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This article looks to the original meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment's provisions on equal citizenship to defend an approach to the free exercise of religion distinct both from Employment Division v. Smith and the Sherbert-Yoder regime it replaced. Members of all religious groups are equally citizens: in the first Justice Harlan's words in The Civil Rights Cases, a "component part of the people for whose welfare and happiness government is ordained." Such citizens are entitled to equal solicitude from their state regarding even indirect costs of that state's laws. Just as trustees must affirmatively promote the interests of their beneficiaries, not merely avoid purposely harming them, states must affirmatively promote the interests of their citizens, not merely avoid targeting them for ill treatment. This obligation applies to all citizens no maKer their religion or race. Contrary to Smith, therefore, the Fourteenth Amendment requires more than a no-religious-targeting rule. And contrary to Washington v. Davis, it requires more than a no-racial-targeting rule. The Court was right in both Smith and Washington, however, that strict scrutiny for any law significantly affecting racial or religious groups would threaten chaos. A refusal to countenance any impact on religious practices, no maKer how socially harmful, would allow religious citizens to be laws unto themselves. A refusal to countenance any disparate impact on racial groups would require racially discriminatory quotas that would themselves undermine equal citizenship. The Fourteenth Amendment requires a more nuanced assessment of the arbitrariness of the distinctions in state law and the costs they impose than a one-size-fits-all "compelling state interest" framework can supply. Instead of focusing solely on explicit or purposeful classifications, the Court should focus directly on the existence of adequate explanations for policies causing particular harms. Such a focus would mirror the manner in which the Court assesses "arbitrary and capricious" agency action in cases like Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe and Motor Vehicle Manufacturers' Association v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. The trigger for such an inquiry would not be the nature of the classification at issue, but simply the existence of the impact on particular citizens' interests, including economic interests. The Fourteenth Amendment requires states to offer an adequate explanation of why other citizens' interests maKer more than the interests of those suffering the burden, and it requires states to present their actual reasons for decisions, rather than hiding behind post-hoc judicial rationalizations as approved in Williamson v. Lee Optical. Such a requirement for reasoned aKention to different interests fits how the law of trusts has long required trustees to explain themselves when they deal with multiple beneficiaries. Trustees need not always treat all of their beneficiaries precisely the same, but they must give "impartial aKention" to all beneficiaries' welfare, which in turn requires an adequate explanation of both differential treatment among, and differential impacts on, a trustee's beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What can public attitudes towards the integration of co-ethnic migrants teach us about social integration in newly diverse societies? Research finds that South Koreans prefer co-ethnic migrants from culturally similar or desirable origins, but it says little about the integration of migrant groups. Existing data and qualitative studies suggest considerable barriers to fully incorporating otherwise preferred migrants. Focusing on integrating North Korean migrants in South Korea – a relatively privileged migrant group that enjoys substantial resettlement support but encounters barriers to full integration – this paper addresses the research gap by testing competing explanations of migrant incorporation. Informed by Intergroup Threat Theory (ITT), the study examines how threats defined as realistic or symbolic shape native attitudes toward these migrants. Using a conjoint survey experiment to measure preferences for economic, political, and social integration, we find South Koreans favor North Korean migrants with extended residence in South Korea, which is a marker for diminishing realistic and symbolic intergroup threats. Conversely, migrants signaling stronger affiliations to North Korea or lacking diverse social ties in South Korea fail to alleviate intergroup threat concerns and consequently face discrimination. Our findings offer insights into integration policy and contribute to the migration and citizenship literature and contemporary Korean Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptide-based liquid-liquid phase separated domains, or coacervates, are a biomaterial gaining new interest due to their exciting potential in fields ranging from biosensing to drug delivery. In this study, we demonstrate that coacervates provide a simple and biocompatible medium to improve nucleic acid biosensors through the sequestration of both the biosensor and target strands within the coacervate, thereby increasing their local concentration. Using the well-established polyarginine (R9) – ATP coacervate system and an energy transfer-based DNA molecular beacon we observed three key improvements: i) a greater than 20-fold reduction of the limit of detection within coacervates when compared to control buffer solutions; ii) an increase in the kinetics, equilibrium was reached more than 4-times faster in coacervates; and iii) enhancement in the dye fluorescent quantum yields within the coacervates, resulting in greater signal-to-noise. The observed benefits translate into coacervates greatly improving bioassay functionality. Fluorescence-based oligonucleotide probes, also known as molecular beacons (MBs), are popular for detecting nucleic acids with high specificity. Here, the authors demonstrate self-sequestration of MB-based biosensors and target strands within peptide-based coacervates, increasing local concentrations and significantly increasing the sensitivity and kinetics of the DNA biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates why anti-democratic laws persist in democratic societies, focusing on South Korea's National Security Act (NSA). Enacted in 1948, the NSA restricts freedom of expression and movement to deter pro-North Korea behaviour. Despite being at odds with the tenets of liberal democracy, the act remains in place. Existing public opinion data indicates modest to strong support for the law, but measurement concerns leave much to be desired. Using a choice-based conjoint, we test the impact of democratic norms and national security rationales on various policy propositions related to the NSA, including its abolition. Results show widespread support for the Act, driven by both democratic norms and security concerns. Progressives are more likely to support revisions limiting the scope of the Act on the basis that it safeguards democracy, but they agree with conservatives that it should not be abolished. This research contributes to understanding South Korea's post-democratic transition and the balance between national security and democracy more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While chemicals are vital to modern society through materials, agriculture, textiles, new technology, medicines, and consumer goods, their use is not without risks. Unfortunately, our resources seem inadequate to address the breadth of chemical challenges to the environment and human health. Therefore, it is important we use our intelligence and knowledge wisely to prepare for what lies ahead. The present study used a Delphi‐style approach to horizon‐scan future chemical threats that need to be considered in the setting of chemicals and environmental policy, which involved a multidisciplinary, multisectoral, and multinational panel of 25 scientists and practitioners (mainly from the United Kingdom, Europe, and other industrialized nations) in a three‐stage process. Fifteen issues