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1. Elucidating Pathways Mediating the Relationship Between Male Sex and COVID-19 Severity

Author

Stalter RM, Atluri V, Xia F, Thomas KK, Lan KF, Greninger AL, and Patel RC

Subjects
sars-cov-2, disease severity, mediation, sex-based differences, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Randy M Stalter,1 Vidya Atluri,2 Fan Xia,1 Katherine K Thomas,3 Kristine F Lan,2 Alexander L Greninger,4 Rena C Patel2 1Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; 2Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; 3Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; 4Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USACorrespondence: Randy M StalterDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, UW Box 359927 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA, Tel +1-412-760-8134, Email rstalter@uw.eduPurpose: To examine associations between male sex and SARS-CoV-2 test positivity, severe COVID-19 disease, and death in a single-site cohort, and assess whether male sex impacts risk for severe COVID-19 disease through socioeconomic status (SES), comorbidities, or inflammation.Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study with data collected from University of Washington Medicine EMR from March 1 to September 29, 2020. All persons, regardless of age, were included if they had a conclusive diagnostic COVID-19 PCR test result. Our exposure was sex assigned at birth. We used Poisson regression to assess associations between sex and COVID-19 test positivity, disease severity and COVID-19 related death, and linear regression to compare viral cycle threshold at the first positive test. We conducted mediation analyses to assess interventional indirect effects of male sex on severe COVID-19 risk through socioeconomic status (SES, based on area deprivation and insurance type), comorbidities, and inflammation status. Models controlled for age and race/ethnicity.Results: Of 32,919 males and 34,733 females included, 1469 (4.5%) and 1372 (4.0%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, respectively. Males were 14% more likely to test positive (RR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.06– 1.23), had 80% higher risk for severe COVID-19 disease (RR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.39– 2.33) and had 58% higher risk for death (RR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.10– 2.26) compared to females after adjusting for age and race/ethnicity. Mediation analyses indicated non-significant interventional indirect effects of male sex on severe COVID-19 disease through elevated inflammatory markers, SES and comorbidities, but the greatest effect was through the inflammation pathway.Conclusion: Males appear to be at higher risk at all steps of the continuum of COVID-19 illness. The strongest mediating signal, albeit non-significant, is with inflammatory pathways. Further elucidation of causal pathways linking sex and COVID-19 severity is needed in larger cohorts.Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, disease severity, mediation, sex-based differences

Published
2022

3. Clinical and Genomic Epidemiology of Coxsackievirus A21 and Enterovirus D68 in Homeless Shelters, King County, Washington, USA, 2019–2021

Author

Sarah N. Cox, Amanda M. Casto, Nicholas M. Franko, Eric J. Chow, Peter D. Han, Luis Gamboa, Brian Pfau, Hong Xie, Kevin Kong, Jaydee Sereewit, Melissa A. Rolfes, Emily Mosites, Timothy M. Uyeki, Alexander L. Greninger, Marco Carone, M. Mia Shim, Trevor Bedford, Jay Shendure, Michael Boeckh, Janet A. Englund, Lea M. Starita, Pavitra Roychoudhury, and Helen Y. Chu

Subjects
enterovirus, coxsackievirus, viruses, enterovirus C, human, enterovirus D, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Congregate homeless shelters are disproportionately affected by infectious disease outbreaks. We describe enterovirus epidemiology across 23 adult and family shelters in King County, Washington, USA, during October 2019–May 2021, by using repeated cross-sectional respiratory illness and environmental surveillance and viral genome sequencing. Among 3,281 participants >3 months of age, we identified coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) in 39 adult residents (3.0% [95% CI 1.9%–4.8%] detection) across 7 shelters during October 2019–February 2020. We identified enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in 5 adult residents in 2 shelters during October–November 2019. Of 812 environmental samples, 1 was EV-D68–positive and 5 were CVA21–positive. Other enteroviruses detected among residents, but not in environmental samples, included coxsackievirus A6/A4 in 3 children. No enteroviruses were detected during April 2020–May 2021. Phylogenetically clustered CVA21 and EV-D68 cases occurred in some shelters. Some shelters also hosted multiple CVA21 lineages.

