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En observant les activités et relations des participants aux activités de « numérique responsable » proposées par la Chambre de Métiers et de l’Artisanat Centre-Val de Loire entre 2022 et 2023, cet article propose une analyse en Sémiotique des Transactions Coopératives des confrontations culturelles autour de cette nouvelle thématique pour les artisans. Notre approche mobilise la méthode des « territoires-projets » (Camp et al., 2023) pour identifier les leviers de rupture de deux communautés et comprendre leur impact dans la confrontation d’une culture de l’engagement et d’une culture de l’évaluation. Nous expliquons ainsi d’une part comment cette confrontation aboutit à un statu quo sociotechnique autour du « numérique responsable » et de l’artisanat (Hoang et al.,2022) et d’autre part comment l’émergence d’une coopération informelle contribuerait à dépasser ce statu quo.

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En France, en moyenne 40 % des personnes condamnées sont en état de récidive ou de réitération. Afin d'éviter les ruptures de soins susceptibles de conduire à la commission d'une nouvelle infraction, le service médicopsychologique régional de la maison d'arrêt a d'abord développé, en 2021, l'accompagnement post-carcéral de courte durée (six mois). L'équipe pluridisciplinaire ambitionne désormais de favoriser l'entrée dans un processus de désistance des hommes suivis en prison, et accompagnés à la sortie. La stratégie arrêtée pour tenter de répondre à cette nouvelle mission comprend trois volets : formation, organisation, et développement de l'offre de soin. L'équipe a commencé à se former à trois outils : HCR20 V3, SAPROF et CAPP. Le premier intéresse l'évaluation et la gestion du risque de récidive violente interpersonnelle, le second le repérage des facteurs de protection liés à la violence, et le dernier concerne le trouble de personnalité psychopathique, facteur prépondérant de risque de violence. Sur le plan de l'organisation, les soins au SMPR ont été repensés pour intégrer l'évaluation du niveau de risque de récidive en détention, et sa réévaluation en cours d'APC. Le but est maintenant d'agir stratégiquement sur d'éventuels facteurs de risque dynamiques repérés, en tenant compte des facteurs de protection. Le développement de l'offre de soin, entrepris en 2022, a abouti en octobre 2023 à l'ouverture d'une unité de colocation thérapeutique et d'insertion (UCTI), dispositif « passerelle » pouvant accueillir cinq hommes sortants, accompagnés en post-carcéral par le SMPR, pour six mois également. L'objectif principal de cette étude observationnelle, prospective et monocentrique, est de mesurer l'efficacité du suivi intra-carcéral et de l'accompagnement post-carcéral – restructurés autour d'outils d'évaluation et de gestion du risque de récidive – des personnes sortantes de MA d'Amiens, sur la désistance à l'issue de l'APC et à cinq ans. Cette efficacité pourrait se traduire, pour les personnes accompagnées en post-carcéral, par une diminution de l'expression des traits psychopathiques et du niveau de risque de récidive entre le moment de l'incarcération et la fin de la prise en soin. Les professionnels souhaitent également documenter la mise en place des trois outils dans leur service, et en étudier la validité prédictive sur leur échantillon. L'étude sert aussi à évaluer l'efficacité du dispositif expérimental UCTI. Le repérage précoce des facteurs de risque devrait permettre d'améliorer la spécificité et la priorisation des actions de prévention du risque entrant dans le cadre des soins courants. Démonstration faite de l'efficacité de ces soins, enrichis par l'emploi d'outils adaptés à la problématique de la population carcérale sortante, il serait envisageable de répliquer cette stratégie de spécialisation psychiatrique pénitentiaire dans les équipes psychiatriques exerçant dans d'autres établissements pénitentiaires. Le projet s'inscrit dans une volonté de décloisonnement des différents secteurs concernés par la prise en charge des personnes sortantes. Le travail collaboratif en équipe pluridisciplinaire, au sein du service mais aussi avec les dispositifs de droit commun, est au cœur des retombées de cette recherche. Serait-il possible de revitaliser l'engagement individuel et collectif de ceux qui agissent auprès de patients qui peuvent présenter un risque de violence ? In France, an average of 40% of convicted prisoners are repeat offenders. To prevent disruptions in care that may lead to new offenses, the regional medico-psychological department (SMPR) of the Amiens prison first introduced short-term post-incarceration support (6 months) in 2021. The multidisciplinary team now intends to facilitate the transition to a desistance process for incarcerated men who are undergoing treatment in prison and to, provide support when they are released. The strategy consists of three main components: training, organization, and expanding the range of care. The team has already started