were shortlisted (from a nominated list of 48), considered by the panel to hold global relevance. The issues span from the need for new chemical manufacturing (including transitioning to non‐fossil‐fuel feedstocks); challenges from novel materials, food imports, landfills, and tire wear; and opportunities from artificial intelligence, greater data transparency, and the weight‐of‐evidence approach. The 15 issues can be divided into three classes: new perspectives on historic but insufficiently appreciated chemicals/issues, new or relatively new products and their associated industries, and thinking through approaches we can use to meet these challenges. Chemicals are one threat among many that influence the environment and human health, and interlinkages with wider issues such as climate change and how we mitigate these were clear in this exercise. The horizon scan highlights the value of thinking broadly and consulting widely, considering systems approaches to ensure that interventions appreciate synergies and avoid harmful trade‐offs in other areas. We recommend further collaboration between researchers, industry, regulators, and policymakers to perform horizon scanning to inform policymaking, to develop our ability to meet these challenges, and especially to extend the approach to consider also concerns from countries with developing economies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1212–1228. © 2023 Crown copyright and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the King's Printer for Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing explanations of 'neoliberalism in education', this article explores whether neoliberal policy facilitates curricula that include moral development for the 'common good', or whether unintended consequences actually eviscerate the very nature of moral education. England's contribution to curriculum design in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has set planning within broadly accepted 'market' philosophies drawn from the 'reforms' of the 1980s. Reactionary implementation of moral education as an additional separate, statutory and tested subject into an already crowded curriculum in the UAE raises questions over authenticity, relevance and quality. The global economic and diplomatic influence of the UAE is high and rising, with similar trends for other economies in the region. However, as elsewhere, issues about inclusivity, equality, diversity, identity and wellbeing are pressing curricula content, particularly around values in personal, social, moral, environmental and economic responsibility, and 'the historical record'. Building upon lessons in the authoritative account, Development of moral education in the UAE: lessons to be learned (Pring, R. 2018. "Development of Moral Education in the UAE: Lessons to Be Learned." Oxford Review of Education. doi:10.1080/03054985.2018.1502169), the paper seeks reconciliation away from ranked performance measures and compartmentalised subject additions and towards greater cross-curricula integration, critical thinking and moral action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) results from the accumulation of excessive liver lipids leading to hepatocellular injury, inflammation, and fibrosis that greatly increase the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the well‐characterized clinical and histological pathology for NASH‐driven HCC in humans, its etiology remains unclear and there is a deficiency in pre‐clinical models that recapitulate the progression of the human disease. Therefore, we developed a new mouse model amenable to genetic manipulations and gene targeting that mimics the gradual NASH to HCC progression observed in humans. C57BL/6NJ mice were fed a Western high‐fat diet and sugar water (HFD/SW) and monitored for effects on metabolism, liver histology, tumor development, and liver transcriptome for up to 54 weeks. Chronic HFD/SW feeding led to significantly increased weight gain, serum and liver lipid levels, liver injury, and glucose intolerance. Hepatic pathology progressed and mice developed hepatocellular ballooning, inflammation, and worse fibrosis was apparent at 16 weeks, greatly increased through 32 weeks, and remained elevated at 54 weeks. Importantly, hepatocellular cancer spontaneously developed in 75% of mice on HFD/SW, half of which were HCC, whereas none of the mice on the chow diet developed HCC. Chronic HFD/SW induced molecular markers of de novo lipogenesis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and accumulation of p62, all of which also participate in the human pathology. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed activation of HCC‐related genes and signatures associated with poor prognosis of human HCC. Overall, we have identified a new preclinical model that recapitulates known hallmarks of NASH‐driven HCC that can be utilized for future molecular mechanistic studies of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the successful development of a novel Contactless Field Enhanced Sintering (cFES) process for sanitaryware repair: "Spot Glaze Repair Technology (SGRT)". A hot glaze melt system has been applied on sanitaryware bodies without the use of a kiln. The faults were re-glazed using a mixture of 50 vol% original glaze and 50 vol% low temperature glaze developed in house. Surface faults with diameters of 1–2 mm were successfully repaired using a custom built cFES rig and special low temperature glaze, without any sign of surface cracking. Using a combination of a hot flame and a low frequency electric field, the repairs required just 3 s. The flame provided the thermal energy required to reduce the dielectric breakdown voltage of the surrounding air, leading to the generation of plasma under applied potential. This setup is simple enough to be industrially scaled, and does not require expensive electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intra-image identification of DNA structures is essential to rapid prototyping and quality control of self-assembled DNA origami scaffold systems. We postulate that the YOLO modern object detection platform commonly used for facial recognition can be applied to rapidly scour atomic force microscope (AFM) images for identifying correctly formed DNA nanostructures with high fidelity. To make this approach widely available, we use open-source software and provide a straightforward procedure for designing a tailored, intelligent identification platform which can easily be repurposed to fit arbitrary structural geometries beyond AFM images of DNA structures. Here, we describe methods to acquire and generate the necessary components to create this robust system. Beginning with DNA structure design, we detail AFM imaging, data point annotation, data augmentation, model training, and inference. To demonstrate the adaptability of this system, we assembled two distinct DNA origami architectures (triangles and breadboards) for detection in raw AFM images. Using the images acquired of each structure, we trained two separate single class object identification models unique to each architecture. By applying these models in sequence, we correctly identified 3470 structures from a total population of 3617 using images that sometimes included a third DNA origami structure as well as other impurities. Analysis was completed in under 20 s with results yielding an F1 score of 0.96 using our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The harmonic-measure distribution function, or h -function, of a planar domain Ω⊂C with respect to a basepoint z0∈Ω is a signature that profiles the behaviour in Ω of a Brownian particle starting from z0. Explicit calculation of h -functions for a wide array of simply connected domains using conformal mapping techniques has allowed many rich connections to be made between the geometry of the domain and the behaviour of its h -function. Until now, almost all h -function computations have been confined to simply connected domains. In this work, we apply the theory of the Schottky–Klein prime function to explicitly compute the h -function of the doubly connected slit domain C∖([−1/2,−1/6]∪[1/6,1/2]). In view of the