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Purpose: To determine the best solvent for extracting phenolic compounds from Handeuleum leaves, which are rich in phenolic compounds. Methods: In optimizing the extraction solvent, the simplex centroid mixture design was used together with the extractor components, namely water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol, which were designed to produce 15 formulas. Total phenolic analysis was carried out based on the Follin-Ciocalteu method, and the results were expressed in milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight of the sample. Results: The quadratic model with an R² value of 0.8407 is relied upon for total phenolic recovery. The best-mixed formula yielded a desirability value of 0.913 with a quarternary mixture of water (0.6910), acetone (0.3054), methanol (0.0002), and ethanol (0.0031) as solvents, obtaining a total phenolic content of 2.9613 mg GAE/g dry weight. The optimal condition validation results are also stated to be very accurate, with a residual standard error (RSE) of 0.905 %. Conclusion: The optimized solvent combination for extracting high amounts of phenolic compounds from Handeuleum leaves has been reported which may be upscaled for commercial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of plants for medicinal purposes continues to expand rapidly across the world. Up to 80% of the world's population is estimated to rely heavily on herbal medicines for their primary health care. Graptophyllum pictum leaves (GPL) have long been used as herbal medicine for several diseases or health conditions. However, until now, there have been only limited studies regarding laboratory experiments and the pharmacological effects of GPL. Purpose: To summarize the phytopharmacology aspect of GPL used for medical and dental purposes. Review(s): Based on the 36 articles included, GPL is widely used in medicine and dentistry, such as for treatment of hemorrhoids, periodontitis, and candidiasis, due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. However, the current research study designs are still in vitro and in vivo experiments. Continuing experiments and clinical tests are needed to explore the essential use of the GPL. Conclusion: GPL can be used for medical and dental purposes due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.

Background: The use of plants for medicinal purposes continues to expand rapidly across the world. Up to 80% of the world’s population is estimated to rely heavily on herbal medicines for their primary health care. Graptophyllum pictum leaves (GPL) have long been used as herbal medicine for several diseases or health conditions. However, until now, there have been only limited studies regarding laboratory experiments and the pharmacological effects of GPL. Purpose: To summarize the phytopharmacology aspect of GPL used for medical and dental purposes. Review: Based on the 36 articles included, GPL is widely used in medicine and dentistry, such as for treatment of hemorrhoids, periodontitis, and candidiasis, due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. However, the current research study designs are still in vitro and in vivo experiments. Continuing experiments and clinical tests are needed to explore the essential use of the GPL. Conclusion: GPL can be used for medical and dental purposes due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graptophyllum pictum is a tropical plant noticeable for its variegated leaves and exploited for various medicinal purposes. In this study, seven compounds, including three furanolabdane diterpenoids, i.e., Hypopurin E, Hypopurin A and Hypopurin B, as well as with Lupeol, β-sitosterol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, stigmasterol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, were isolated from G. pictum, and their structures were deduced from ESI-TOF-MS, HR-ESI-TOF-MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The compounds were evaluated for their anticholinesterase activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BchE), as well as their antidiabetic potential through inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. For AChE inhibition, no sample had IC50 within tested concentrations, though the most potent was Hypopurin A, which had a percentage inhibition of 40.18 ± 0.75%, compared to 85.91 ± 0.58% for galantamine, at 100 µg/mL. BChE was more susceptible to the leaves extract (IC50 = 58.21 ± 0.65 µg/mL), stem extract (IC50 = 67.05 ± 0.82 µg/mL), Hypopurin A (IC50 = 58.00 ± 0.90 µg/mL), Hypopurin B (IC50 = 67.05 ± 0.92 µg/mL) and Hypopurin E (IC50 = 86.90 ± 0.76 µg/mL). In the antidiabetic assay, the furanolabdane diterpenoids, lupeol and the extracts had moderate to good activities. Against α-glucosidase, lupeol, Hypopurin E, Hypopurin A and Hypopurin B had appreciable activities but the leaves (IC50 = 48.90 ± 0.17 µg/mL) and stem (IC50 = 45.61 ± 0.56 µg/mL) extracts were more active than the pure compounds. In the α-amylase assay, stem extract (IC50 = 64.47 ± 0.78 µg/mL), Hypopurin A (IC50 = 60.68 ± 0.55 µg/mL) and Hypopurin B (IC50 = 69.51 ± 1.30 µg/mL) had moderate activities compared to the standard acarbose (IC50 = 32.25 ± 0.36 µg/mL). Molecular docking was performed to determine the binding modes and free binding energies of Hypopurin E, Hypopurin A and Hypopurin B in relation to the enzymes and decipher the structure–activity relationship. The results indicated that G. pictum and its compounds could, in general, be used in the development of therapies for Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graptophyllum pictum is a well-known folk medicine in Indonesia. The red leaves are widely used for their anti-inflammatory properties to relieve hemorrhoids. However, little is known about to what extent these properties can affect platelet aggregation. This study was aimed to determine the anti-inflammation and anti-platelet aggregation activities of the ethanolic extract of Graptophyllum pictum (EEGP). Apart from the ear and hind-paw edema assay, anti-platelet aggregation and bleeding time assay were also performed on male Wistar rats. The test animals were grouped into six groups: three treatment groups termed EEGP100, EEGP600, and EEGP3000 (received 100, 600, and 3000 mg/kg BW of EEGP, respectively), one control-solvent group (1% CMC-Na), and two positive control groups (aspirin and Na-diclofenac). Based on the percentage of edema inhibition, absorbance change, and bleeding time, EEGP600 and EEGP3000 produced a comparable percentage of edema inhibition to that of Na-diclofenac, which was not found in EEGP100. Also, EEGP600 and EEGP3000, but not EEGP100, inhibited platelet aggregation as effective as aspirin (positive control). In conclusion, if administered at 600 and 3000 mg/kg BW, the ethanolic extract of Graptophyllum pictum can function as an anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits platelet aggregation.

