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The aim of this present study is to classify and map the landscape of Zawita, Iraq. Different classification methods of the slope characteristics were considered such as slope degree, slope arching, slope direction, slope direction, hills shade, young classification, Demek classification. Digital Elevation Model was downloaded from USGS (2022) and applied as input data to classify and analyze the slope. The finding out that the area is identified as an elevated area. The elevation of the area is ranged between 520-1500 meters above sea level, which indicate the intensity and effectiveness of the alpine movements. Among analyzing the maps, the area is considered as arisky and sensitive to geomorphological hazards which made the area unstable. Most of the slopes of the study area is ranged from 2-34.9 degrees and this different degree of slopes is a consequent risk of high erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi National Journal of Earth Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Terrestrial gamma radiation is the major source of outdoor radiation exposure to human being. Because of the variation of underlying geological characteristics of surface soil, the terrestrial gamma radiation dose (TGRD) rates vary significantly with the soil type. This work performed in situ measurements of the TGRD rate for a range of geological formation and soils of Katsina State, Nigeria by using a portable hand-held radiation survey metre, RADOS. The TGRD rates ranged between 45 and 271 nGyh−1 with an overall mean value of 116 nGyh−1, which is two times higher than the world average value of 59 nGyh−1. Geological formation (Silicified sheared rock) was found to have the highest mean TGRD value of 163 nGyh−1. Likewise, soil type (lithosols, ferruginous crusts and ferruginous tropical soils) appeared to have the highest mean TGRD value of 134 nGyh−1. One-way ANOVA was used to investigate the variation of the significant difference between the geological formations and soil types with TGRD, which shows the influence of geological formation and soil types on the measured TGRD values of the study area. Measured data could further be used to evaluate the public radiation exposure and in formulating safety standards and radiological guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue mussels of the genus Mytilus are important ecosystem engineers in intertidal and subtidal communities. The distribution of Mytilus mussels is influenced by a number of benthic and pelagic environmental variables (e.g., substratum type and availability, water movement, phytoplankton production, physical disturbance) as well as interactions between these variables. Because of its broad tolerance of environmental variation the Mediterranean species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, has the greatest ability of all blue mussels to colonise new geographic regions. Understanding how population genetic variation is related to, or caused by, environmental variation is important but has long been a challenge. The present study examined the genetic differentiation of native populations of M. galloprovincialis throughout its entire geographic range in the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov using 53 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP loci). Mussels, in total 1004 individuals collected from 36 locations, were genotyped and combined with existing SNP data for mussels from 11 reference sites. Pairwise comparisons of FST values, correspondence analysis (CA) and STRUCTURE analysis all revealed four groups of populations: the Atlantic Ocean; the western Mediterranean; the Aegean Sea; and the Azov, Black and Marmara Seas. One population – from Algeria (Oran West) – was intermediate between the two main groups of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Seascape genetic analyses using GLM and DistLM analyses were employed to test site-specific genetic variation as a function of 13 environmental variables. The GLM identified five environmental variables that explained variation in site-specific FST values, whilst in the DistLM best-fit model only four were significant. These analyses suggest that a complex mix of environmental variables contribute to explaining genetic variation of M. galloprovincialis populations within the Mediterranean Sea, which most likely reflects the complex geological history of formation, isolation and reconnection among the regional sub-basins of the Sea.

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Geology / Gongcheng Dizhi Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural environmental radioactivity aroused mainly from primordial radionuclides such as 40K and 238U and 232Th decay series, and have been present in varying concentrations within the earth and in the tissue of every living being. Natural radioactivity can be found everywhere; in the soil, public water supplies, oil, and the atmosphere and it poses a measurable exposure to human beings. The present study developed a statistical model that can be used to predict the Terrestrial Gamma Radiation Dose rates (TGRD) based on soil types and geological formations irrespective of the environment. About 295 TGRD measurements were taken using a micro-Roentgen survey meter (model 19) manufactured by Ludlum, from different locations within the study area. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was utilized in establishing the relationships between TGRD with underlying geological formations and soil types as well as in the development of the model. The developed model was tested by predicting the TGRD value over different combinations of soil types and geological formations, and it was found to fit in well with more than 80% degree of accuracy which is within the acceptable limit. The developed model in this study, may help in establishing the background radioactivity levels in a terrestrial environment that can be used to evaluate any changes that may arise as a result of any release due to both natural and or human activities in a certain area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The relationship between soil erosion of each formation unit and ecological geological characteristics was analyzed in order to provide a reference for soil erosion prevention and for control planning and restoration in Luoshan County, He'nan Province. [Methods] Based on the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), soil erosion of main formation units in Luoshan County was calculated and counted by means of remote sensing and GIS, and the intensity and the area of soil erosion was determined. The influencing factors of soil erosion in a typical formation were then discussed from the perspectives of geological formation and characteristics. [Results] ① Due to differences in formation times, material compositions, and geological backgrounds, the eco-geological characteristics of each formation unit were different; ② The distribution of soil erosion in Luoshan County had obvious spatial differences. The soil erosion rate of the cretaceous acid magmatic rock formation unit was as high as 50.1%, while the soil erosion rate of the devonian metamorphic flysch formation unit was only 13.5%. [Conclusion] Soil structure, vegetation factors, and terrain slopes were important factors affecting the differences in soil erosion distribution, which should be considered in the planning of soil erosion prevention and rehabilitation.