connection between the middle-thirds Cantor set and highly multiply connected symmetric slit domains, we then extend our methodology to explicitly construct the h -functions associated with symmetric slit domains of arbitrary even connectivity. To highlight both the versatility and generality of our results, we graph the h -functions associated with quadruply and octuply connected slit domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing workforce performance is the key to success for professional firms. Firms often evaluate workers based on their performance compared with their peers or against an objective standard. Which of these rating systems leads to higher workforce performance? To answer this question, we construct game-theoretic models of two performance rating systems: (i) a Relative rating system where workers compete with each other for a constrained number of high ratings, and (ii) an Absolute rating system where workers are awarded high ratings by performing at or above a standard threshold. We derive the workers' equilibrium performance as a function of their ability and the characteristics of the rating pool. From a firm's perspective, we find that an Absolute rating system can lead to higher performance than a Relative rating system when the rating pool size is small or the workers' cost of effort relative to their efficiency rate is low, and the reverse holds true otherwise. When considering the workers' perspective, we find that higher ability workers prefer an Absolute system due to its predictable nature, while lower ability workers prefer a Relative system as it provides them an opportunity to outperform other workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the numerical computation of the harmonic-measure distribution function, or h -function for short, associated with a particular planar domain. This function describes the hitting probability of a Brownian walker released from some point with the boundary of the domain. We use a fast and accurate boundary integral method for the numerical calculation of the h -functions for symmetric multiply connected slit domains with high connectivity. In view of the fact that the middle-thirds Cantor set C is a special limiting case of these slit domains, the proposed method is used to approximate the h -function for the set C. We also numerically analyze some asymptotic features of the calculated h -functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates North Korean patriotism. It seeks to establish whether a state that has overwhelmingly failed to provide basic public goods can nevertheless produce and sustain the devotion and support of some or all of the population--in other words, arouse patriotic sentiment--and if so, on what terms. The paper approaches the topic using a modified version of the International Social Survey Programme's national identity survey, specifically those questions that deal with national pride. Using survey findings and selected follow-up interviews, we examine the presence or absence of patriotic sentiment among more than 650 former residents of North Korea. The paper also takes a comparative approach, comparing North Korean patriotism findings with those from former socialist countries to determine whether any patterns exist. We find evidence that, despite enormous state failures, the North Korean state has managed to generate a sense of patriotism and accomplishment for selected components of its state and society, notably in the cultural sphere (e.g., arts and sports). Data from other former socialist states produce similar findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea is slowly but steadily becoming a country of immigrants. In 1998, there were barely 300,000 foreign residents in South Korea. As of 2018, there were more than 2.3 million. The immigrant population has yet to reach 5% of the total population, but it is predicted to rise significantly in the years to come. Despite the increase in newcomers, it is not well understood who native South Koreans prefer as immigrants and why. Are immigrant attitudes motivated by co-ethnic solidarity, or are they primarily based on economic and sociotropic concerns? To isolate attitudes on these crucial questions, this research uses a conjoint experiment that simultaneously tests the influence of seven immigrant attributes in generating support for admission. Our results show that broad sociotropic concerns largely drive attitudes towards immigrants in South Korea, but an immigrant's origin also matters. Prospective newcomers from culturally similar and higher-status countries who can speak Korean and have clear plans to work are most preferred. The research findings will be relevant to the comparative study of immigration attitudes, as well as to researchers interested in the specifics of the South Korean case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management and conservation have begun to rely on supplemental information to make appropriate decisions. In organisms with little available information, preserved specimens may be particularly important for researchers to continue their role in the management process. Bluenose Shiners are a minnow species that can benefit from such analyses as they are of conservation concern across their native range in the Southeastern United States. To supplement conservation, the objectives were to: (a) quantify sexual dimorphism through a comprehensive morphological analysis, (b) approximate peak spawning condition of males and females through GSI measurements over the anticipated spawning season, and (c) utilize female gonad histology to refine conclusions regarding spawning condition from GSI. Historical collections of Bluenose Shiners obtained from the Tulane University Biodiversity Research Institute were used to conduct morphological and gonadal analyses. While males expressed all morphometrics to a greater degree, male dorsal and anal fin length appears to be the most distinguished characteristic beginning at a total length of approximately 45 mm. GSI displayed peaks in the samples from April 21, 1957 and June 1, 1968; female GSI from Black Creek, MS in April, May, and June of 1986 suggested a peak in late May. Gonad histology showed a progression towards final oocyte maturation through May to early June, via relative prevalence of stage IV and absence of stage I oocytes. This information can be used to supplement future morphometric analyses and reproductive studies performed on Bluenose Shiners or other fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-studied selection problems involving Saffman--Taylor fingers or Taylor-- Saffman bubbles in a Hele-Shaw channel are prototypical examples of pattern selection. Exact solutions to the corresponding zero-surface-tension problems exist for an arbitrary finger or bubble speed, but the addition of surface tension leads to a discrete set of solution branches, all of which approach a single solution in the limit in which the surface tension vanishes. In this sense, the surface tension selects a single physically meaningful solution from the continuum of zero-surfacetension solutions. Recently, we provided numerical evidence to suggest that the selection problem for a bubble propagating in an unbounded Hele-Shaw cell behaves in an analogous way to other finger and bubble problems in a Hele-Shaw channel; however, the selection of the ratio of bubble speeds to background velocity appears to follow a very different surface tension scaling to the channel cases. Here we apply techniques in exponential asymptotics to solve the selection problem analytically, confirming the numerical results, including the predicted surface tension scaling laws. Further, our analysis sheds light on the multiple tips in the shape of the bubbles along solution branches, which appear to be caused by switching on and off exponentially small wavelike contributions across Stokes lines in a conformally mapped plane. These results have ramifications for exotic-shaped Saffman-- Taylor fingers as well as for the time-dependent evolution of bubbles propagating in Hele-Shaw cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phantom studies and a prior patient study have shown up to 53% effective dose reduction when lumbar spine radiographs are acquired posteroanterior (PA) instead of anteroposterior (AP). Since November 2017, Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust has acquired all standing lumbar spine radiographs PA. The aim of this study was to locally evaluate dose and image quality in both projections and survey current UK practice. 