training for three tools: HCR20 V3, SAPROF, and CAPP-IRS. The first pertains to the assessment and management of the risk of interpersonal violent relapse, the second focuses on identifying protective factors related to violence, and the third addresses psychopathy, a significant risk factor for violence. In terms of organization, care at the SMPR has been restructured to incorporate the assessment of the level of risk of relapse during detention and its reassessment during post-carceral follow-up. The aim now is to strategically address any identified dynamic risk factors, taking protective factors into account. The expansion of the care provided, begun in 2022, led to the opening of a therapeutic and integration cohabitation unit (TICU) in October 2023, serving as a "gateway" facility accommodating 5 men who have been released from custody supported by the SMPR in post-carceral care, also for a duration of 6 months. The primary objective of this observational, prospective, and single-center study is to measure the effectiveness of intra-carceral and post-carceral support – restructured around risk assessment and management tools – for individuals exiting the Amiens prison after achieving desistance at the end of the follow-up and for a period of 5 years. This effectiveness could be reflected in a reduction in psychopathic traits and in the level of risk of recidivism for those supported in post-carceral care, from the time of incarceration to the end of care. These mental health care professionals also wish to document the implementation of the three tools in their service and assess their predictive validity within their sample. The study also serves to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental TICU program. The early identification of risk factors should improve the specificity and prioritization of risk prevention actions as part of routine care. Demonstrating the effectiveness of this extended treatment program, tailored to the needs of the outgoing incarcerated population, could lead to the replication of this specialized psychiatric approach in other penal facilities. The project is part of a common effort to break down barriers between the various sectors involved in the care of individuals who are released from prison. Collaborative multidisciplinary teamwork, both within the department and with mainstream psychiatric care facilities, lies at the core of the results of this research. Could it be possible to revitalize the individual and collective commitment of those working with patients who may present a risk of violence? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A research project aiming to measure, describe, and monitor sex offender recidivism (SOR) rates across two waves of sex offender laws is briefly described and contextualized. A methodology was designed to examine the evolution of sexual recidivism rates since the 1940s. The findings of the study showed that, in Canada, sexual recidivism rates have dropped almost 70%. This historic recidivism drop appeared to have started during the 1970s, several decades before the enactment of the national non-public sex offender registration law. While the factors responsible for the sexual recidivism drop remain unclear, it is hypothesized that improved training, evidence-based practices, and university-corrections collaborations might have played a key role. The study points toward the importance of examining period effects on risk, risk management, and sexual offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'action publique sur les questions de santé environnementale est souvent en décalage avec les connaissances scientifiques. Nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'une partie de ce décalage est due à des limitations dans les lois encadrant les questions de santé liées à l'environnement, limitations portant sur le périmètre des lois comme leur logique de gestion. Nous discutons cette hypothèse en passant en revue certaines lois concernant les contaminants physico-chimiques et la protection des milieux (air, eau de boisson, alimentation). L'examen de ces textes confirme que la plupart sont soit peu explicites et peu contraignants dans leur logique de gestion (cas des lois sur la qualité de l'air, l'eau de boisson et l'alimentation), soit restreints dans leur périmètre d'application (cas extrême de la loi interdisant le bisphénol A des contenants alimentaires, ou de la directive encadrant l'usage des pesticides, qui y interdit les substances cancérigènes, reprotoxiques et les perturbateurs endocriniens, sans que ces dangers soient gérés de la même façon dans d'autres secteurs entraînant une exposition de la population générale). Très peu de lois sont à la fois intersectorielles et fortes dans leur logique de gestion. Il en résulte des décisions peu protectrices de la santé et couvrant souvent un champ très limité. Cet émiettement des lois et cette faiblesse des logiques de gestion ne semblent pas pouvoir être justifiés des points de vue constitutionnels, de