Published
2024
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4. How a paramyxovirus fusion/entry complex adapts to escape a neutralizing antibody

Author

Tara C. Marcink, Gillian Zipursky, Elizabeth B. Sobolik, Kate Golub, Emily Herman, Kyle Stearns, Alexander L. Greninger, Matteo Porotto, and Anne Moscona

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Paramyxoviruses including measles, Nipah, and parainfluenza viruses are public health threats with pandemic potential. Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is a leading cause of illness in pediatric, older, and immunocompromised populations. There are no approved vaccines or therapeutics for HPIV3. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target viral fusion are a potential strategy for mitigating paramyxovirus infection, however their utility may be curtailed by viral evolution that leads to resistance. Paramyxoviruses enter cells by fusing with the cell membrane in a process mediated by a complex consisting of a receptor binding protein (HN) and a fusion protein (F). Existing atomic resolution structures fail to reveal physiologically relevant interactions during viral entry. We present cryo-ET structures of pre-fusion HN-F complexes in situ on surfaces of virions that evolved resistance to an anti-HPIV3 F neutralizing mAb. Single mutations in F abolish mAb binding and neutralization. In these complexes, the HN protein that normally restrains F triggering has shifted to uncap the F apex. These complexes are more readily triggered to fuse. These structures shed light on the adaptability of the pre-fusion HN-F complex and mechanisms of paramyxoviral resistance to mAbs, and help define potential barriers to resistance for the design of mAbs.

Published
2024
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5. Hebrew in Part-Time Jewish Education in the US: Misalignment of Rationales and Goals as a Site of Opportunity

Author

Sarah Bunin Benor, Netta Avineri, and Nicki Greninger

Abstract

This paper investigates how Hebrew is taught and perceived at American part-time Jewish schools, based on surveys of 519 school directors, classroom observations, and 376 surveys of parents, students, teachers, and clergy. We found misalignment of rationales and goals for Hebrew education among these stakeholders. Most schools emphasize Liturgical and Biblical Hebrew decoding and recitation without comprehension for ritual participation, especially b'nai mitzvah. Many schools infuse Hebrew, and a small percentage teach Modern Hebrew conversation. Findings are discussed in historical context and compared to language education and metalinguistic communities in immigrant and indigenous groups.

Published
2024
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8. Quantifying how single dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine efficacy depends on Spike sequence features

Author

Magaret, Craig A., Li, Li, deCamp, Allan C., Rolland, Morgane, Juraska, Michal, Williamson, Brian D., Ludwig, James, Molitor, Cindy, Benkeser, David, Luedtke, Alex, Simpkins, Brian, Heng, Fei, Sun, Yanqing, Carpp, Lindsay N., Bai, Hongjun, Dearlove, Bethany L., Giorgi, Elena E., Jongeneelen, Mandy, Brandenburg, Boerries, McCallum, Matthew, Bowen, John E., Veesler, David, Sadoff, Jerald, Gray, Glenda E., Roels, Sanne, Vandebosch, An, Stieh, Daniel J., Le Gars, Mathieu, Vingerhoets, Johan, Grinsztejn, Beatriz, Goepfert, Paul A., de Sousa, Leonardo Paiva, Silva, Mayara Secco Torres, Casapia, Martin, Losso, Marcelo H., Little, Susan J., Gaur, Aditya, Bekker, Linda-Gail, Garrett, Nigel, Truyers, Carla, Van Dromme, Ilse, Swann, Edith, Marovich, Mary A., Follmann, Dean, Neuzil, Kathleen M., Corey, Lawrence, Greninger, Alexander L., Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Hyrien, Ollivier, and Gilbert, Peter B.

Published
2024
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9. Therapeutic mitigation of measles-like immune amnesia and exacerbated disease after prior respiratory virus infections in ferrets

Author

Cox, Robert M., Wolf, Josef D., Lieberman, Nicole A., Lieber, Carolin M., Kang, Hae-Ji, Sticher, Zachary M., Yoon, Jeong-Joong, Andrews, Meghan K., Govindarajan, Mugunthan, Krueger, Rebecca E., Sobolik, Elizabeth B., Natchus, Michael G., Gewirtz, Andrew T., deSwart, Rik L., Kolykhalov, Alexander A., Hekmatyar, Khan, Sakamoto, Kaori, Greninger, Alexander L., and Plemper, Richard K.