80 outpatients having a standing lumbar spine radiograph (40 AP; 40 PA) had their dose–area product recorded at a constant KV and focus film distance. Effective dose was calculated using PCXMC software. Each blinded radiograph was scored against an optimal reference image using European Guidelines criteria. The data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U tests and linear regression. Eighty radiologists nationally were sent an anonymous survey to establish their current practice. A lumbar spine radiograph acquired PA instead of AP reduced effective dose by 41% (p < 0.001) with no difference in image quality (p = 0.9). 21 radiologists completed our survey and only 1 NHS Trust is currently using PA. PA lumbar spine radiography reduces patient radiation exposure with no affect on image quality, acquisition time or cost. The majority of NHS Trusts nationally are still using AP and it is time to standardize to PA. This patient study provides further good evidence of how reduction in exposure to ionizing radiation can be achieved in lumbar spine radiography and more widespread adoption of PA protocol could improve patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Direct access physical therapy (DAPT) may result in improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs. Prognostic factors associated with spine-related outcomes and insurance claims with DAPT are needed. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that predict variations in outcomes for spine pain and insurance claims using DAPT. METHODS: Individuals (N = 250) with spine pain were analyzed. Outcomes were classified into High, Low, or Did Not Meet minimal clinically important difference (MCID) scores. Claims were categorized into low, medium, or high tertiles. Prognostic variables were identified from patient information. RESULTS: Females were more likely to meet High MCID (odds ratio [OR] 2.84 (95% CI = 1.32, 6.11) and Low MCID (OR 2.86, 95% CI = 1.34, 6.10). Higher initial ODI/NDI scores were associated with High MCID (OR 1.04, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.22) and Low MCID (OR 0.91, 95% CI = 0.77, 1.07). Odds of a high claim were lowered by the absence of imaging (OR 0.04, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.09) and an active versus passive treatment (OR 0.38, 95% CI = 0.18, 0.80). CONCLUSION: Females and higher initial disability predicted favorable outcomes. The novel introduction of claims into the prognostic modeling supports that active interventions and avoiding imaging may reduce claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I explain seven problems with the view, suggested by Akhil Amar, Kurt Lash, and Ryan Williams, that the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments' ban on "depriv[ing] any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law" entails freedom from the sort of racial discrimination banned by Bolling v. Sharpe and the Civil Rights Acts of 1866, 1870, and 1875: 1. The federal government long imposed racial restrictions on naturalization, beginning in 1790 and including a statute passed two weeks before the Civil Rights Act of 1875. 2. Six of the seven states that Williams identifies as following the Daniel-Webster-pioneered "general law" interpretation of due process imposed openly second-class status on racial grounds without thinking due process might pose any barrier. 3. Democrats fans of due process in 1862 and 1866, most prominently Reverdy Johnson, nonetheless opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. They did not think John Bingham's unusual reading of "law" was baked into the Fourteenth Amendment. 4. Superlawyer Matthew Carpenter made clear that the Privileges or Immunities Clause, and no other clause in the Fourteenth Amendment, banned racial occupational limits. 5. The Republican-beloved Northwest Ordinance, Missouri Compromise, and Wilmot Proviso all labeled racially-discriminatory slavery, and fugitive re-enslavement, "lawful. 6. "Law" in the Privileges or Immunities Clause covers racially-discriminatory statutes. 7. Many paradigmatic targets of anti-discrimination rules, e.g., special benefits to one racial group, deprive no one of life, liberty, or property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential flow is computed around multi-element airfoils in two dimensions using numerical conformal mapping combined with the calculus of the Schottky–Klein prime function. The corners at the trailing edges of the airfoils are successively removed by Kármán–Trefftz maps. The map from the domain exterior to disks to the domain exterior to the smooth images of the airfoils is computed using an extension of a Fourier series method for the disk due to Fornberg. The velocity potential for flow in the circle domain, with circulation calculated to satisfy the Kutta condition in the airfoil domain, is computed using the Schottky–Klein prime function. The computations are compared to examples from the aerospace engineering literature. • The SK prime function is used to compute potential ow around actual airfoils. • Kutta conditions at the trailing edges of the airfoils are enforced. • Our method is applicable for flows around any number of airfoil components. • Several results and plots from the aerospace literature are recovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical models for the frequency response of a cantilever beam immersed in a viscous fluid commonly assume that the fluid is unbounded. Experimental measurements show, however, that proximity to a surface can significantly affect the frequency response of a cantilever beam. In this article, we rigorously calculate the effect of a nearby surface on the frequency response of a cantilever beam immersed in a viscous fluid, and present a general theoretical model. Due to its practical relevance to applications of the atomic force microscope and microelectromechanical systems, detailed results are presented for cantilever beams with rectangular geometries executing flexural and torsional oscillations. It is found that dissipative loading in the fluid is primarily responsible for the observed variation in the frequency response, whereas inertial loading exerts a relatively weak influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-dimensional lattice-Boltzmann model (LBM) with fluid-fluid interactions was used to simulate first-order phase separation in a thin fluid film. The intermediate asymptotic time dependence of the mean island size, island number concentration, and polydispersity were determined and compared with the predictions of the distribution-kinetics model. The comparison revealed that the combined effects of growth, coalescence, and Ostwald ripening control the phase transition process in the LBM simulations. However, the overall process is dominated by coalescence, which is independent of island mass. As the phase transition advances, the mean island size increases, the number of islands decrease, and the polydispersity approaches unity, which conforms to the predictions of the distribution-kinetics model. The effects of the domain size on the intermediate asymptotic island size distribution, scaling form of the island size distribution, and the crossover to the long-term asymptotic behavior were elucidated. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency response of a cantilever beam is strongly dependent on the fluid in which it is immersed. In a companion study, Sader [J. Appl. Phys. 84, 64, (1998)] presented a theoretical model for the flexural vibrational response of a cantilever beam, that is immersed in a viscous fluid, and excited by an arbitrary driving force. Due to its relevance to applications of the atomic force microscope (AFM), we extend the analysis of Sader to the related problem of torsional vibrations, and also consider the special case where the cantilever is excited by a thermal driving force. Since longitudinal deformations of AFM cantilevers are not measured normally, combination of the present theoretical model and that ofthe companion study enables the complete vibrational response of an AFM cantilever beam, that is immersed in a viscous fluid, to be calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the U.S. Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause and bipartisanship. Topics discussed include 1871 Republican evidence about the Equal Protection Clause & 1872 Republican evidence about the Privileges or Immunities Clause; the Civil Rights Acts of 1871 & 1875 opposed by the Democrats; and also mentions about Representative John Bingham's proposal of the three critical clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment accepted by the Joint Committee on Reconstruction.