la protection des personnes et de l'intérêt de la société. Ils sont peu susceptibles de contraindre l'exécutif à des actions fortes pour protéger la santé, ou d'inciter la justice à des sanctions dissuasives à l'encontre des décideurs qui n'auraient pris de telles actions. Entre autres voies d'amélioration, une logique de gestion s'appuyant sur les classes de danger et qui serait transsectorielle autant que possible apparaîtrait plus efficace ; cette logique est proche de « l'approche générique de gestion du risque » proposée en 2020 par la Commission européenne. Public decisions regarding environmental health issues (or lack thereof) often appear out of step (in terms of timing or of the nature of the action taken) with scientific knowledge. We hypothesise that part of this discrepancy is due to limitations in the laws governing environmental health issues. These limitations may relate both to the scope of the laws and their approach to risk management. We discuss this hypothesis by reviewing some French and EU laws about physical-chemical contaminants and environmental protection (air, drinking water, food) from a public health perspective. Examination of these texts confirms that most of them are either not very explicit and strong in terms of their management approach (in the case of the laws regulating air quality, drinking water or food), or are limited in their scope of application (with the law banning bisphenol A from food containers only as an extreme example, or EU directives on pesticides, which ban carcinogenic, reprotoxic substances and endocrine disruptors without these hazards being similarly managed in other sectors entailing exposure of the general population). Very few laws are both strong in terms of risk management and cross-sectorial. This results in a fragmentation of decisions with limited efficiency with regards to health protection. This fragmentation of laws and weak risk management logics do not seem to be justified from the points of view of the constitution, the protection of individuals or the interests of society. It is unlikely to provide strong incentives for decision makers to better protect health and it impedes strong court decisions against decision-makers failing to protect human health. Among other pathways to improvement, a management approach relying on the concept of hazard classes and transectorial management decisions would appear to be more relevant. This approach is close to the «generic approach to risk management» put forward in 2020 by the European Commission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les villes marocaines ont eu durant des siècles une histoire sereine avec les cours d’eau, et pourtant les inondations durant les années 2000 ont mis en exergue une nouvelle situation conflictuelle avec le milieu naturel. Le concours de plusieurs facteurs naturels et anthropiques avait certes contribué à l’enclenchement des inondations ; cependant c’est l’urbanisation qu’elle soit réglementaire ou non qui est incriminée. Nous abordons dans cet article cette problématique au travers le cas de la ville de Kénitra, ville bâtie sur un site marécageux et demeurant toujours en contact avec l’eau. Nous essayerons de voir en quoi les documents d’urbanisme anticipent ou non la gestion des risques d’inondation au niveau de cette ville, et également de montrer comment celle-ci a pu ou non composer avec l’eau pour se prémunir de ses risques.

Our paper reports on research on risk evaluation and management conducted with three probation services in French- or Italian-speaking cantons in Switzerland. It analyzes how probation officers construct an understanding and evaluation of levels of risk of reoffending for people convicted and serving parts of their sentences in an open environment. Our analysis combines observations of and interviews with probation officers using a method called “instructions to the double”, as well as analysis of written records (personal files, evaluation grids). We show that the risk evaluation activity of the probation officers, which we view as a cognitive and social process, draws on different sources. It is characterized by the multiplicity and heterogeneity of the resources mobilized, its dynamic character over the course of the interaction, and its orientation towards risk management. In addition, its validity is also tested in formal or informal collective evaluations. We show, in conclusion, that it does not correspond to the standardized approach advocated in the criminological literature.

En quelques mois, la pandémie de coronavirus a plongé le monde dans une situation de paralysie dont la durée est difficile à appréhender. Le Japon, pris entre le report des JO et la rentrée scolaire, semble avoir contenu l’épidémie dès les premières semaines, enrayant de fait le développement exponentiel subi par de nombreux autres pays. Il reste néanmoins des difficultés principalement dues à une réduction des investissements publics dans les hôpitaux contraints de réduire leur accueil.