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Underground storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in geological formations plays a vital role in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. It involves capturing CO2 emissions from industrial processes and power generation and storing them underground, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and curbing the impact of climate change. This review paper features a comparative analysis of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers, depleted reservoirs, coal seams, basaltic formations and clastic formations. The comparison has been drawn based upon seven factors carefully selected from the literature, i.e., safety, storage capacity, injection rates, efficiency, residual trapping, containment and integrity and potential to improve, and all of these factors have been rated from low (1) to high (5) based upon their individual traits. Based upon these factors, an overall M.H. rating system has been developed to categorize geological formations for CO2 storage and it is observed that deep water aquifers and basaltic formations are the most effective options for CO2 storage. Lastly, a detailed way forward has been suggested, which can help researchers and policymakers to find more viable ways to enhance the efficiency of CO2 storage in various geological formations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrestrial gamma radiation dose (TGRD) rates were measured in situ from different locations in Katsina State, Nigeria, using a portable radiation survey metre based on geological formations and soil types. The measured TGRD rates ranged from 45 to 271 nGyh–1 with an average value of 116 ± 1 nGyh–1. Geological formation (silicified sheared rock) and soil type (lithosols and ferruginous crusts and ferruginous tropical soils) appeared to have the highest mean TGRD values of 163 and 134 nGyh–1 with sandstone geological formation and alluvial and hydromorphic soils having the lowest TGRD with values of 80 and 61 nGyh–1, respectively. One way ANOVA results shows that the tested null hypothesis was rejected. Thus, indicating that there exists a strong relationship between the various geological formations, soil types with the measured TGRD values based on the alternate hypothesis. Human health hazard indices like annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), lifetime outdoor annual equivalent dose, and relative excess lifetime outdoor cancer risk associated with the mean TGRD of the study area were also calculated and found to be 0.711, 9.955 mSv, and 5.79 × 10–4, respectively. These values were higher than the world average values but favourable compared with the safety limits recommended by ICRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the quality of groundwater resources in the Abdullah Gio area, southwest of Quchan, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran in 2020. According to the type of geological formations, discharge, and location of water resources in the region, 10 groundwater sources were analyzed for qualitative analysis and evaluation. Physical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured at the sampling site with a multimeter. Hydrogeochemical analysis of data in the laboratory was performed by induction plasma method and statistical analysis and modeling were performed in SPSS, Chemistry, and AqQA software. Findings showed that most of the sources are suitable in terms of drinking quality, and GQI quality index was acceptable in these sources. In terms of exploitation in the agricultural sector, the alkalinity of all water resources was based on the Wilcox classification in S2 and S4 classes and in terms of salinity in C2 and C3 classes and showed that most of the resources are not suitable in terms of agriculture. In all resources, the amount of bicarbonate was higher and the amount of nitrate was lower than the world standard. Finally, the study of geological formations showed their effect on water quality, and nitrate concentration was detected due to human activities.