Despite his advanced academic training in ethics, Justice Gorsuch has stoutly, repeatedly, and properly denied that officers today have any power to override the original meaning expressed in statutory or constitutional text in the name of contemporary moral considerations. However, moral reality can still be relevant to interpretation if we acknowledge--as we should--a gap between textually expressed meaning and the fact-dependent collection of tangible applications falling under that meaning. Moral reality can also be important as an empirical guide to original meaning to the extent that we attribute moral virtue to the Framers and as a consideration fo r when we should overrule precedents. This Essay considers what justice Gorsuch's first year and a half on the Court tells us about his understanding of the relationship between interpretation and moral considerations. His deep respect for tradition as an ethical guide frequently makes it difficult to tell whether he reads the Constitution as referring directly to tradition, right or wrong or instead reads it to refer to moral reality, which he then uses tradition to fill out. Either way, Justice Gorsuch's willingness to go his own way interpretively will render his methodological approach of lasting concern to our constitutional culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The articles authored by Flis and van Eck (2018) and by Burman (2018) serve as fine examples of the ways in which digital historical methods can illuminate aspects of psychology's past that would probably not be possible otherwise. This success, however, presents no reason to think that digital history is some kind of threat to conventional historiography or that former aims to replace the latter. The two can work complementarily--so closely, in fact, that it sometimes becomes difficult to know which of the two one is practicing at any given moment. Multiple skill sets need not define the historian as being a particular "kind": They just enable any historian to do his or her work more completely than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2015, China joined 190 plus nations at Paris in committing to the goal of limiting the rise in global average temperature to ‘well below’ 2°C. Carbon budget analysis indicates that goal will require not only that the European Union and US reduce their emissions by greater than 80% by 2050, but that China at least comes close to doing so as well, if any budget is to be left over for the rest of the world (RoW). Given that RoW emissions are, and will come from, low-income and emerging nations, China’s emission reduction potential is of no small consequence. In this paper, we use the Kaya identity to back out changes in the drivers of CO2 emissions, including gross domestic product (GDP), energy intensity (E/GDP) and the carbon content of energy (C/E), the latter two calculated to be consistent with China’s long-term GDP growth rate forecasts and specified 2050 CO2 emission reduction targets. Our results suggest that even achieving China’s highly optimistic renewable energy targets will be very far from sufficient to reduce China’s CO2 emissions from 9.1 Gt it emitted in 2015 to much below 3 Gt by 2050. Even reducing its emissions to 5 Gt will be challenging, yet this falls far short of what is needed if the world is to meet its ‘well below’ 2°C commitment. Key policy insights Under the Paris Agreement there is great pressure on China to very substantially reduce its emissions by 2050. While China has attached great importance to renewables and nuclear energy development, even achieving the most optimistic targets would not be sufficient to reduce China’s emissions from 9.1 Gt in 2015 to much below 3 Gt by 2050. China’s emission reduction potential falls far short of what is needed if the world is to meet its Paris ‘well below’ 2°C commitment, even if the EU and US reduce their emissions to zero by 2050. Emission cuts consistent with the Paris Agreement will require that China and the world give much greater weight to advancing research and development of scalable low-, zero- and negative-carbon sources and technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the first season of Jill Lepore's podcast series, "The Last Archive." The episodes include one about a murdered woman found in a park in Barre, Vermont in 1919, one about psychologist William Marston and the lie detector, and one about African American novelist Ralph Ellison and how he came to write the book "Invisible Man."

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a critical diabetes-mediated co-morbidity characterized by cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, without predisposing hypertensive or atherosclerotic conditions. Metabolic insulin resistance, promoting hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, is the primary cause of diabetes-related disorders, but ambiguous tissue-specific insulin sensitivity has shed light on the importance of identifying a unified target paradigm for both the glycemic and non-glycemic context of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several studies have indicated hyperactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), specifically complex 1 (mTORC1), as a critical mediator of T2D pathophysiology by promoting insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, vasoconstriction, and stress. Moreover, mTORC1 inhibitors like rapamycin and their analogs have shown significant benefits in diabetes and related cardiac dysfunction. Recently, FDA-approved anti-hyperglycemic sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have gained therapeutic popularity for T2D and diabetic cardiomyopathy, even acknowledging the absence of SGLT2 channels in the heart. Recent studies have proposed SGLT2-independent drug mechanisms to ascertain their cardioprotective benefits by regulating sodium homeostasis and mimicking energy deprivation. In this review, we systematically discuss the role of mTORC1 as a unified, eminent target to treat T2D-mediated cardiac dysfunction and scrutinize whether SGLT2is can target mTORC1 signaling to benefit patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Further studies are warranted to establish the underlying cardioprotective mechanisms of SGLT2is under diabetic conditions, with selective inhibition of cardiac mTORC1 but the concomitant activation of mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2) signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Interprofessional curricula have often lacked explicit reference to theory despite calls for a more theoretically informed field that illuminates curricular assumptions and justifies curricular practices. Aim: To review the contributions of theory to the design, delivery, and evaluation of interprofessional curricula. Methods: Four databases were searched (1988-2015). Studies demonstrating explicit and a high-quality contribution of theory to the design, delivery or evaluation of interprofessional curricula were included. Data were extracted against a comprehensive framework of curricular activities and a narrative synthesis undertaken. Results: Ninety-one studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies (86%) originated from the UK, USA, and Canada. Theories most commonly underpinned "learning activities" (47%) and "evaluation" (54%). Theories of reflective learning, identity formation, and contact hypothesis dominated the field though there are many examples of innovative theoretical contributions. Conclusions: Theories contribute considerably to the interprofessional field, though many curricular elements remain undertheorized. The literature offers no "gold standard" theory for interprofessional curricula; rather theoretical selection is contingent upon the curricular component to which theory is to be applied. Theories contributed to interprofessional curricula by explaining, predicting, organizing or illuminating social processes embedded in interprofessional curricular assumptions. This review provides guidance how theory might be robustly and appropriately deployed in the design, delivery, and evaluation of interprofessional curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate contamination of groundwater in agricultural areas poses a major challenge to the sustainability of water resources. Aquifer vulnerability models are useful tools that can help resource managers identify areas of concern, but quantifying nitrogen (N) inputs in such models is challenging, especially at large spatial scales. We sought to improve regional nitrate (NO 3 − ) input functions by characterizing unsaturated zone NO 3 − transport to groundwater through use of surrogate, machine-learning metamodels of a process-based N flux model. The metamodels used boosted regression trees (BRTs) to relate mappable landscape variables to parameters and outputs of a previous “vertical flux method” (VFM) applied at sampled wells in the Fox, Wolf, and Peshtigo (FWP) river basins in northeastern Wisconsin. In this context, the metamodels upscaled the VFM results throughout the region, and the VFM parameters and outputs are the metamodel response variables. The study area encompassed the domain of a detailed numerical model that provided additional predictor variables, including groundwater recharge, to the metamodels. We used a statistical learning framework to test a range of model complexities to identify suitable hyperparameters of the six BRT metamodels corresponding to each response variable of interest: NO 3 − source concentration factor (which determines the local NO 3 − input concentration); unsaturated zone travel time; NO 3 − concentration at the water table in 1980, 2000, and 2020 (three separate metamodels); and NO 3 − “extinction depth”, the eventual steady state depth of the NO 3 − front. The final metamodels were trained to 129 wells within the active numerical flow model area, and considered 58 mappable predictor variables compiled in a geographic information system (GIS). These metamodels had training and cross-validation testing R 2 values of 0.52 – 0.86 and 0.22 – 0.38, respectively, and predictions were compiled as maps of the above response variables. Testing performance was reasonable, considering that we limited the metamodel predictor variables to mappable factors as opposed to using all available VFM input variables. Relationships between metamodel predictor variables and mapped outputs were generally consistent with expectations, e.g. with greater source concentrations and NO 3 − at the groundwater table in areas of intensive crop use and well drained soils. Shorter unsaturated zone travel times in poorly drained areas likely indicated preferential flow through clay soils, and a tendency for fine grained deposits to collocate with areas of shallower water table. Numerical estimates of groundwater recharge were important in the metamodels and may have been a proxy for N input and redox conditions in the northern FWP, which had shallow predicted NO 3 − extinction depth. The metamodel results provide proof-of-concept for regional characterization of unsaturated zone NO 3 − transport processes in a statistical framework based on readily mappable GIS input variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of psychology’s first several decades, the language used to convey the subject matter gradually shifted from being free and literary to being strictly constrained and disciplined by increasingly focused theoretical demands. The project described here, “Disciplining Psychology,” aimed to depict this transformation by generating images of the faces of three highly influential psychologists—William James, Sigmund Freud, and B. F. Skinner. Each image is composed of the words used in one of each individual’s most important books. The tightening of the disciplinary vocabulary is revealed in the differences among the three arrays of words themselves, but I have also striven to reflect it in the aesthetic aspects of each image. The method used here could easily be extended to a wider array of authors, texts, and psychological topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychology has a long tradition of creating lists of the most eminent members of the discipline. Such lists are typically created under the assumption that there is a general answer to the question of eminence, covering all psychologists everywhere. We wondered, however, to what degree perceived eminence depends on the individual's particular demographic situation. Specifically, are different historical figures “eminent” to people of different genders, ages, and geographical locations? We tested this by asking a wide swath of people – mostly psychologists – who they think has had the most impact on the discipline of psychology, historically. We used an online game in which “players” were shown a series of pairs of significant figures from psychology's past and asked to select which had had the greater impact. We then converted these selections into a ranked list using the Elo rating system. Although our overall rankings had considerable similarity with traditional efforts, we also found that rankings differed markedly among different demographic groups, undermining the assumption of a general measure of eminence that is valid for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Psychological Association (APA) began 125 years ago as a small club of a few dozen members in the parlor of its founder, G. Stanley Hall. In the decades since, it has faced many difficulties and even a few existential crises. Originally a scientific society, it spent the decades between the world wars figuring out how to accommodate the growing community of applied psychologists while still retaining and enhancing its scientific reputation. After World War II, with an expanded mandate, it developed formal training models for clinical psychologists and became an important player in legal cases pertaining to civil rights and other social justice issues. With practitioners taking an ever-greater role in the governance of the organization in the late 1970s, and the financial viability of the association in doubt in the 1980s, many psychological scientists felt the need to create a separate organization for themselves. The 1990s and early 2000s brought more challenges: declining divisional memberships; a legal dispute over fees with practitioners; and a serious upheaval over the APA Board of Directors' cooperation with governmental defense and intelligence agencies during the "war on terror." These clashes appear to have precipitated a decline in the association's membership for the first time in its history. The APA has faced many storms over its century-and-a-quarter, but has, thus far, always ultimately found a way forward for itself, for its members, and for the wider discipline of psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past two decades there has been a shift in the geography of Global Supply Chains (GSCs) from developed countries to China, and more recently from China to successor developing countries in South Asia, Africa and Latin America. The shift in GSC geography influences global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of an energy efficiency and low-carbon technology gap between developed and developing economies. Our simulations indicate that changing GSC geography toward