Our paper reports on research on risk evaluation and management conducted with three probation services in French- or Italian-speaking cantons in Switzerland. It analyzes how probation officers construct an understanding and evaluation of levels of risk of reoffending for people convicted and serving parts of their sentences in an open environment. Our analysis combines observations of and interviews with probation officers using a method called "instructions to the double", as well as analysis of written records (personal files, evaluation grids). We show that the risk evaluation activity of the probation officers, which we view as a cognitive and social process, draws on different sources. It is characterized by the multiplicity and heterogeneity of the resources mobilized, its dynamic character over the course of the interaction, and its orientation towards risk management. In addition, its validity is also tested in formal or informal collective evaluations. We show, in conclusion, that it does not correspond to the standardized approach advocated in the criminological literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To ameliorate pre-trial risk and provide some insurance to the court, a surety – someone who agrees to supervise an accused while on bail and promises a sum of money if the accused fails to appear in court, commits an offence, or breaches a condition of their release – is required. Despite a legal framework that stipulates a presumption of release on unconditional bail, sureties are presumed to be required for most releases in Ontario. As an organizational risk management tool, sureties are responsibilized to take on a third-party policing function, offering the state access to private spaces for enhanced governance and surveillance. In assigning policing powers and responsibilities to private citizens, the state is extending its policing capacities, sharing its authority while simultaneously expanding its regulatory power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swallowing disorders often lead caregivers to crush tablets and open capsules, which may be a risky practice. The aim of our work was to assess caregiver's knowledge and practices about crushing drugs, and to develop teaching tools to improve medication safety in our hospital. This study was conducted within two geriatric units and was divided into 3 phases: knowledge and practices assessment, corrective measures implementation and evaluation. Based on these findings, we developed corrective measures: a training video was developed and a checkbox about the patient's swallowing capacities was configured in the computerized patient record (DxCare®, Medasys). Caregivers' satisfaction was measured and a checkbox spontaneous filing ratio was measured on one given day. A total of 7 nurses and 7 physicians were interviewed during the audit. Only one of them declared he recorded dysphagia in patients' records. Among nurses, 3/7 claimed to inquire about crushing possibility before administration. Regarding the correctives measures, 5 out of the 25 caregivers who have seen the video didn't know any of the risks mentioned, and knowledge of these risks was variable between different caregivers' profiles. A given day, 69.4% of patients' admission records contained a completed checkbox, allowing pharmacist to suggest alternatives. Through this work, we identified and prevented non-optimal practices, mostly caused by a lack of knowledge of the risks related to drug crushing. Training tools have been developed in our center to improve medication use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are ‘fire creatures’ that have used fire for millennia to shape local environments to diverse purposes. Our capacity for combustion has also forced global climatic changes and rendered the planet increasingly flammable, creating the conditions for progressively higher impact bushfires now and into the future. Meanwhile, governments in fire-prone countries such as Australia have continued to allow settlements to be established (and re-established) in wildland-urban interfaces. Like other ‘natural hazards’, bushfire is thereby a social phenomenon bound up with human values, practices and decisions. But, while studies of the social dimensions of ‘natural hazards’ are steadily rising, this scholarship has rarely addressed natural hazard management practitioners directly, precisely those authorised and entrusted to intervene in the distribution of hazard probabilities and consequences. This paper seeks to help remediate this research gap, illustrating how cultural, ecological, economic and political factors thoroughly condition hazard management and modes of intervention. Drawing on a case study in the Northern Territory’s Greater Darwin region, this paper suggests not only that examining such sociocultural realities provides new insights into hazards and their distribution, but also that attention to such issues is crucial to understanding our flammable future in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing forest resources occurs under various sources of uncertainty. Depending on the management problem, this uncertainty may have a substantial impact on the quality of the solution. As our knowledge on the sources and magnitude of uncertainty improves, integrating this knowledge into the development of management plans becomes increasingly useful, as additional information can improve the decision-making process. This adjustment requires a