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Since the adoption of the Palermo Protocol in 2000, international anti-trafficking law and policy have developed significantly. While both States and non-state actors have had a role to play in such development, this article focuses on the contribution of what (Sivakumaran, 2017) labels as “state-empowered entities” (SEEs), actors that are “empowered” by states' and thus cannot be seen as “truly non-state in character.” Indeed, a range of SEEs, such as UNODC, the Council of Europe's Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Persons to name a few engage substantively with international anti-trafficking law. Situated within a theoretical framework that recognizes “soft” law's normativity and important interactive relationship with “hard” law, this article analyses the ongoing role of SEEs in operationalizing international anti-trafficking law, highlighting the norm creation, interpretation, and enforcement functions that such entities can and do play. Ultimately, this article frames SEEs as underexplored sites of progress for international anti-trafficking law, and calls for more engagement with the work and output of relevant SEEs, within anti-trafficking research and practice.

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot; Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Accurate characterization of foot type can facilitate identification of patients at risk for different foot disorders and direct operative treatment. Foot type can be determined qualitatively with visual assessment and quantitatively using arch index (AI), calcaneal pitch (CP), Meary's angle (MA), and foot posture index (FPI). Agreement between various foot typing measures is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement between different measurements of foot type. We hypothesized that quantitative measures would have better interrater reliability than qualitative measures, and that visual assessment of foot type would be strongly correlated with radiographic assessment. Methods: Bilateral foot photographs were acquired from 92 asymptomatic participants (50 men, 42 women, mean age of 43.3+- 18.6 years) to assess photographic arch type (PAT) and photographic foot posture (PFP). Hindfoot alignment and lateral radiographs were acquired of each foot to assess calcaneal pitch (CP), Meary's angle (MA), x-ray foot posture (XFP), and x-ray arch type (XAT). Photographs and radiographs were assessed by five reviewers in random order. Foot Posture Index (FPI) was determined through manual exam. Arch Index (AI) was measured on lightbox images. Interrater reliability was assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for continuous variables and Kendall's W for categorical variables. Correlations between measures and sensitivity/specificity were assessed using calcaneal pitch as the reference standard with cavus feet >= 26 degrees and planus feet measuring

This prospective study compared the efficacy of two antinociceptive modalities: nerve blocks and cognitive therapy. A consecutive series of patients receiving nerve block therapy was invited to take part in a six-week randomized comparison of nerve blocks and cognitive therapy. Sixty-eight of 102 patients approached by telephone agreed to participate. Patients attended eight weekly treatment sessions. Baseline and seven weekly sets of values were recorded. The principal measure of outcome was the Pain on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The secondary measures were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Activities of Daily Living as measured on the Primary Care Cooperative Information Project/World Organization of National Colleges, Academies (COOP-WONCA) scale. Within the first week, one patient of 34 in the nerve block group withdrew and 12 of 34 in the cognitive therapy group withdrew from the study. After seven weeks, 33 patients in the nerve block group remained in the trial, but only 21 patients completed the questionnaires. Four of 22 patients in the cognitive therapy group completed the trial and their questionnaires. Mean VAS scores in the nerve block group dropped slightly during treatment. Mean VAS scores in the cognitive therapy group rose during the trial. However, the mean VAS score of the remaining four in the last week was below the initial group mean. Patients who had been receiving nerve blocks proved willing to remain in the study if allocated to the nerve block group and unwilling to remain in the cognitive therapy group while foregoing their accustomed treatment.