Background : The 1st and 2nd degree hemorrhoids is managed non-operatively with the anti-inflammatory and plebothropic drugs. Graptophyllum pictum extract (GPE) has already been used widely in Indonesia to treat hemorrhoid with good result, however, the mechanism is not supported by the molecular research. Objective : This study is intended to study the phlebothropic effects of GPE by measuring the degree of edema and extravassal leucocytes of experimental wistar hemorrhoid. Methods : Experimental study with Randomized Controlled Trial Post-test only design in male wistar rats, weight around 200 gr, induced for the development of a disease-like condition of hemorrhoids by 6% croton oil on the anus for 3 days. Random allocation was performed to divide the 14 wistar rats in 2 groups. Group I as control got normal saline solution, while group II was treated with GPE 100mg/kgbw, started on day 4th for 5 consecutive days. On 9th day blood was extracted from retroorbital fossa and anus was resected up to 2 cm from anal verge and weighted. The degree of anal edema was measured by rectoanal coefficient, that is rasio between anal weight (miligrams) and body weight (grams). Results : Until the end of study, all wistar rat were still alive. The mean (±SD) of body weight of control group was 173.84 ­(±13.37) and the treatment group was 171.70 (±13.10), and there was no significant differences (p = 0.833). The mean (±SD) of rectoanal coefficient in the treatment group was 2.46 (±0.41) and it was significantly lower than control group (3.13 ± 0.85) (p = 0.029). The mean (±SD) of extravassal leukocytes in the treatment group was 900.14(±48.09) and it was significantly lower than the control (1003.28 ± 99.30) (p = 0.042). Conclusions : Graptophyllum pictum extract at doses of 100 mg/Kgbw have phlebotonic effect in decreased edema and extravassal leukocytes.

Background: Antioxidants are important substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radicals-induced oxidative stress. A shift in the balance between oxidants and antioxidants promotes oxidative stress. Graptophyllum pictum (GP) contains substances that are efficacious as antioxidants. Aim and Objectives:To prove the antioxidant effects of GP leaf extract on Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of mice induced by a toxic dose of paracetamol. Material and Methods: Thirty mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=6); Negative Control (NC) was without treatment, Positive Control (PC) with aquadest + paracetamol, T1: GP leaf extract 150 mg/kg BW + paracetamol, T2: GP leaf extract 300 mg/kg BW+ paracetamol, T3: GP leaf extract 600 mg/kg BW+ paracetamol. Extracts were given on the 1st to 10th day and paracetamol induction was performed on the 8th, 9th, and 10th days. On the 11th day, blood serum samples were collected and the level of MDA was then measured Results: T1, T2, T3 had the lower number of MDA levels when compared with the PC (3.625±0.374, 3.147±0.222, 2.574±0.319). One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test with Tukey showed that there was a significant difference between PC and T1, T2, T3 (p

Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis adhesion to neutrophils is an important initial process in periodontal disease. The process of bacterial adhesion must be inhibited so that periodontal disease does not develop into severe. Graptophyllum pictum contains several active substances that can affect the function of neutrophils. Aim of the research to find out the inhibition of Graptophyllum pictum leaf extracts (GLE) in various concentrations against the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to neutrophils. Methods: The method used is experimental laboratory using the post test only control group design. This research used a sample of isolate neutrophils taken from the blood of subjects with inclusion criteria. The sample was divided into 5 groups: the control group (without GLE), GLE 3.125%, GLE 6.25%, GLE 12.5%, and GLE 25%.The neutrophils isolate was incubated with GLE for 3 hours, then exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis for 8 hours. The adhesion index is calculated by the average number of Porphyromonas gingivalis attached to 100 neutrophils. Results: Based on these results can be interpreted that GLE 3.125%, GLE 6.25% and GLE 12.5% showed no significant difference, in the mean those concentrations doesn't have ability to inhibit the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis in neutrophils. So GLE 25% only which is able to inhibit the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis in neutrophils. Conclusion: GLE can inhibit the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis to neutrophils by GLE 25% effectively only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s):To evaluate the effect of Graptophyllum pictum on lipid peroxidation and tissue antioxidant enzymes in liver and kidney of gentamicin induced nephrotoxic rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were grouped into 6: Group 1 received gum acacia, Group 2 received G. pictum ethanol extract (300 mg/kg), Group 3 received gentamicin, Groups 4, 5, 6 received gentamicin along with G. pictum at 300, 150, 75 mg/kg, respectively. Nephroprotective activity was evaluated by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), biochemical markers Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione-S Transferase(GST), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), serum urea and creatinine levels. Results: Results obtained showed that gentamicin induced nephrotoxic rats exhibited lower activities of biochemical markers and raised levels of TBARS, serum creatinine and urea. Remarkably, after treatment with G. pictum extract, anomalous levels of biochemical markers, lipid peroxidation and serum creatinine were returned to normal. Conclusion: The results propose that G. pictum has nephroprotective effects, and can be a promising natural source against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.

Background: Antioxidants are important substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radicals-induced oxidative stress. A shift in the balance between oxidants and antioxidants promotes oxidative stress. Graptophyllum pictum (GP) contains substances that are efficacious as antioxidants. Aim and Objectives:To prove the antioxidant effects of GP leaf extract on Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of mice induced by a toxic dose of paracetamol. Material and Methods: Thirty mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=6); Negative Control (NC) was without treatment, Positive Control (PC) with aquadest + paracetamol, T1: GP leaf extract 150 mg/kg BW + paracetamol, T2: GP leaf extract 300 mg/kg BW+ paracetamol, T3: GP leaf extract 600 mg/kg BW+ paracetamol. Extracts were given on the 1st to 10th day and paracetamol induction was performed on the 8th, 9th, and 10th days. On the 11th day, blood serum samples were collected and the level of MDA was then measured Results: T1, T2, T3 had the lower number of MDA levels when compared with the PC (3.625±0.374, 3.147±0.222, 2.574±0.319). One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test with Tukey showed that there was a significant difference between PC and T1, T2, T3 (p<0.05). Conclusion: GP extract has an antioxidant effect on the prevention of elevated MDA levels. A dose of 600 mg/kg BW was found to be the most effective in preventing elevation of MDA levels after a toxic dose of paracetamol was induced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. (Family-Acanthaceae) occupies a key role in traditional system of medicine. Since an extensive literature survey did not provide any information about studies on its standardization. Therefore, we designed the current study to establish the quality control parameters of G. pictum aerial parts. Materials and Methods: The investigation included determination of various standardization parameters such as macroscopic and microscopic studies, physicochemical parameters as well as phytochemical analysis of the crude drug. Results: The microscopy study of aerial parts revealed that stem shows typical dicotyledonous characters with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate in the cortical region and dorsiventral leaf. Physicochemical constants such as moisture content, ash values, fluorescence analysis, and extractive values were established. Preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, etc. Conclusion: The present study suggests establishing the parameters for pharmacopoeial standardization of G. pictum.

Objective(s): To evaluate the effect of Graptophyllum pictum on lipid peroxidation and tissue antioxidant enzymes in liver and kidney of gentamicin induced nephrotoxic rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were grouped into 6: Group 1 received gum acacia, Group 2 received G. pictum ethanol extract (300 mg/kg), Group 3 received gentamicin, Groups 4, 5, 6 received gentamicin along with G. pictum at 300, 150, 75 mg/kg, respectively. Nephroprotective activity was evaluated by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), biochemical markers Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione-S Transferase(GST), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), serum urea and creatinine levels. Results: Results obtained showed that gentamicin induced nephrotoxic rats exhibited lower activities of biochemical markers and raised levels of TBARS, serum creatinine and urea. Remarkably, after treatment with G. pictum extract, anomalous levels of biochemical markers, lipid peroxidation and serum creatinine were returned to normal. Conclusion: The results propose that G. pictum has nephroprotective effects, and can be a promising natural source against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Graptophyllumpictum(L.) Griff . (Family-Acanthaceae) occupies a key role in traditional system of medicine. Since an extensive literature survey did not provide any information about studies on its standardization. Therefore, we designed the current study to establish the quality control parameters of G. pictum aerial parts. Materials and Methods: The investigation included determination of various standardization parameters such as macroscopic and microscopic studies, physicochemical parameters as well as phytochemical analysis of the crude drug. Results: The microscopy study of aerial parts revealed that stem shows typical dicotyledonous characters with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate in the cortical region and dorsiventral leaf. Physicochemical constants such as moisture content, ash values, fluorescence analysis, and extractive values were established. Preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, etc. Conclusion: The present study suggests establishing the parameters for pharmacopoeial standardization of G. pictum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]