China positively contributed, on average (2001–2008), 919 Mt CO 2 equivalents to global GHG emissions annually. In addition, there are potentially even larger indirect effects, including import-related and transportation-related emissions that are attributable to GSC shift-related improvements in developing world consumption and infrastructure. We then investigate the emission impact of a further GSCs shift toward South Asia, Africa and Latin America. Although the direct impact of such a shift is likely negative due to a lower dependency on coal as well as lower carbon intensities in South Asia, Africa and Latin America relative to China, it is likely that the direct effects are more than offset by the indirect shift-related effects associated with improvements in consumption and infrastructure. Our results have policy implications for future climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New numerical solutions to the so-called selection problem for one and two steadily translating bubbles in an unbounded Hele-Shaw cell are presented. Our approach relies on conformal mapping which, for the two-bubble problem, involves the Schottky-Klein prime function associated with an annulus. We show that a countably infinite number of solutions exist for each fixed value of dimensionless surface tension, with the bubble shapes becoming more exotic as the solution branch number increases. Our numerical results suggest that a single solution is selected in the limit that surface tension vanishes, with the scaling between the bubble velocity and surface tension being different to the well-studied problems for a bubble or a finger propagating in a channel geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the relationship between being highly prolific in the realm of publication and being remembered as a great psychologist of the past? In this study, the PsycINFO database was used to identify the historical figures who wrote the most journal articles during the half-century from 1890 to 1939. Although a number of the 10 most prolific authors are widely remembered for their influence on the discipline today--E. L. Thorndike, Karl Pearson, E. B. Titchener, Henri Piéron--the majority are mostly forgotten. The data were also separated into the 5 distinct decades. Once again, a mixture of eminent and obscure individuals made appearances. Most striking, perhaps, was the great increase in articles published over the course of the half-century-- approximately doubling each decade--and the enormous turnover in who was most prolific, decade over decade. In total, 100 distinct individuals appeared across just 5 lists of about 25 names each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain! Most humans feel it throughout their lives. The molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon are still poorly understood. This is especially true of pain triggered in response to molecules of a certain shape and reactivity present in the environment. Such molecules can interact with the sensory nerve endings of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs to cause irritation that can range from mild to severe. The ability to alert to the presence of such potentially harmful substances has been termed the 'common chemical sense' and is thought to be distinct from the senses of smell or taste, which are presumed to have evolved later. Barbecue a burger excessively and you self-experiment. Fatty acids present in the meat break off their glycerol anchor under the thermal stress. The glycerol loses two molecules of water and forms acrolein, whose assault on the eyes is partly responsible for the tears elicited by smoke. Yet the smell and taste of the burger are different experiences. It was this eye-watering character of acrolein that prompted its use as a warfare agent during World War I. It was one of several 'lachrymators' deployed to harass, and the forerunner of safer chemicals, such as 'tear gas' CS, developed for riot control. The history of development and mechanism of action of some sensory irritants is discussed here in relation to recent advice from the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) on chemicals that conform to the definition of a riot control agent (RCA) under the Chemical Weapons Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has used networks of scholarly journal articles to investigate the intellectual structure of the discipline of psychology from the later 1880s to the early 1920s. Here, instead, we examined the networks of philosophical journals that were closely aligned with psychology-The Monist, Philosophical Review, and The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods-between 1890 and 1913. We discovered that, although the first 2 of these journals published a great deal of psychologically relevant material up to 1903, material of that sort seemed to evaporate after the launch of the third journal in 1904. It was not so much that material migrated from the old journals to the new one. It was rather that the new journal was able to attract new trends in American philosophical psychology, while interest in traditional approaches seemed to dry up. The result was that psychology moved into a new and expansive era, while America philosophy was left somewhat destabilized as it attempted to reconfigure its disciplinary identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide and its incidence is increasing due to endemic obesity and the growing burden of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associated liver cancer. Although much is known about the clinical and histological pathology of NASH-driven HCC in humans, its etiology remains unclear and there is a lack of reliable biomarkers and limited effective therapies. Progress has been hampered by the scarcity of standardized animal models that recapitulate the gradual progression of NASH towards HCC observed in humans. Here we review existing mouse models and their suitability for studying NASH-driven HCC with special emphasis on a preclinical model that we recently developed that faithfully mimics all the clinical endpoints of progression of the human disease. Moreover, it is highly translatable, allows the use of gene-targeted mice, and is suitable for gaining knowledge of how NASH progresses to HCC and development of new targets for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Rates of oxygen and nitrate reduction are key factors in determining the chemical evolution of groundwater. Little is known about how these rates vary and covary in regional groundwater settings, as few studies have focused on regional datasets with multiple tracers and methods of analysis that account for effects of mixed residence times on apparent reaction rates. This study provides insight into the characteristics of residence times and rates of O 2 reduction and denitrification (NO 3 − reduction) by comparing reaction rates using multi-model analytical residence time distributions (RTDs) applied to a data set of atmospheric tracers of groundwater age and geochemical data from 141 well samples in the Central Eastern San Joaquin Valley, CA. The RTD approach accounts for mixtures of residence times in a single sample to provide estimates of in-situ rates. Tracers included SF 6 , CFCs, 3 H, He from 3 H (tritiogenic He), 14 C, and terrigenic He. Parameter estimation and multi-model averaging were used to establish RTDs with lower error variances than those produced by individual RTD models. The set of multi-model RTDs was used in combination with NO 3 − and dissolved gas data to estimate zero order and first order rates of O 2 reduction and denitrification. Results indicated that O 2 reduction and denitrification rates followed approximately log-normal distributions. Rates of O 2 and NO 3 − reduction were correlated and, on an electron milliequivalent basis, denitrification rates tended to exceed O 2 reduction rates. Estimated historical NO 3 − trends were similar to historical measurements. Results show that the multi-model approach can improve estimation of age distributions, and that relatively easily measured O 2 rates can provide information about trends in denitrification