Published
2024
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10. A high-throughput, polymerase-targeted RT-PCR for broad detection of mammalian filoviruses

Author

Na Cui, Yael L. Perez, Adam J. Hume, B. Ethan Nunley, Kevin Kong, Margaret G. Mills, Hong Xie, and Alexander L. Greninger

Subjects
filovirus, RT-PCR, broad range PCR, pan-filovirus, zoonosis, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

ABSTRACT Filoviruses are some of the most lethal viruses in the modern world, and increasing numbers of filovirus species and genera have been discovered in recent years. Despite the potential severity of filovirus outbreaks in the human population, comparably few sensitive pan-filovirus RT-PCR assays have been described that might facilitate early detection and prevention. Here, we present a new pan-filovirus RT-PCR assay targeting the L polymerase gene for detection of all known mammalian filoviruses. We demonstrate the detection of 10 synthetic filovirus RNA templates with analytical sensitivity ranging from 178 to 3,354 copies/mL, without cross-reactivity on 10 non-filoviral human viral species. We verified assay performance on 10 inactivated filovirus isolates, yielding initial sensitivities of 0.012–44.17 TCID50/mL. We coupled this broadly reactive RT-PCR with a deep sequencing workflow that is amenable to high-throughput pooling to maximize detection and discovery potential. In summary, this pan-filovirus RT-PCR assay targets the most conserved filovirus gene, offers the widest breadth of coverage to date, and may help in the detection and discovery of novel filoviruses.IMPORTANCEFiloviruses remain some of the most mysterious viruses known to the world, with extremely high lethality rates and significant pandemic potential. Yet comparably few filovirus species and genera have been discovered to date and questions surround the definitive host species for zoonotic infections. Here, we describe a novel broadly reactive RT-PCR assay targeting the conserved L polymerase gene for high-throughput screening for filoviruses in a variety of clinical and environmental specimens. We demonstrate the assay can detect all known mammalian filoviruses and determine the sensitivity and specificity of the assay on synthetic RNA sequences, inactivated filovirus isolates, and non-filoviral species.

Published
2024
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11. Repeated mRNA vaccination sequentially boosts SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells in persons with previous COVID-19

Author

Ford, Emily S., Mayer-Blackwell, Koshlan, Jing, Lichen, Laing, Kerry J., Sholukh, Anton M., St. Germain, Russell, Bossard, Emily L., Xie, Hong, Pulliam, Thomas H., Jani, Saumya, Selke, Stacy, Burrow, Carlissa J., McClurkan, Christopher L., Wald, Anna, Greninger, Alexander L., Holbrook, Michael R., Eaton, Brett, Eudy, Elizabeth, Murphy, Michael, Postnikova, Elena, Robins, Harlan S., Elyanow, Rebecca, Gittelman, Rachel M., Ecsedi, Matyas, Wilcox, Elise, Chapuis, Aude G., Fiore-Gartland, Andrew, and Koelle, David M.

Published
2024
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12. Positive selection underlies repeated knockout of ORF8 in SARS-CoV-2 evolution

Author

Cassia Wagner, Kathryn E. Kistler, Garrett A. Perchetti, Noah Baker, Lauren A. Frisbie, Laura Marcela Torres, Frank Aragona, Cory Yun, Marlin Figgins, Alexander L. Greninger, Alex Cox, Hanna N. Oltean, Pavitra Roychoudhury, and Trevor Bedford

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Knockout of the ORF8 protein has repeatedly spread through the global viral population during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Here we use both regional and global pathogen sequencing to explore the selection pressures underlying its loss. In Washington State, we identified transmission clusters with ORF8 knockout throughout SARS-CoV-2 evolution, not just on novel, high fitness viral backbones. Indeed, ORF8 is truncated more frequently and knockouts circulate for longer than for any other gene. Using a global phylogeny, we find evidence of positive selection to explain this phenomenon: nonsense mutations resulting in shortened protein products occur more frequently and are associated with faster clade growth rates than synonymous mutations in ORF8. Loss of ORF8 is also associated with reduced clinical severity, highlighting the diverse clinical impacts of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.

