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In recent years, Norbert Elias’ theory that there was a gradual decline in interpersonal violence in Europe due to a process of «civilization» has been challenged by an increasing number of scholars. Among the voices that have opposed the German sociologist’s theory are those of Randolph Roth and later Pieter Spierenburg, who pointed out that the level of violence in a society cannot be likened to a linear graph but rather adheres to the degree of social trust within that society. Colin Rose’s work on 17th-century papal Bologna fits into this line of interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a long-range terrestrial laser scanner application for the geostructural mapping of Coroglio cliff, a tuff rock face exposed along the coastal zone of Campi Flegrei, Napoli. The procedure includes several phases (geomorphological analysis, structural field survey, laser scanner data acquisition and data processing, 3-D model development and analysis, geostructural classification of discontinuity orientation data and 2-D vertical cartographic production). Field data were processed with specific software dedicated to geostructural and geometric analysis. Spatial data were managed with a geographical information system and have been used for the construction of 2-D and 3-D geometric models of the rock cliff surface and geostructural interpretation. The main product of this study is a vertical geostructural map of the Coroglio cliff at 1:500 scale that illustrates the spatial distribution and orientation of the major families of structural discontinuities detected along the exposed surface of the cliff. The cartographic product includes base information useful to identify the main rock failure mechanisms along the cliff and represents a first step for the zonation of areas susceptible to block failures and the planning of monitoring activities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]