron su actitud ante el fracaso ( p < 0.05 ). Los integrantes del grupo control empeoraron en un 70% de los aspectos analizados. Los participantes del control y experimental mejoraron la asistencia a los entrenamientos . El pro - grama no fue efectivo en dos casos: la modificación del tipo de motivación (diversión o resultado) y el respeto al entrenador. Justificamos la necesidad de la implemen - tación de programas formativos en el fútbol de cantera de cara a la mejora de la actitud frente al error y como medida preventiva frente a la pérdida de valores.

Physical activity (PA) and sleep contribute to better children&rsquo, s health. Nonetheless, the bidirectional relationship between both of these health-related factors is unclear when using objective measures. The aims of this study were (1) to describe the PA (light PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and sleep (duration, latency, and efficiency) patterns of children and compare them with recommendations, and (2) to analyze the bidirectional association between PA levels and sleep patterns in 470 Spanish children according to sex (average age of 8.4 (0.4) years, 51.9% boys). A tri-axial accelerometer and sleep logs were used to measure PA (light PA and MVPA) and sleep patterns (duration, latency, and efficiency) in the children for seven consecutive days. Linear mixed models were conducted to analyze the bidirectional association (PA &rArr, sleep and sleep &rArr, PA) adjusted for the child, the sex, the school, and the day of observation. The results showed that, overall, the children did not meet the sleep duration recommendations per day. Regarding the bidirectional association, increased light PA and MVPA during the day was related to decreased sleep duration but an improvement in sleep efficiency that night. However, sleep duration and sleep efficiency were only related negatively and positively to light PA the following day, respectively. Regarding sex, light PA was associated with decreased sleep duration in both sexes, although the average value was lower in boys. In addition, light PA was also related only to an improvement in sleep efficiency the same night in both sexes, with girls generally having more efficient sleep. More studies in a representative sample of children that use objective measures to corroborate these results are needed.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the associations of personal and environmental factors with mode of commuting to school in children. A total of 745 schoolchildren (363 girls) aged 6-12 years from the province of Granada (Spain) participated in the study. Participants completed a questionnaire about mode of commuting to school, personal factors (i.e. barriers to walking to school, enjoyment on the way to school, who they go to school with) and environmental factors (i.e. time from house to school, distance to school, and safety on the way). A total of 57.2% children walked to school, 40.3% used the car, 1.2% motorcycled, .7% used the bus and .6% bicycled. Travelling alone to school [Odds ratio (OR), 10.049; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.950 - 25.567], living close to the school (OR, 16.439; 95%CI, 5.717- 47.271) and perceiving a safe way to school (OR, 2.365; 95%CI, 1.665- 3.360) were associated with active commuting to school.