Published
2024
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13. Quantifying how single dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine efficacy depends on Spike sequence features

Author

Craig A. Magaret, Li Li, Allan C. deCamp, Morgane Rolland, Michal Juraska, Brian D. Williamson, James Ludwig, Cindy Molitor, David Benkeser, Alex Luedtke, Brian Simpkins, Fei Heng, Yanqing Sun, Lindsay N. Carpp, Hongjun Bai, Bethany L. Dearlove, Elena E. Giorgi, Mandy Jongeneelen, Boerries Brandenburg, Matthew McCallum, John E. Bowen, David Veesler, Jerald Sadoff, Glenda E. Gray, Sanne Roels, An Vandebosch, Daniel J. Stieh, Mathieu Le Gars, Johan Vingerhoets, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Paul A. Goepfert, Leonardo Paiva de Sousa, Mayara Secco Torres Silva, Martin Casapia, Marcelo H. Losso, Susan J. Little, Aditya Gaur, Linda-Gail Bekker, Nigel Garrett, Carla Truyers, Ilse Van Dromme, Edith Swann, Mary A. Marovich, Dean Follmann, Kathleen M. Neuzil, Lawrence Corey, Alexander L. Greninger, Pavitra Roychoudhury, Ollivier Hyrien, and Peter B. Gilbert

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract In the ENSEMBLE randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (NCT04505722), estimated single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine efficacy (VE) was 56% against moderate to severe–critical COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 Spike sequences were determined from 484 vaccine and 1,067 placebo recipients who acquired COVID-19. In this set of prespecified analyses, we show that in Latin America, VE was significantly lower against Lambda vs. Reference and against Lambda vs. non-Lambda [family-wise error rate (FWER) p

Published
2024
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15. CMV reactivation during pretransplantation evaluation: a novel risk factor for posttransplantation CMV reactivation

Author

Zamora, Danniel, Xie, Hu, Sadowska-Klasa, Alicja, Kampouri, Eleftheria, Biernacki, Melinda A., Ueda Oshima, Masumi, Duke, Elizabeth, Green, Margaret L., Kimball, Louise E., Holmberg, Leona, Waghmare, Alpana, Greninger, Alexander L., Jerome, Keith R., Hill, Geoffrey R., Hill, Joshua A., Leisenring, Wendy M., and Boeckh, Michael J.

Published
2024
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16. Therapeutic mitigation of measles-like immune amnesia and exacerbated disease after prior respiratory virus infections in ferrets

Author

Robert M. Cox, Josef D. Wolf, Nicole A. Lieberman, Carolin M. Lieber, Hae-Ji Kang, Zachary M. Sticher, Jeong-Joong Yoon, Meghan K. Andrews, Mugunthan Govindarajan, Rebecca E. Krueger, Elizabeth B. Sobolik, Michael G. Natchus, Andrew T. Gewirtz, Rik L. deSwart, Alexander A. Kolykhalov, Khan Hekmatyar, Kaori Sakamoto, Alexander L. Greninger, and Richard K. Plemper

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Measles cases have surged pre-COVID-19 and the pandemic has aggravated the problem. Most measles-associated morbidity and mortality arises from destruction of pre-existing immune memory by measles virus (MeV), a paramyxovirus of the morbillivirus genus. Therapeutic measles vaccination lacks efficacy, but little is known about preserving immune memory through antivirals and the effect of respiratory disease history on measles severity. We use a canine distemper virus (CDV)-ferret model as surrogate for measles and employ an orally efficacious paramyxovirus polymerase inhibitor to address these questions. A receptor tropism-intact recombinant CDV with low lethality reveals an 8-day advantage of antiviral treatment versus therapeutic vaccination in maintaining immune memory. Infection of female ferrets with influenza A virus (IAV) A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) four weeks pre-CDV causes fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia with lung onslaught by commensal bacteria. RNAseq identifies CDV-induced overexpression of trefoil factor (TFF) peptides in the respiratory tract, which is absent in animals pre-infected with IAV. Severe outcomes of consecutive IAV/CDV infections are mitigated by oral antivirals even when initiated late. These findings validate the morbillivirus immune amnesia hypothesis, define measles treatment paradigms, and identify priming of the TFF axis through prior respiratory infections as risk factor for exacerbated morbillivirus disease.

Published
2024
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17. Age-dependent heterogeneity in the antigenic effects of mutations to influenza hemagglutinin

Author

Welsh, Frances C., Eguia, Rachel T., Lee, Juhye M., Haddox, Hugh K., Galloway, Jared, Van Vinh Chau, Nguyen, Loes, Andrea N., Huddleston, John, Yu, Timothy C., Quynh Le, Mai, Nhat, Nguyen T.D., Thi Le Thanh, Nguyen, Greninger, Alexander L., Chu, Helen Y., Englund, Janet A., Bedford, Trevor, Matsen, Frederick A., IV, Boni, Maciej F., and Bloom, Jesse D.