fundamental shift in how planning problems are viewed: instead of interpreting risk management as a technique needed only for addressing problems with natural hazards, risk management should be an integral part of most planning problems. Managing risks can be linked to a variety of adaptive planning methods: to help mitigate risk, either plans should be revised as new information becomes available or the possibility of adaptation should be accounted for in preparing the plans. We conduct a brief examination of the key topics in risk management and highlight how risk management implies trade-offs. Several decision problems that incorporate risk management are analyzed, and alternative perspectives for the problem are suggested to better address risk management issues. We then provide a decision framework for considering how to integrate risk management practices into the forest planning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Afin de soutenir leurs membres qui sont aux prises fréquemment avec des problèmes de nature éthique, plusieurs associations professionnelles en relations publiques se sont dotées de modèles de prise de décision éthique qu’elles mettent à la disposition de leurs membres à des fins de référence et de formation continue. Cependant, comme nous le démontrons dans cet article, les modèles proposés sont nettement insuffisants lorsqu’il s’agit d’aborder des questions éthiques plus complexes. Ainsi, l’objectif de cet article est de fournir aux théoriciens et aux praticiens des outils conceptuels permettant de mieux penser cette complexité dans la prise de décision éthique. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous présenterons, dans un premier temps, un cadre conceptuel qui comprend le champ d’application du modèle, ses bases théoriques, de même que des techniques avancées de pondération, de mise en équilibre des intérêts et de gestion de la réputation. Parallèlement à cet effort de théorisation, nous allons voir quelques applications de ce cadre conceptuel à travers l’analyse de cas pratiques. En guise de conclusion, nous allons faire une synthèse des points saillants et évoquer d’autres avenues pour la recherche sur ces questions. Mots-clés: éthique, prise de décision, relations publiques, réputation, gestion du risque. To support their members who frequently face ethical issues, several professional associations in public relations have developed models of ethical decision-making that they make available to their members for reference and training. However, as we demonstrate in this paper, these models are clearly insufficient to address more complex ethical issues. Thus, the aim of this article is to provide theoreticians and practitioners with conceptual tools to better reflect this complexity in ethical decision-making. To meet this objective, we will first present a conceptual framework that includes the scope of the model, its theoretical foundations, as well as advanced techniques for weighting interests and reputation management. In addition to this theoretical effort, we will see some applications of this conceptual framework through case analysis. In conclusion, we will summarize the highlights and discuss other avenues for research on these issues. Keywords: ethics, decision-making, public relations, reputation, risk management.

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Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents a new method for considering the risk of wind damage in forest planning and for predicting the amount of damage and its effects on timber production, economic profitability and carbon balance of forestry. The effects of wind damage on the optimal management of boreal forests under current and changing climatic conditions were analyzed by comparing four forest management plans. A reference plan maximized net present value (NPV) with even-flow harvesting constraints. The second plan minimized height differences between adjacent stands, the third minimized height differences while simultaneously maximizing NPV, and the fourth maximized height differences between adjacent stands. To obtain damage-adjusted results, schedules that belonged to the optimal management plans were simulated with wind damage, taking into account the shelter provided by adjacent stands. Maximizing NPV and simultaneously minimizing height differences resulted in the highest damage-adjusted NPV. Increasing wind damage increased carbon balance of forest soil but decreased the total carbon balance of forestry as it decreased the carbon balances of living forest biomass and wood-based products. Climate change slightly improved the total carbon balance of forestry. If wind damage was ignored in calculations, NPV, total carbon balance of forestry, and timber production were overestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La notion de risque est omniprésente dans notre quotidien. Cette notion polysémique renvoie à des phénomènes perçus comme étant de plus en plus présents dans notre société malgré toutes les précautions que nous prenons pour les « éviter ».Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons aux comportements de sécurité gage d’un changement de statut d’individu à acteur de la maîtrise des risques. Nous prendrons également en compte le fait que le contexte a un poids très important dans la mise en place de comportements de sécurité. Pour cela, nous décrirons une autre voie de modification des comportements à savoir la théorie de l’engagement.