Blue mussels of the genus Mytilus are important ecosystem engineers in intertidal and subtidal communities. The distribution of Mytilus mussels is influenced by a number of benthic and pelagic environmental variables (e.g., substratum type and availability, water movement, phytoplankton production, physical disturbance) as well as interactions between these variables. Because of its broad tolerance of environmental variation the Mediterranean species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, has the greatest ability of all blue mussels to colonise new geographic regions. Understanding how population genetic variation is related to, or caused by, environmental variation is important but has long been a challenge. The present study examined the genetic differentiation of native populations of M. galloprovincialis throughout its entire geographic range in the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov using 53 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP loci). Mussels, in total 1004 individuals collected from 36 locations, were genotyped and combined with existing SNP data for mussels from 11 reference sites. Pairwise comparisons of FST values, correspondence analysis (CA) and STRUCTURE analysis all revealed four groups of populations: the Atlantic Ocean; the western Mediterranean; the Aegean Sea; and the Azov, Black and Marmara Seas. One population – from Algeria (Oran West) – was intermediate between the two main groups of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Seascape genetic analyses using GLM and DistLM analyses were employed to test site-specific genetic variation as a function of 13 environmental variables. The GLM identified five environmental variables that explained variation in site-specific FST values, whilst in the DistLM best-fit model only four were significant. These analyses suggest that a complex mix of environmental variables contribute to explaining genetic variation of M. galloprovincialis populations within the Mediterranean Sea, which most likely reflects the complex geological history of formation, isolation and reconnection among the regional sub-basins of the Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In semi- arid and arid countries in which groundwaters are the main supplier of water, monitoring of water quality is of vital significance. To better manage water resources, therefore, investigation of water quality utilized for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes sounds compulsory. The purpose of article. The aim of this study was to investigation the factors in fluencing the evolutionary process of groundwater resources and hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater resources in the northeast of Sabzevar. The research methods. Given the geological formation, water yield and condition of the region’s water resources, a total of 10 underground water resources were surveyed in respect of quality. In this regard, physical parameters e.g. PH, Electric Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were measured in the sampled solution by multimeter. The hydrochemical analysis of data was implemented in laboratory and by inductive Plasma method and by statistical analysis and the modeling process were conducted by the SPSS, Chemistry and AqQA suites. The results of research. According to Scholler diagram, that most of water samples are categorized in good and acceptable class. According to the drawn Wilcox diagram, the samples are in C2S2, C2S4, C3S2 and C3S4 classes. Most samples agriculturally unsuitable with high salinity. According to the water quality index (GQI)), the water resources of the study area are in poor to acceptable category. Spatial study showed that the catchment area of water resources located in volcanic rocks, conglomerates and gravels, due to the lower impact of these rocks on water salinity, has caused the outflow of water of appropriate quality from these areas. In the western part of the region, due to the presence of marl and evaporation -detrital deposits, the value of this index is low and water is of poor quality. In other parts of the region, the water quality index (GQI), increases and water has a better quality. The type of geological formation around the basin is one of the important factors in the evolution of water resources. Chemical weathering of different rocks with natural waters produces different cations and anions. The water-rock reaction and weathering of minerals, is the main factor in changing the quality of groundwater chemistry in the region. Chemical analysis of water entering the aquifer of region showed that the sources of ions entering the region were affected by the lithology of rocks and sediments that were exposed to weathering for a long time, hence, as the region water, due to the passage of the detrital evaporation formation of the third period and marl, have dissolved them and increased the ratio of Cl+SO4>HCO3. The results showed that the presence of rocks and minerals of carbonate such as limestone, dolomite and calcite, sandstone and silicate such as volcanic rocks in the water passage has caused the scenarios of Ca>CO3 and Ca + Mg>CO3. Conclusions. Results revealed that drinking water resources are decent in most of the sites, exclusive of the resources that place in detrital-evaporate deposits. Meanwhile, the water is hypersaline and indecent for agricultural purpose. To the east, however, salinity plummets and is decent for agricultural purpose. The concentration of bicarbonate as the most abundant onion in the entire resources is higher than the global health standard and dissolution of carbonate rocks like limestones and dolomites play a role in this manner. The concentration of nitrate in the entire resources is lower than the global standard. Their concentration in the area is owing to agricultural activities and circulated water. Water resources emplaced in volcanics, conglomerate and gravels are of less concentration in respect of salts content and quality of water is higher. The young detrital-evaporate deposits in the west have augmented the concentration of ions as per the Ground Quality Index (GQI) and zonation maps, and where upon, water quality in this portion is poor.

To the south of the city of Cluj, in the perimeter called “Făget”, there are numerous springs often frequented by locals. From a geological point of view, there is a great variety of rocks of different ages and characteristics. The waters cantoned in these geological structures appear on the surface along the valleys, on the slopes or even in the unevenness of the interfluves. Their existence was facilitated by vertical erosion processes and mass movements of the material. Through the inventory of the area, 28 sources were identified and located. They can be divided into several categories: with drain, wells, inactive, dried, captured. Spatial coordinates were determined for each source. Where possible, the flow rate, temperature and concentration of dissolved in water substances were measured. There is a large gap in flow variation, relatively constant temperatures and wide limits of TDS values. The expansion of the urban area involves potential risks of a quantitative and qualitative nature.