Published
2024
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18. Surveillance of Vermont wildlife in 2021–2022 reveals no detected SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA

Author

Despres, Hannah W., Mills, Margaret G., Schmidt, Madaline M., Gov, Jolene, Perez, Yael, Jindrich, Mars, Crawford, Allison M. L., Kohl, Warren T., Rosenblatt, Elias, Kubinski, Hannah C., Simmons, Benjamin C., Nippes, Miles C., Goldenberg, Anne J., Murtha, Kristina E., Nicoloro, Samantha, Harris, Mia J., Feeley, Avery C., Gelinas, Taylor K., Cronin, Maeve K., Frederick, Robert S., Thomas, Matthew, Johnson, Meaghan E., Murphy, James, Lenzini, Elle B., Carr, Jr., Peter A., Berger, Danielle H., Mehta, Soham P., Floreani, Christopher J., Koval, Amelia C., Young, Aleah L., Fish, Jess H., Wallace, Jack, Chaney, Ella, Ushay, Grace, Ross, Rebecca S., Vostal, Erin M., Thisner, Maya C., Gonet, Kyliegh E., Deane, Owen C., Pelletiere, Kari R., Rockafeller, Vegas C., Waterman, Madeline, Barry, Tyler W., Goering, Catriona C., Shipman, Sarah D., Shiers, Allie C., Reilly, Claire E., Duff, Alanna M., Madruga, Sarah L., Shirley, David J., Jerome, Keith R., Pérez-Osorio, Ailyn C., Greninger, Alexander L., Fortin, Nick, Mosher, Brittany A., and Bruce, Emily A.

Published
2023
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20. A landscape of response to drug combinations in non-small cell lung cancer

Author

Nair, Nishanth Ulhas, Greninger, Patricia, Zhang, Xiaohu, Friedman, Adam A., Amzallag, Arnaud, Cortez, Eliane, Sahu, Avinash Das, Lee, Joo Sang, Dastur, Anahita, Egan, Regina K., Murchie, Ellen, Ceribelli, Michele, Crowther, Giovanna S., Beck, Erin, McClanaghan, Joseph, Klump-Thomas, Carleen, Boisvert, Jessica L., Damon, Leah J., Wilson, Kelli M., Ho, Jeffrey, Tam, Angela, McKnight, Crystal, Michael, Sam, Itkin, Zina, Garnett, Mathew J., Engelman, Jeffrey A., Haber, Daniel A., Thomas, Craig J., Ruppin, Eytan, and Benes, Cyril H.

Published
2023
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22. Local-scale phylodynamics reveal differential community impact of SARS-CoV-2 in a metropolitan US county.

Author

Miguel I Paredes, Amanda C Perofsky, Lauren Frisbie, Louise H Moncla, Pavitra Roychoudhury, Hong Xie, Shah A Mohamed Bakhash, Kevin Kong, Isabel Arnould, Tien V Nguyen, Seffir T Wendm, Pooneh Hajian, Sean Ellis, Patrick C Mathias, Alexander L Greninger, Lea M Starita, Chris D Frazar, Erica Ryke, Weizhi Zhong, Luis Gamboa, Machiko Threlkeld, Jover Lee, Jeremy Stone, Evan McDermot, Melissa Truong, Jay Shendure, Hanna N Oltean, Cécile Viboud, Helen Chu, Nicola F Müller, and Trevor Bedford

Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 transmission is largely driven by heterogeneous dynamics at a local scale, leaving local health departments to design interventions with limited information. We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 genomes sampled between February 2020 and March 2022 jointly with epidemiological and cell phone mobility data to investigate fine scale spatiotemporal SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in King County, Washington, a diverse, metropolitan US county. We applied an approximate structured coalescent approach to model transmission within and between North King County and South King County alongside the rate of outside introductions into the county. Our phylodynamic analyses reveal that following stay-at-home orders, the epidemic trajectories of North and South King County began to diverge. We find that South King County consistently had more reported and estimated cases, COVID-19 hospitalizations, and longer persistence of local viral transmission when compared to North King County, where viral importations from outside drove a larger proportion of new cases. Using mobility and demographic data, we also find that South King County experienced a more modest and less sustained reduction in mobility following stay-at-home orders than North King County, while also bearing more socioeconomic inequities that might contribute to a disproportionate burden of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Overall, our findings suggest a role for local-scale phylodynamics in understanding the heterogeneous transmission landscape.

