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15. Physical modeling of spikes during the volcanic tsunami generation.

Author

Liu, Yibin and Fritz, Hermann M.

Subjects
*VOLCANIC eruptions, *TSUNAMIS, *EXPLOSIVE volcanic eruptions, *SUBMARINE volcanoes, *VERTICAL motion, *WATER depth, *FROUDE number
Abstract

Tsunamis generated by underwater volcanic eruptions are physically modeled in a large three-dimensional wave basin. A unique pneumatic volcanic tsunami generator (VTG) was deployed at the bottom of the wave basin to generate volcanic tsunamis with repeatable source parameters under controlled physical conditions. The volcanic Froude number defined with the VTG eruption velocity and water depth allows to physically model real-world events from slow mud-volcanoes to explosive eruptions. The VTG generates radial N-waves with prescribed vertical stroke motions in the wave basin. Initial three-dimensional water surfaces are reconstructed for the daylighting scenarios. Smooth dome shapes are observed during the submarine volcanic eruption and tsunami wave generation, which is followed by a trough formation at the source. A concentric vertical spike is observed for a specific range of water depths, which is generated by superposition of an inward propagating circular bore on top of the wave generator. The spike can be clustered with different ranges of a dimensionless VTG parameter. With an increasing dimensionless parameter, the spike pattern transitions through three distinct categories: smooth spike, rough spike, and splash spike. The dimensionless spike height and the dimensionless vertical velocity of the spike tip are dependent on the dimensionless VTG parameters. The maximum values of the dimensionless spike height and spike tip velocity are observed in the rough spike regime among all tested experimental scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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42. Field Survey of the 27 February 2010 Chile Tsunami

Author

Fritz, Hermann M., Petroff, Catherine M., Catalán, Patricio A., Cienfuegos, Rodrigo, Winckler, Patricio, Kalligeris, Nikos, Weiss, Robert, Barrientos, Sergio E., Meneses, Gianina, Valderas-Bermejo, Carolina, Ebeling, Carl, Papadopoulos, Athanassios, Contreras, Manuel, Almar, Rafael, Dominguez, Juan Carlos, and Synolakis, Costas E.

Published
2011
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44. Hurricane Katrina storm surge reconnaissance

Author

Fritz, Hermann M., Blount, Chris, Sokoloski, Robert, Singleton, Justin, Fuggle, Andrew, McAdoo, Brian G., Moore, Andrew, Grass, Chad, and Tate, Banks

Subjects
Hurricane Katrina, 2005 -- Environmental aspects, Geological surveys -- Evaluation, Meteorological research -- Methods, Geotechnology -- Research, Earth sciences, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

Hurricane Katrina (August 23-30, 2005) was one of the costliest and deadliest hurricanes to ever strike the United States, impacting low-lying coastal plains particularly vulnerable to storm surge flooding. Maximum storm surges, overland flow depths, and inundation distances were measured along the Gulf Coast of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. The vehicle-based survey was complemented by inspections with the reconnaissance boat along the Gulf Coast and the Mississippi Barrier Islands. The survey covered both the impact on the built and the natural environments. The storm surge peaked to the east of Katrina's path exceeding 10 m in several locations along the Mississippi coastline. The storm surge measurements show that the lower floors of specially designed buildings were damaged by the surge of seawater and associated wave action, while the upper floors sustained minimal wind damage. The storm surge measurements along New Orleans Lakeshore allowed the investigators to exclude overtopping as failure mechanism for the 17th Street outfall canal levee. Hurricane Katrina's storm surge distribution (Category 3 at landfall) is compared against Hurricane Camille's storm surge distribution (Category 5 at landfall). The land loss on the barrier islands and the increased vulnerability of the US Gulf Coast to future hurricane storm surges is discussed. CE Database subject headings: Hurricanes; Storm surges; Florida; Alabama; Mississippi; Louisiana; Reconnaissance; Surveys.

Published
2008

50. Field Survey of the 2018 Anak Krakatau Tsunami on the Islands in the Sunda Strait

Author

Fritz, Hermann M., primary, Solihuddin, Tubagus, additional, Synolakis, Costas E., additional, Prasetya, Gegar S., additional, Borrero, Jose C., additional, Skanavis, Vassilis, additional, Husrin, Semeidi, additional, Kongko, Widjo, additional, Istiyanto, Dinar C., additional, Daulat, August, additional, Purbani, Dini, additional, Salim, Hadiwijaya, additional, Hidayat, Rahman, additional, Asvaliantina, Velly, additional, Usman, Maria, additional, and Kodijat, Ardito, additional

Published
2020
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