• Geochemical concentrations and distribution of major and trace elemental oxides were governed by lithologic factors. • Silicon, Fe, Al, Ca, and K showed the higher affinity to parent material. • The profiles elemental ratios revealed both an oxic and anoxic depositional environment. • Volatility of elements depends on the modes of occurrence, the intensity of the fire and the duration. Geochemical composition and distribution of major elements study is vital in terms of investigating the major soil forming compounds and to know the fate of trace elements in soils. Particle size distribution (PSD), pH, organic carbon (OC), and major and trace elements of hydromorphic soils formed on recent alluvium in Obafemi-Owode Local Government Area of Ogun state, Nigeria were analysed using standard procedures. Three profiles pits were dug based on the mapping units identified, and samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Data were subjected descriptive statistics and Pearson' correlation coefficients using IBM SPSS version 27. The PSD was dominated by sand content, followed by clay and silt, and soil pH in KCl was strongly acid (3.17–4.30) and pH in H 2 O was moderately acid (4.74–5.80), while OC contents were low to moderate (1.22–6.69 g/kg). The major elemental results showed higher concentration of SiO 2 (>50 %) connotes presence quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals. Manganese, Cu, Ba, Zr, and Zn have higher concentrations among the trace elements. Major elements ratios (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3, K 2 O/Al 2 O 3) showed moderate weathering stage, while trace elements ratios (Ni/Co and Cu/Zn) revealed deposition under humid conditions and anoxic environment. The statistical analysis revealed that most elements have skewness closed to zero except MgO and K 2 O. Correlation coefficients between the elements are positive and significant (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) indicating that their presence can be accounted for by similar lithology, though some have negative relationship which could be as a result of anthropogenic activities. The study found that elements were potential tracers for the presence of human activities and environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in Earth Science (1001-8166) is the property of Advances in Earth Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Erosion is one of the major causes of waste of water and soil. Perhaps the main reason for failure to control erosion is the weakness of knowledge and recognition of this phenomenon. Due to the great value of soil and the subsequent problems arising from the movement of its constituents, the erosion problem must be understood and controlled. Therefore, one needs to determine the susceptibility of geologic formations to erosion, in order to determine its mitigation. This research has been carried out in order to investigate the erodibility potential of the Khanghah-Sorkh (Urmia) watershed using the BSTF rainfall simulator. The simulation was performed at two intensities of 40 and 50 mm/hr on two slopes of 0-13 and 13-25% on each geologic formation. The results showed that the highest and lowest sediments were collected from OML (the calcic-reefy of Qom) (107.4 g) and the CM Formation (tectonic mix) (4 g). Thus, the OML formation which contains marl layers, is more susceptible to erosion and produce a larger amount of sediment relative to that of the CM formation which highly resistant to erosion. Therefore, it yields a larger amount of sediment.

Gamma-ray spectrometry with high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector was used to estimate the natural radioactivity levels in the soil along the Little Zab River in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Results showed that the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs were in ranges of 4.4–34.7, 1.5–13.3, 42.1–583.9 and 0.5–31.5 Bq kg−1, respectively. Ra equivalent activities, absorbed dose rate and hazard indices in the study area were calculated and compared with the global average activity of the soil. The Ra equivalent activities of the studied samples were below the internationally accepted values and did not pose any health hazard to the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the complex nature of weathered geomaterials by investigating the influences of geological features (textural, mineralogical, in situ specific volume, strength, structure) of parent rocks on weathering of decomposed volcanic rocks in the reconstituted and intact states. This was done by vertically comparing samples of the same weathering degrees but belonging to different formations and horizontally by comparing samples of different weathering degrees that belong to different formations. This is very important due to complex nature of geology and weathering processes of volcanic rocks. This was achieved through comprehensive physical and index tests, microstructure and mineralogical analyses, oedometer and triaxial tests as well as analyses of previous studies. Geological characters of parent rocks have been found to affect grading and index properties, mineralogy, compressibility, in-situ behaviour and strength. However, fabrics of decomposed volcanics are not parent geological features dependent and parent geological characters do not influence the effects of structure using both stress sensitivity and normalisation for volume. Based on these, geological and geotechnical properties of samples from different formations could be characterised separately to obtain parameters needed for engineering design and constructions. However, two geological units can be combined into the same geotechnical unit because physical, textural and mineralogical features lead to similar mechanical behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 226Ra, 232Th (228Ra), 40K activity concentrations in soil distributed in 67 points belonging to different geological formations in Khammouan, Laos were measured using HPGe detector. The results showed that the activity concentration varies from (6.0 ± 0.61) Bq/kg to (68.5 ± 8.0) Bq/kg, (8.7 ± 1.0) Bq/kg to (78.9 ± 8.3) Bq/kg, (32.1 ± 3.1) Bq/kg to (812 ± 63) Bq/kg with the mean values of (32.2 ± 1.7) Bq/kg, (41.6 ± 2.2) Bq/kg, (279 ± 24) Bq/kg for 226Ra, 232Th (228Ra), 40K respectively. The highest and lowest average activities were found at cPz2 (Middle Paleozoic) and Mz1 (Lower Mesozoic) formations respectively. With regard to radiation hazards, the 232Th (228Ra) concentration has a major contribution to the Raeq. In general, in the study area, the activity concentration of natural radionuclides has an insignificant effect on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted by using the chemical analysis of soluble ions data from nine ground water wells of Nineveh Provence to study their tendency for precipitation and dissolution of associated minerals by using Geo-Chemo equilibrium program Visual MinteqA2 to calculate the saturation index values for predicted associated minerals. The results of the output of geo – chemo program showed a different tendency of these water in dissolution / precipitation of salts minerals with location, also the sulfate water at Hamam Al-Alil has a high quality in these different minerals like (calcite, order and disorder dolomite, aragonite, vaterite, and gypsum). While the well waters at shykan and fadlia were less ability to precipitate only (order dolomite). The results were correlated with the geological formation at these locations , the results show that was high content of salt minerals as calcite and gypsum within fatha formation at Hamam Al-Alil, while there are increasing in clastic and carbonate minerals inconstract the salts minerals at shykan and kadia locations.