Published
2024
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23. Surveillance of Vermont wildlife in 2021–2022 reveals no detected SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA

Author

Hannah W. Despres, Margaret G. Mills, Madaline M. Schmidt, Jolene Gov, Yael Perez, Mars Jindrich, Allison M. L. Crawford, Warren T. Kohl, Elias Rosenblatt, Hannah C. Kubinski, Benjamin C. Simmons, Miles C. Nippes, Anne J. Goldenberg, Kristina E. Murtha, Samantha Nicoloro, Mia J. Harris, Avery C. Feeley, Taylor K. Gelinas, Maeve K. Cronin, Robert S. Frederick, Matthew Thomas, Meaghan E. Johnson, James Murphy, Elle B. Lenzini, Peter A. Carr, Danielle H. Berger, Soham P. Mehta, Christopher J. Floreani, Amelia C. Koval, Aleah L. Young, Jess H. Fish, Jack Wallace, Ella Chaney, Grace Ushay, Rebecca S. Ross, Erin M. Vostal, Maya C. Thisner, Kyliegh E. Gonet, Owen C. Deane, Kari R. Pelletiere, Vegas C. Rockafeller, Madeline Waterman, Tyler W. Barry, Catriona C. Goering, Sarah D. Shipman, Allie C. Shiers, Claire E. Reilly, Alanna M. Duff, Sarah L. Madruga, David J. Shirley, Keith R. Jerome, Ailyn C. Pérez-Osorio, Alexander L. Greninger, Nick Fortin, Brittany A. Mosher, and Emily A. Bruce

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Previous studies have documented natural infections of SARS-CoV-2 in various domestic and wild animals. More recently, studies have been published noting the susceptibility of members of the Cervidae family, and infections in both wild and captive cervid populations. In this study, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in mammalian wildlife within the state of Vermont. 739 nasal or throat samples were collected from wildlife throughout the state during the 2021 and 2022 harvest season. Data was collected from red and gray foxes (Vulpes vulples and Urocyon cineroargentus, respectively), fishers (Martes pennati), river otters (Lutra canadensis), coyotes (Canis lantrans), bobcats (Lynx rufus rufus), black bears (Ursus americanus), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Samples were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 via quantitative RT-qPCR using the CDC N1/N2 primer set and/or the WHO-E gene primer set. Surprisingly, we initially detected a number of N1 and/or N2 positive samples with high cycle threshold values, though after conducting environmental swabbing of the laboratory and verifying with a second independent primer set (WHO-E) and PCR without reverse transcriptase, we showed that these were false positives due to plasmid contamination from a construct expressing the N gene in the general laboratory environment. Our final results indicate that no sampled wildlife were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and highlight the importance of physically separate locations for the processing of samples for surveillance and experiments that require the use of plasmid DNA containing the target RNA sequence. These negative findings are surprising, given that most published North America studies have found SARS-CoV-2 within their deer populations. The absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in populations sampled here may provide insights in to the various environmental and anthropogenic factors that reduce spillover and spread in North American’s wildlife populations.

Published
2023
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24. Oral linezolid compared with benzathine penicillin G for treatment of early syphilis in adults (Trep-AB Study) in Spain: a prospective, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial

Author

Ubals, Maria, Nadal-Baron, Patricia, Arando, Maider, Rivero, Ángel, Mendoza, Adrià, Descalzo Jorro, Vicent, Ouchi, Dan, Pérez-Mañá, Clara, Álvarez, Marlene, Alemany, Andrea, Hoyos-Mallecot, Yannick, Nunley, Ethan, Lieberman, Nicole A P, Greninger, Alexander L, Galván-Casas, Cristina, Suñer, Clara, G-Beiras, Camila, Paredes, Roger, Rodríguez-Gascón, Alicia, Canut, Andrés, García-Patos, Vicente, Farré, Magí, Marks, Michael, Giacani, Lorenzo, Vall-Mayans, Martí, and Mitjà, Oriol

Published
2024
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27. Genomic Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus during 2022-23 Outbreak, Washington, USA

Author

Goya, Stephanie, Sereewit, Jaydee, Pfalmer, Daniel, Nguyen, Tien V., Bakhash, Shah A.K. Mohamed, Sobolik, Elizabeth B., and Greninger, Alexander L.