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Résumé Les arboviroses, des maladies virales transmises par des arthropodes hématophages, sont responsables de syndromes fébriles parfois accompagnés de manifestations hémorragiques ou neurologiques. Les activités humaines ont favorisé l’émergence de ces virus, originellement zoonotiques, la domestication des principaux vecteurs et leur dissémination à travers le monde. L’épidémiologie des arboviroses, transmises par des moustiques du genre Aedes , a connu d’importantes modifications au cours de la dernière décennie, notamment en lien avec la dissémination intercontinentale d’ Aedes albopictus . Nous abordons ici les conséquences épidémiologiques de l’invasion par cette espèce de l’Afrique centrale et de l’Europe dans un contexte de globalisation des virus. Dans ces zones, le risque de transmission est modulé par des phénomènes d’adaptation virus-vecteurs ainsi que par des phénomènes environnementaux tels que les facteurs climatiques. Face à ces nouveaux risques, il est primordial de développer les capacités de veilles entomologique et virologique, d’évaluation du risque, d’anticipation des risques épidémiques afin de développer de stratégies de prévention et de contrôle des épidémies. Arboviruses – viruses transmitted by haematophagous arthropods – are responsible for febrile syndromes, which sometimes include haemorrhagic or neurological symptoms. Human activities have facilitated the emergence of these originally zoonotic viruses and the domestication and spread throughout the world of their major vectors. The last decade has seen significant changes in the epidemiology of arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes , particularly in relation to the intercontinental spread of Aedes albopictus . Here, we address the epidemiological consequences of the invasion by this species into Central Africa and Europe in a context of viral globalization. The risk of transmission in these areas is influenced by virus-vector adaptation phenomena as well as environmental phenomena including climate. Faced with these new risks, it is essential to develop competences in entomological and virological surveillance, risk assessment and forecasting of epidemic risk in order to develop strategies for the prevention and control of epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of an actuarial instrument is to generate a score or numeric index that can be used to predict the probability of an event. The Level of Service / Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI), which is an inventory of the level of service and the management of cases, is part of the last generation of risk-assessment actuarial tools. The predictive validity studies that have been conducted on tools such as the LS/CMI and the Level of Service Inventory- Revised (LSI-R) could not determine satisfactorily the metrological properties of the items that comprise them. The analysis in the present article fills a gap in the writings of specialists by exploiting scientific advancements in measurement theory to the benefit of criminology. The sample was drawn from evaluations carried out at two different times, February 2007 or March 2008, of two groups: 2,670 inmates and 1,837 people serving sentences in the community. The assessments focused primarily on the 43 items operationalizing the eight components of risk that comprise the structure of Part 1 of the LS/ CMI. The results of these assessments have helped target some items that are problematic when it comes to discrimination and redundancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A partir de l’analyse du référentiel « Une seule santé » et de l’évolution des instruments juridiques de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) et de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE), nous examinons comment ces organisations internationales intègrent la gestion de l’incertitude associée aux émergences zoonotiques récentes. Nous montrons qu’en passant d’une gestion de risques à celle d’incertitudes, ces organisations internationales étendent considérablement leur domaine d’action à travers notamment le système de notification obligatoire. Dans le même temps, elles promeuvent une gestion intersectorielle (entre santé humaine et santé animale en particulier) et un élargissement du système d’acteurs reconnus légitimes pour intervenir dans ce domaine. L’objectif antérieur d’éradication d’un nombre limité de maladies clairement identifiées laisse la place à une volonté de préparation à l’inconnu. Ce dispositif renforce le rôle de l’information pour la surveillance épidémiologique.

La gestion du risque d'avalanches sur les routes d'accès aux stations de sports d'hiver constitue un problème collectif qui met en jeu des procédures particulières, repose sur des instruments spécifiques, implique des régimes de responsabilité divers et mobilise des interventions variées. Cet article propose une analyse des décalages observés entre la théorie de la gestion et la réalité pratique de sa mise en œuvre à l'épreuve de contextes touristiques locaux. La vulnérabilité considérée ici n'est pas limitée aux seuls éléments passifs, tels que le linéaire routier. La dimension endogène du risque est considérée, au travers de facteurs actifs de vulnérabilité relevant de la complexité organisationnelle et des difficultés concrètes des modes de gestion.