Abstract The merits of CO2 capture and storage to the environmental stability of our world should not be underestimated as emissions of greenhouse gases cause serious problems. It represents the only technology that might rid our atmosphere of the main anthropogenic gas while allowing for the continuous use of the fossil fuels which still power today’s world. Underground storage of CO2 involves the injection of CO2 into suitable geological formations and the monitoring of the injected plume over time, to ensure containment. Over the last two or three decades, attention has been paid to technology developments of carbon capture and sequestration. Therefore, it is high time to look at the research done so far. In this regard, a high-level review article is required to provide an overview of the status of carbon capture and sequestration research. This article presents a review of CO2 storage technologies which includes a background of essential concepts in storage, the physical processes involved, modeling procedures and simulators used, capacity estimation, measuring monitoring and verification techniques, risks and challenges involved and field-/pilot-scale projects. It is expected that the present review paper will help the researchers to gain a quick knowledge of CO2 sequestration for future research in this field.

Copyright of Visnyk of Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series "Geology-Geography-Ecology" is the property of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The contribution of thoron (220Rn) to natural radiation exposure is commonly neglected. However, dry porous surfaces with relatively high 232Th content can pose a thoron radiation hazard to the environment. Therefore, this research aims at establishing a baseline data for 220Rn activity concentration in soil gas and categorise the measured data based on the geology of Johor state, Malaysia. The activity concentration of 220Rn in soil gas was measured using RAD7 alpha detector. The measured 220Rn activity concentration data varied from MDA to 159.07 ± 3.40 Bq/L. Kruskal–Wallis test on the 220Rn concentration data among the geological formations and soil types reveals a statistically significant result, p = 0.006 and p = 0.005, respectively. An isoconcentration map of 220Rn in soil gas is created. The map indicates higher concentration values generally characterised the Districts of Muar and Ledang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rangelands beneath the forests of Dalab in the northwest of Ilam are grazed from May to November. To investigate the grazing behavior and determine the dependence of livestock on forage resources, three goats and three Kurdish sheep were randomly selected from three herds in the area, and by installing a GPS device on them, information on the distance and movement time of livestock were recorded every month. Maps of geological formation, slope, altitude, land use, and landform were prepared, and monthly GPS information was combined with the maps. The evaluation of forage production was carried out in 27 plots of forest floor and 25 samples of trees and shrubs. The results showed that the goat had an average daily mobility of 7.7 km and a distance of 2.6 km for grazing; but these figures for sheep are 7.8 and 1.9 km, respectively. It was also found that goats were more present in the altitude of 1400 to 1500 m and sheep in the elevation of 1300 to 1400 m. Livestock were more prone to grazing on the forest floor, and they preferred slopes of less than 30%, hill form, and Pabdeh geological formation. Comparison of grazing, moving, and stopping times showed no difference between the types of grazing in terms of grazing behavior, but there were differences between the types of activity (movement, stopping, and grazing) in different months. Examination of the grazing behavior of the livestock using video recording revealed that the livestock spent about 33 to 36 minutes on grazing, three to five minutes on stopping, and 12 to 14 minutes on grazing without movement. Finally, it was found that about 50% of the relative forage production was from forest floor grasses, 34% forest trees, and 10% sub-forest farms; therefore, livestock ration dependence on forest floor grasses is about 61 %, forest trees 25 %, and forest floor farms 7 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evaluation of the geogenic radon potential (GRP) of Johor state, Malaysia was conducted, using field measured data of radon activity concentration in soil gas and the soil gas permeability. The highest GRP value of 53.67 was obtained in the southernmost part of this study location. Kruskal–Wallis test on the median values of GRP data, reveals a statistically significant difference between the soil types and geological formations, with p = 0.018 and p = 0.046, respectively. The first radon potential map of Johor state is established, and three GRP hotspots were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil water balance is describes the condition of the water in an area. The difference of climatic conditions and land characteristic denotes the effect of the soil water balance. The objective of this study is to determine soil water balance on the type of soil that developed at parent material karts. Village Parigi district Muna has an area of 16245.88 ha consists of Inceptisol, Mollisol, and Andosol and developing in Qal and Qpw geological formation. The results of research showed that surplus on rainwater occurred in February, March, and April. While the water deficit occurred in January, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December. Soil water balance in the research site was affected by climate, soil condition, and soil characteristic. Soil was formed above the karst rock showing little effect on the soil water balance. ABSTRAK Neraca air lahan menggambarkan kondisi air pada suatu wilayah. Perbedaan kondisi iklim dan karateristik lahan memberikan pengaruh terhadap nerca air lahan. Tujuan penelitiaan ini yaitu untuk mengetahui neraca air lahan pada jenis tanah yang berkembang pada bahan induk karts. Kecamatan Parigi Kabupaten Muna memiliki luas 16.245,88 ha terdiri dari jenis tanah Iceptisol, Mollisol, dan Andisol dan berkembang pada formasi geologi Qal dan Qpw. Hasil penelitiaan menunjukan bahwa surpulus air hujan terjadi pada bulan Februari, Maret dan April, sedangkan divisit air terjadi pada bulan Januari, Mei, Juni, Juli, Agustus, September, Oktober, November, dan Desember. Neraca air lahan dilokasi penelitian dipengaruhi oleh iklim, kondisi lahan, dan karateristik tanah. Tanah yang terbentuk diatas batuan karts memberikan pengaruh yang kecil terhadap neraca air lahan.