Subjects
Washington -- Health aspects, Epidemics -- Causes of -- Distribution, Respiratory syncytial virus infection -- Causes of -- Distribution, Respiratory syncytial virus -- Identification and classification -- Genetic aspects -- Distribution, Company distribution practices, Health
Abstract

Annual seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Washington, USA, has been limited primarily to late autumn and winter (1). However, an RSV outbreak was not detected during the 2020-21 [...]

Published
2023

29. SULT1A1-dependent sulfonation of alkylators is a lineage-dependent vulnerability of liver cancers

Author

Shi, Lei, Shen, William, Davis, Mindy I., Kong, Ke, Vu, Phuong, Saha, Supriya K., Adil, Ramzi, Kreuzer, Johannes, Egan, Regina, Lee, Tobie D., Greninger, Patricia, Shrimp, Jonathan H., Zhao, Wei, Wei, Ting-Yu, Zhou, Mi, Eccleston, Jason, Sussman, Jonathan, Manocha, Ujjawal, Weerasekara, Vajira, Kondo, Hiroshi, Vijay, Vindhya, Wu, Meng-Ju, Kearney, Sara E., Ho, Jeffrey, McClanaghan, Joseph, Murchie, Ellen, Crowther, Giovanna S., Patnaik, Samarjit, Boxer, Matthew B., Shen, Min, Ting, David T., Kim, William Y., Stanger, Ben Z., Deshpande, Vikram, Ferrone, Cristina R., Benes, Cyril H., Haas, Wilhelm, Hall, Matthew D., and Bardeesy, Nabeel

Published
2023
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30. Comparing molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir efficacy and the effects on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in animal models

Author

Robert M. Cox, Carolin M. Lieber, Josef D. Wolf, Amirhossein Karimi, Nicole A. P. Lieberman, Zachary M. Sticher, Pavitra Roychoudhury, Meghan K. Andrews, Rebecca E. Krueger, Michael G. Natchus, George R. Painter, Alexander A. Kolykhalov, Alexander L. Greninger, and Richard K. Plemper

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Therapeutic options against SARS-CoV-2 are underutilized. Two oral drugs, molnupiravir and paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir), have received emergency use authorization. Initial trials suggested greater efficacy of paxlovid, but recent studies indicated comparable potency in older adults. Here, we compare both drugs in two animal models; the Roborovski dwarf hamster model for severe COVID-19-like lung infection and the ferret SARS-CoV-2 transmission model. Dwarf hamsters treated with either drug survive VOC omicron infection with equivalent lung titer reduction. Viral RNA copies in the upper respiratory tract of female ferrets receiving 1.25 mg/kg molnupiravir twice-daily are not significantly reduced, but infectious titers are lowered by >2 log orders and direct-contact transmission is stopped. Female ferrets dosed with 20 or 100 mg/kg nirmatrelvir/ritonavir twice-daily show 1–2 log order reduction of viral RNA copies and infectious titers, which correlates with low nirmatrelvir exposure in nasal turbinates. Virus replication resurges towards nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment end and virus transmits efficiently (20 mg/kg group) or partially (100 mg/kg group). Prophylactic treatment with 20 mg/kg nirmatrelvir/ritonavir does not prevent spread from infected ferrets, but prophylactic 5 mg/kg molnupiravir or 100 mg/kg nirmatrelvir/ritonavir block productive transmission. These data confirm reports of similar efficacy in older adults and inform on possible epidemiologic benefit of antiviral treatment.