rates, which are more difficult to estimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the role that digital approaches to the history of psychology are likely to play in the near future. A tentative hierarchy of digital methods is proposed. A few examples are briefly described: a digital repository, a simple visualization using ready-made online database and tools, and more complex visualizations requiring the assembly of the database and, possibly, the analytic tools by the researcher. The relationship of digital history to the old "New Economic History" (Cliometrics) is considered. The question of whether digital history and traditional history need be at odds or, instead, might complement each other is woven throughout. The rapidly expanding territory of digital humanistic research outside of psychology is briefly discussed. Finally, the challenging current employment trends in history and the humanities more broadly are considered, along with the role that digital skills might play in mitigating those factors for prospective academic workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome‐wide association studies have linked the ORM (yeast)–like protein isoform 3 (ORMDL3) to asthma severity. Although ORMDL3 is a member of a family that negatively regulates serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and thus biosynthesis of sphingolipids, it is still unclear whether ORMDL3 and altered sphingolipid synthesis are causally related to non‐Th2 severe asthma associated with a predominant neutrophil inflammation and high interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) levels. Here, we examined the effects of ORMDL3 overexpression in a preclinical mouse model of allergic lung inflammation that is predominantly neutrophilic and recapitulates many of the clinical features of severe human asthma. ORMDL3 overexpression reduced lung and circulating levels of dihydrosphingosine, the product of SPT. However, the most prominent effect on sphingolipid levels was reduction of circulating S1P. The LPS/OVA challenge increased markers of Th17 inflammation with a predominant infiltration of neutrophils into the lung. A significant decrease of neutrophil infiltration was observed in the Ormdl3 transgenic mice challenged with LPS/OVA compared to the wild type and concomitant decrease in IL‐17, that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic asthma. LPS decreased survival of murine neutrophils, which was prevented by co‐treatment with S1P. Moreover, S1P potentiated LPS‐induced chemotaxis of neutrophil, suggesting that S1P can regulate neutrophil survival and recruitment following LPS airway inflammation. Our findings reveal a novel connection between ORMDL3 overexpression, circulating levels of S1P, IL‐17 and neutrophil recruitment into the lung, and questions the potential involvement of ORMDL3 in the pathology, leading to development of severe neutrophilic asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether brain matter volume is correlated with cognitive functioning and higher intelligence is controversial. We explored this relationship by analysis of data collected on 193 healthy young and older adults through the "Leipzig Study for Mind–Body–Emotion Interactions" (LEMON) study. Our analysis involved four cognitive measures: fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. Brain subregion volumes were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. We normalized each subregion volume to the estimated total intracranial volume and conducted training simulations to compare the predictive power of normalized volumes of large regions of the brain (i.e., gray matter, cortical white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid), normalized subcortical volumes, and combined normalized volumes of large brain regions and normalized subcortical volumes. Statistical tests showed significant differences in the performance accuracy and feature importance of the subregion volumes in predicting cognitive skills for young and older adults. Random forest feature selection analysis showed that cortical white matter was the key feature in predicting fluid intelligence in both young and older adults. In young adults, crystallized intelligence was best predicted by caudate nucleus, thalamus, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens volumes, whereas putamen, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus volumes were selected for older adults. Cognitive flexibility was best predicted by the caudate, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus in young adults and caudate and amygdala in older adults. Finally, working memory was best predicted by the putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens in the younger group, whereas amygdala and hippocampus volumes were predictive in the older group. Thus, machine learning predictive models demonstrated an age‐dependent association between subcortical volumes and cognitive measures. These approaches may be useful in predicting the likelihood of age‐related cognitive decline and in testing of approaches for targeted improvement of cognitive functioning in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many different ways to assess the significance of historical figures. Often we look at the influence of their writings, or at the important offices they held with disciplinary institutions such as universities, journals, and scholarly societies. In this study, however, we took a novel approach: we took the complete memberships, ca. 1900, of four organizations-the American Psychological Association, the Western Philosophical Association, the American Philosophical Association, and the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology-and visualized them as a network. We then identified individuals who 'bridged' between two or more of these groups and considered what might be termed their 'centrality' to the psychological-philosophical community of their time. First, we examined these figures qualitatively, briefly describing their lives and careers. Then we approached the problem mathematically, considering several alternative technical realizations of 'centrality' and then explaining our reasons for choosing eigenvector centrality as the best for our purposes. We found a great deal of overlap among the results of the qualitative and quantitative approaches, but also some telling differences. J. Mark Baldwin, Edward Buchner, Christine Ladd Franklin, and Frank Thilly consistently emerged as highly central figures. Some more marginal figures such as Max Meyer, and Frederick J. E. Woodbridge, Edward A. Pace, Edward H. Griffin played interesting roles as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an earlier article, we used digital historical methods to examine the first 14 volumes (1887-- 1903) of The American Journal of Psychology (AJP) by creating networks of the vocabularies used in every substantive article the journal published in those years. These networks showed us the major research groups that had been gathered together by the journal's founder-editor, G. Stanley Hall, and how the intellectual composition of the journal (and the discipline) changed over that 17-year period. In the present article we extended that study forward, creating networks for the next 15 volumes (1904-1918), broken into time blocks of 5 years each. Our findings, in brief, were that vision research (especially color) continued to play as consistent and prominent role in the journal as it had since the start; that memory, association, and some higher mental processes were active areas of research throughout; that Hall continued to have an on-again, off-again relationship with theoretical and philosophical psychology; that intelligence-measuring methods, psychoanalysis, and psychophysics were periodically popular enough that they each generated a cluster in 1 of the 3 time blocks; and that Titchener's participation in the editing of AJP led to its becoming the major outlet for his Structuralist research program (an absence that we noted in our earlier studies of the journal Psychological Review). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]