Shenzhen has abundant river systems, intense tectonic activity and complex geological conditions. The depth of Quaternary deposits is thin and uneven, and the primary bedrock comprises granite with various degrees of weathering, which covers more than 50% of the area of Shenzhen. Karst strata have developed in the eastern part of Shenzhen, and there are five groups of fracture zones in the area. Shenzhen also has some problematic soils, including granite residual soil, and muddy clay and silt. Metro tunnels are constructed using the shield tunnelling method. In Shenzhen, different strata are encountered during metro shield tunnelling, including upper-soft and lower-hard strata, hard rock strata, soft–hard alternating strata, under-crossing river or reservoir strata, muddy clay and silt strata and granite residual soil strata. The various strata encountered during shield tunnelling may result in a series of problems with the geological environment. Environmental geological problems during tunnelling are different for different strata, among which the major issues include serious cutter wear, difficulty in controlling the trajectory of the shield machine, shield machine jam, roof fall and slurry spewing. Different countermeasures should be implemented according to the characteristics of the strata to ensure the safe construction of metro tunnels. In this study, a case study of the Shenzhen Metro Line 10 is introduced, where tunnels pass through three specific strata: hard rock strata, boulder strata and under-crossing reservoir strata. In the future, more engineering cases that pass through different strata can be summarized according to the tunnel construction project in Shenzhen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The merits of CO2 capture and storage to the environmental stability of our world should not be underestimated as emissions of greenhouse gases cause serious problems. It represents the only technology that might rid our atmosphere of the main anthropogenic gas while allowing for the continuous use of the fossil fuels which still power today's world. Underground storage of CO2 involves the injection of CO2 into suitable geological formations and the monitoring of the injected plume over time, to ensure containment. Over the last two or three decades, attention has been paid to technology developments of carbon capture and sequestration. Therefore, it is high time to look at the research done so far. In this regard, a high-level review article is required to provide an overview of the status of carbon capture and sequestration research. This article presents a review of CO2 storage technologies which includes a background of essential concepts in storage, the physical processes involved, modeling procedures and simulators used, capacity estimation, measuring monitoring and verification techniques, risks and challenges involved and field-/pilot-scale projects. It is expected that the present review paper will help the researchers to gain a quick knowledge of CO2 sequestration for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work determines the relative capabilities of some geological formations in Nigeria as radioactive wastes repository. Reaction term of the advection-diffusion-reaction transport in porous media was reworked to address nonlinear radioactive decay and sorption. Lyapunov's indirect method identified three critical points. A stable attractor at the origin, flanked by two symetric saddles. Phase Potraits show that Caesium and Strontium are well stabilized in sandstone, consolidated clay and limestone. In shale, the focus at the origin indicates weak stability for the two radionuclides. However, for Plutonium, the origin is consisitently a weak node. Hence, its dynamics/disappearance rate is very slow. At half-lifes, breakthrough curves in 200cm radius of host soils show that Strontium and Caesium are best contained in sandstone and consolidated clay. However, they deeply infilterate limestone. Similarly, a fifth of Plutonium's reposed concentration completely infiltrated the simulation aperture. Hence, Plutonium should not be reposed in natural formations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of gamma radiation dose rates based on soil types and geological formations was carried out as a pioneer study in Jordan extensively. 