Abstract: By the time vCJD was first described in 1996, it was already far too late to offset further disaster from transmission of the disease by blood transfusion: almost all the humans who would be infected and infectious were already diseased. Nothing done by the blood transfusion services around that time, with the exception of excluding transfusion recipients as blood donors, would have made any useful contribution to containing the extent of the epidemic. The ability to spread emerging diseases before the problem is manifest or understood is a fixed and unavoidable feature of blood transfusion as it is practiced today. A second fixed property of blood transfusion is that the root cause of disaster is not within the control of the blood transfusion universe. Strategies that have emerged to cope with similar threat in other enterprises that also contain these properties comprise the components of robust design: surveillance, preparedness for action, engagement, herding together, evasion or avoidance, early adoption of potentially useful measures, engineered resilience, defence in depth, damage limitation including modularity and removal of feedback loops, and contingency, redundancy and failure management, and ultimately, individual escape. Early adoption of leucodepletion based on the possibility that it might work rather than any hard evidence was a good example of threat management. Exclusion of previously transfused donors is a robust mechanism for containing any future infection; optimal blood use structures that provide a national transfusion rate as low as possible also constitute an effective threat management strategy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Revue d'Economie Politique is the property of Editions Dalloz Sirrey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How does the Parole Board decide a sex offender is rehabilitated and can be released into the community? This case study of a parole hearing reveals the significance the Parole Board gives to a sex offender's management of his arousal as a clear sign of his rehabilitation. To explain the Board's preoccupation with a sex offender's sexual fantasies and arousal, I draw on a prison ethnography of a sex offender treatment program. Rehabilitation as risk management relies on the development of a crime cycle and relapse prevention plan designed to grasp the connection between fantasies, arousal, and offending. I argue the parole hearing and treatment program exist in a symbiotic relationship that fabricates the sex offender into a species larger than life, one at risk of offending all the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Criminologie is the property of Presses de l'Universite de Montreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement is the property of Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RCMP executives and the Canadian government promoted community justice forums (family group conferences) in the late 1990s. They did so because CJFs offered a process consistent with the national community-policing strategy. When this strategy changed, executives cut their support for the program. This paper argues that this “rise” and “fall” was a function of the program's theoretical and procedural alignment with shifting strategies of national governance. This raises a question about the role of restorative forums in Canadian governance. If such programs remain desirable, multi-agency forums (police, public schools, child welfare, immigration) may well align with the nascent governmental framework of public safety interoperability. The paper also considers another possibility: non-state local peacemaking forums. The conclusion discusses potential benefits and limits of these possibilities. It also offers general theoretical observations on the role of alignment in governmental programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Investigation of adverse outcomes in obstetrics and gynaecology requires a systematic and systemically oriented approach. The main objective of these assessments is to decrease their incidence. Lethal complications in obstetrics and gynaecological surgery have become so rare in developed countries that we have to grapple mainly with severe morbidities. A model for such investigation is presented, based on answers to 3 questions: What? How? and Why? These questions correspond to 3 components of quality assurance: Outcome, Process, and Structure, respectively. Aspects of Reason''s model of accidents are also included, in the form of "active failures" and "latent conditions." The latter are divided into basic contributory factors, 4 of which are derived from a model of human factors influencing behaviour in anaesthesia or flight-crew environments. To illustrate its basic nature, the model is applied to anonymized cases of surgical complications. Application of the model to the reactive investigation of close calls is discussed, as is application to the proactive interrogation of the care system for the presence and nature of hazards that pose threats to safety. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The study evaluates the convergent validity between the scale of psychopathy of Hare (PCL-R), Historical-Clinical-Risk-20 items (HCR-20), the clinical syndromes as well as the personality disorders of DSM-IV. The population includes 60 prisoners of male sex imprisoned in central France. The internal consistency of HCR-20 is comparable with that obtained from French-speaking population. Convergence between HCR-20 and the PCL-R is high. The Historical factor of HCR-20 is more strongly correlated with the chronic antisocial factor of PCL-R. The Clinical factor of HCR-20 is correlated with the Interpersonal factor of PCL-R. The diagnoses of antisocial, borderline and narcissistic personalities are associated with the total score of HCR-20. The same applies for the diagnosis of “Dependence to drug”. In an awaited way, the diagnoses of narcissistic and antisocial personality are positively correlated with the total score and of psychopathy. However, the “Suicidal Risk” and “Generalized Anxiety” correlate negatively with the total score and the factor 1 of the PCL-R. HCR-20, and more particularly its Historical factor, are associated with the violent offences (“Robbery with violence” and “Assault”). The total score of psychopathy is associated with the robbery with violence. On the other hand, HCR-20 and PCL-R are not positively associated with the homicide offencer or to the sexual offences. The overall results are congruent with the international literature and encourage the use of standardized instruments for the evaluation of psychopathy and violent recidivism for research, clinical applications and expertise evaluation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Deviance et Societe is the property of Medecine et Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forestry Chronicle is the property of Canadian Institute of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Building Research & Information is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En France, le principe de précaution a fait irruption dans le champ de la santé publique à travers la transfusion sanguine, sans qu’il y ait eu une réflexion préalable quant à sa définition, son objectif, ses modalités d’application et ses conséquences. La question de la pertinence de son application reste entière. Cette étude réalisée à partir d’entretiens avec des acteurs de la transfusion sanguine a pour objectif d’établir les représentations qu’ils ont de l’application du principe de précaution dans ce champ particulier et des conséquences en termes de gestion des risques et des droits des patients. À partir de ces représentations, les éléments favorables et défavorables à l’application du principe de précaution sont analysés. À l’issue de l’analyse, il apparaît que le principe de précaution relève d’une confusion. Il est plus perçu comme une protection pour le décideur que pour le malade, et poussé à l’extrême il pourrait être préjudiciable à la logique médicale. Cependant, il apparaît aussi porteur d’éléments qui renouvellent et font évoluer la gestion du risque transfusionnel. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Observation of medical practices still show that, in some institutions, obtaining consent could be in the mode of a trivialization, or even some administrative automaticity. To ensure a truly informed choice, this article explains why the information in the sensitive field of reproductive medicine and perinatology should remain an act of care and relationship. It outlines why medical information issued to couples must take into account not only validated data, but also the doubts and uncertainties. This is especially true when risk management because the meaning we give to the acceptance of risk is not simply the result of a calcul of probability but also the result of a social construction. All signed consent and collected outside of such an approach to quality and completeness of the information would be considered questionable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Le Stromboli est l’un des volcans les plus actifs de la planète ; il est aussi devenu, depuis à peine plus d’un demi-siècle, un haut-lieu touristique.Les récents paroxysmes éruptifs de l’été 2019 ont spectaculairement mis en valeur cette situation paradoxale car, pour la première fois dans son histoire, ce paroxysme est intervenu en pleine saison touristique. De très heureux concours de circonstances ont permis d’éviter un bilan qui aurait pu être catastrophique, mais sont alors apparus au grand jour les limites d’un système touristique éolien qui a construit en partie sa notoriété internationale sur l’attraction volcanique. Cet article questionne donc la relation entre l’imprévisibilité d’un risque potentiellement mortel, mais très exceptionnel, avec la gestion d’une fréquentation touristique intense en saison, peu ou pas informée sur la réalité des risques.

Abstract: Background: In the healthcare domain, different analytic tools focused on accidents appeared to be poorly adapted to sub-accidental issues. Improving local management and intra-institutional communication with simpler methods, allowing rapid and uncomplicated meta-reporting, could be an attractive alternative. Methods: A process-centered structure derived from the industrial domain - DEPOSE(E) - was selected and modified for its use in the healthcare domain. The seven exclusive meta-categories defined - Patient, Equipment, Process, Actor, Supplies, work Room and Organization- constitute 7CARECAT™. A collection of 536 “improvement” reports from a tertiary hospital Post anesthesia care unit (PACU) was used and four meta-categorization rules edited prior to the analysis. Both the relevance of the metacategories and of the rules were tested to build a meta-reporting methodology. The distribution of these categories was analyzed with a χ 2 test. Results: Five hundred and ninety independent facts were collected out of the 536 reports. The frequencies of the categories are: Organization 44%, Actor 37%, Patient 11%, Process 3%, work Room 3%, Equipment 1% and Supplies 1%, with a p-value <0.005 (χ 2). During the analysis, three more rules were edited. The reproducibility, tested randomly on 200 reports, showed a <2% error rate. Conclusion: This meta-reporting methodology, developed with the 7CARECAT™ structure and using a reduced number of operational rules, has successfully produced a stable and consistent classification of sub-accidental events voluntarily reported. This model represents a relevant tool to exchange meta-informations important for local and transversal communication in healthcare institutions. It could be used as a promising tool to improve quality and risk management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]