823 measurements were taken at 1 m above the ground using two survey meters (Inspector Alert manufactured by S.E. International and Radiagem, 2000 Geiger Muller Counter) and the coordinates of each measurement point was recorded using a geographical positioning system (GPS). The measured GDR was found to range from 35 nGy h−1 to 470 nGy h−1 with a mean value of 90 nGy h−1 which is one and half times higher than the world's average value of 59 nGy h−1. Unbalanced one-way ANOVA test was used to investigate the variations of GDRs among all geological formations and soil types. The results indicated that there exists a strong significant difference as a result of varying soil types and geological formations. The highest mean value of 137 nGy h−1 was recorded for Acid intrusive granite rocks of Precambrian geological formation, while the lowest mean value of 65 nGy h−1 was found against Jurassic geological formation, composed of soil originated from clay and unconsolidated sedimentary rock. The results were used in production of digital map (using ArcGIS 10.2) for isodose to characterize exposure rates caused by GDR of the study area. This study will also help in establishing a GDR baseline data for future references in Jordan. • Isodose map of terrestrial gamma dose rate measured from surface soil at Jordan was plotted. • A strong relationship exists between geological formations and terrestrial gamma dose rate. • Gamma dose rate measured at surface soil in Jordan show a mean value of 90 nGy h−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive study was conducted to determine the activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs in soil samples of each governate of Jordan. A total of 370 samples have been measured using a high-purity germanium detector. The activity concentration for 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs has mean values of 42 ± 3, 23 ± 3, 309 ± 21, and 3.7 ± 0.9 Bq kg-1, respectively. The highest mean activity concentration for 226Ra was found to be 138 ± 4 Bq kg-1 in the Alkarak governate. In the Ajloun and Jarash governates, the highest mean activity concentration was 35 ± 3 Bq kg-1 for 232Th, and 14.2 ± 1.9 Bq kg-1 for 137Cs, respectively. Geological influence on the activity concentrations was investigated using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent samples. The ANOVA results indicate that there are strong significant differences between the activity concentrations of 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs based on geological formations the radionuclides occur. The main contribution to gamma dose rate was due to 226Ra activity concentration. Radium equivalent and external hazard index are associated with a mean value of 98 Bq kg-1, and 0.266, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jos Plateau has been reported to have elevated levels of natural background radiation. A few earlier studies have measured the levels of natural radioactivity for specific locations in the area. Our interest is to investigate how geology of the study area influences the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides. Thus, the activity concentrations of terrestrial radionuclides in soil samples collected across the geological formations of the Jos Plateau were determined by gamma spectrometry technique. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were found to exceed their corresponding world reference values of 35, 40 and 400 Bq kg−1, respectively. Data were compared using statistical methods, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc tests. The results revealed in some instances significant influences of geological types on the activity concentrations in the area. The spatial distribution maps of activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were geostatistically interpolated by ordinary Kriging method using ArcGIS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In- situ measurement of terrestrial gamma radiation dose rates (TGRD) was conducted in northern zone of Jos Plateau and a statistical relationship between the TGRD and the underlying geological formations was investigated. The TGRD rates in all the measurements ranged from 40 to 1265 nGy h −1 with a mean value of 250 nGy h −1 . The maximum TGDR was recorded on geological type G8 (Younger Granites) at Bisitchi, and the lowest TGDR was recorded on G6 (Basaltic rocks) at Gabia. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test was used to compared the data. Significantly, the results of this study inferred a strong relationship between TGRD levels with geological structures of a place. An isodose map was plotted to represent exposure rates due to TGRD. The results of this investigation could be useful for multiple public interest such as evaluating public dose for the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted by using the chemical analysis of soluble ions data from nine ground water wells of Nineveh Provence to study their tendency for precipitation and dissolution of associated minerals by using Geo-Chemo equilibrium program Visual MinteqA2 to calculate the saturation index values for predicted associated minerals. The results of the output of geo - chemo program showed a different tendency of these water in dissolution / precipitation of salts minerals with location, also the sulfate water at Hamam Al-Alil has a high quality in these different minerals like (calcite, order and disorder dolomite, aragonite, vaterite, and gypsum). While the well waters at shykan and fadlia were less ability to precipitate only (order dolomite). The results were correlated with the geological formation at these locations , the results show that was high content of salt minerals as calcite and gypsum within fatha formation at Hamam Al-Alil, while there are increasing in clastic and carbonate minerals inconstract the salts minerals at shykan and kadia locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater samples from three different states of southeastern Nigeria were analyzed for a range of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal constituents in order to determine their potability as drinking water sources. The results indicate that the physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, TDS, TH, electrical conductivity, Cl, NO and SO ) tested for have most of their values fall within the permissible limits given by the Nigerian and World Health Organization standards for drinking water quality. The results also reveal that apart from Cu and Pb the rest of the tested heavy metals (As, Zn, Ni, total Fe, Cd and Mn) recorded values that are significantly above the maximum permissible limits for drinking water purposes and therefore have the potential to cause health impacts for long-term potable use. On the basis of principal component analysis, the sources of the measured chemical constituents are likely to be predominantly geogenic (weathering of soluble minerals in the formations) and partly anthropogenic (industrial effluent, agricultural practices and mining activities). Single-factor ANOVA tests indicated insignificant differences in the datasets within/between states or geological units. Caution or adequate treatment is generally required when utilizing the groundwater from the area for drinking purpose due to the elevated metal concentrations and rating as poor to unsuitable water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve problem of less information and complex detection work existed in conventional radio wave penetration method, the paper proposed a radio wave penetration method with time-domain pulsed based on impulse. It analyzed the frequency response of ideal electromagnetic pulse through a certain thickness of different media within a limited band by simulation, and draw a conclusion as follow: the radio wave penetration method with time-domain pulsed based on impulse has wider frequency range, which can increase amount of extracted information and improve detection accuracy; the electrical parameters and absorption coefficient of different medium are different, and the medium on the absorption of electromagnetic waves are different, can accordingly distinguish the different geological formations.

Mineralogical composition of geological formations has a great effect on the groundwater quality, as it may result in the generation of harmful chemicals in groundwater leading to deterioration of concrete lining of tunnels. The present study investigates the future problems of the corrosiveness of concrete due to groundwater chemistry along Tabriz metro line 2 (TML2) in Iran. Having a length of 22 km, this subway entirely passes in an underground route along a general W-E direction. According to the geological map of the area and field survey, east part of the tunnel is excavated within marl-shale deposits with gypsum, and anhydrite and coal belonging to upper red formation and Baghmisheh formation. These formations have the greatest impact on deterioration of groundwater quality, as the values of EC, TDS, SO, and Cl significantly increased in TML2 at the east part. In this regard, EC, Cl, and SO increased roughly from 502 to 29,700 µs cm, from 71 to 5753 ppm, and from 51 to 8309 ppm, respectively, while TDS increased to 26,200 ppm. Marls existing in the study area including yellow, green, and gray/black marls, have the potential of corrosion because of containing aggressive substances, such as sulfate, chloride, and a high percentage of organic matter. Thus, it can be concluded that the groundwater in the east part is highly aggressive, and deterioration of concrete lining of the tunnel is expected in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarises the stratigraphy, tectonic structure, geomorphology, hydrogeology and engineering geology in Guangzhou, China, and analyses the relevant geo-hazards and countermeasures during subway construction. The ages of the geological materials found in Guangzhou range from the Proterozoic era to the Cenozoic era. The bedrock is generally made up of sedimentary rock and weathered granite strata covered by soil with a thickness ranging from 2 to 20 m. The presence of underground karst caves, active faults and fissure water together with high piezometric levels leads to difficulties in shield tunnelling in Guangzhou. A case history, where two tunnels and one subway station on the Guangzhou Metro Line 7 were constructed, is referred to in order to analyse the mechanism between geological formations and geo-hazards. Three potential geo-hazards are listed: (1) water ingress and strata erosion, (2) ground surface settlement and (3) sinkholes; and their implications for shield tunnelling in Guangzhou are summarised and discussed. To mitigate the risk of these geo-hazards, a series of countermeasures, comprising (1) optimising TBM cutting tool design, and tunnelling parameters, (2) grouting to enhance watertightness and stiffness of strata and (3) injecting bentonite slurry and foam into the head chamber, are recommended in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquifer characteristics influence the movement of groundwater and contaminants along with it. Formations comprising of top overburden soil crest, gravel, and weathered rock leading to fissured rock, functioning as flow media are found in the study region. Seepage from agricultural lands and Pravara canal is the chief source of recharge to groundwater and movement of contaminants. The capacity to hold, transmit, water and dissolved solution is measured in terms of Transmissivity, Storativity, and permeability of the formation. Pumping& Recovery tests are carried out on four open shallow wells in the study region. In the absence of data on long duration pumping test with regulated discharge, recovery test data is used to arrive at the aquifer parameters; Transmissivity, Storativity, permeability, radius of influence using modified formula. The average value of Transmissivity, Permeability for well 1&2represent medium to good inflow with radius of influence of 114m&121.75m respectively, while that for well 3 indicate medium to low inflow with radius of influence of 60.52m.The average value for well 4 indicate low inflow with radius of influence of 63.92m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]