Published
2023
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31. A landscape of response to drug combinations in non-small cell lung cancer

Author

Nishanth Ulhas Nair, Patricia Greninger, Xiaohu Zhang, Adam A. Friedman, Arnaud Amzallag, Eliane Cortez, Avinash Das Sahu, Joo Sang Lee, Anahita Dastur, Regina K. Egan, Ellen Murchie, Michele Ceribelli, Giovanna S. Crowther, Erin Beck, Joseph McClanaghan, Carleen Klump-Thomas, Jessica L. Boisvert, Leah J. Damon, Kelli M. Wilson, Jeffrey Ho, Angela Tam, Crystal McKnight, Sam Michael, Zina Itkin, Mathew J. Garnett, Jeffrey A. Engelman, Daniel A. Haber, Craig J. Thomas, Eytan Ruppin, and Cyril H. Benes

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Combination of anti-cancer drugs is broadly seen as way to overcome the often-limited efficacy of single agents. The design and testing of combinations are however very challenging. Here we present a uniquely large dataset screening over 5000 targeted agent combinations across 81 non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Our analysis reveals a profound heterogeneity of response across the tumor models. Notably, combinations very rarely result in a strong gain in efficacy over the range of response observable with single agents. Importantly, gain of activity over single agents is more often seen when co-targeting functionally proximal genes, offering a strategy for designing more efficient combinations. Because combinatorial effect is strongly context specific, tumor specificity should be achievable. The resource provided, together with an additional validation screen sheds light on major challenges and opportunities in building efficacious combinations against cancer and provides an opportunity for training computational models for synergy prediction.

Published
2023
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32. Influenza A virus resistance to 4'-fluorouridine coincides with viral attenuation in vitro and in vivo.

Author

Carolin M Lieber, Hae-Ji Kang, Megha Aggarwal, Nicole A Lieberman, Elizabeth B Sobolik, Jeong-Joong Yoon, Michael G Natchus, Robert M Cox, Alexander L Greninger, and Richard K Plemper

Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Pre-existing or rapidly emerging resistance of influenza viruses to approved antivirals makes the development of novel therapeutics to mitigate seasonal influenza and improve preparedness against future influenza pandemics an urgent priority. We have recently identified the chain-terminating broad-spectrum nucleoside analog clinical candidate 4'-fluorouridine (4'-FlU) and demonstrated oral efficacy against seasonal, pandemic, and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in the mouse and ferret model. Here, we have resistance-profiled 4'-FlU against a pandemic A/CA/07/2009 (H1N1) (CA09). In vitro viral adaptation yielded six independently generated escape lineages with distinct mutations that mediated moderate resistance to 4'-FlU in the genetically controlled background of recombinant CA09 (recCA09). Mutations adhered to three distinct structural clusters that are all predicted to affect the geometry of the active site of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) complex for phosphodiester bond formation. Escape could be achieved through an individual causal mutation, a combination of mutations acting additively, or mutations functioning synergistically. Fitness of all resistant variants was impaired in cell culture, and all were attenuated in the mouse model. Oral 4'-FlU administered at lowest-efficacious (2 mg/kg) or elevated (10 mg/kg) dose overcame moderate resistance when mice were inoculated with 10 LD50 units of parental or resistant recCA09, demonstrated by significantly reduced virus load and complete survival. In the ferret model, invasion of the lower respiratory tract by variants representing four adaptation lineages was impaired. Resistant variants were either transmission-incompetent, or spread to untreated sentinels was fully blocked by therapeutic treatment of source animals with 4'-FlU.

Published
2024
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34. Exploring the Utility of Multiplex Infectious Disease Panel Testing for Diagnosis of Infection in Different Body Sites: A Joint Report of the Association for Molecular Pathology, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Pan American Society for Clinical Virology

Author

Lewinski, Michael A., Alby, Kevin, Babady, N. Esther, Butler-Wu, Susan M., Bard, Jennifer Dien, Greninger, Alexander L., Hanson, Kimberly, Naccache, Samia N., Newton, Duane, Temple-Smolkin, Robyn L., and Nolte, Frederick

Published
2023
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35. Sentinel Surveillance System Implementation and Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Data, Washington, USA, 2020-2021

Author

Oltean, Hanna N., Allen, Krisandra J., Frisbie, Lauren, Lunn, Stephanie M., Torres, Laura Marcela, Manahan, Lillian, Painter, Ian, Russel, Denny, Singh, Avi, Aric, JohnAric MoonDance, Grant, Kristin, Peter, Cara, Cao, Rebecca, Garcia, Katelynn, Mackellar, Drew, Jones, Lisa, Halstead, Holly, Gray, Hannah, Melly, Geoff, Nickerson, Deborah, Starita, Lea, Frazar, Chris, Greninger, Alexander L., Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Mathias, Patrick C., Kalnoski, Michael H., Ting, Chao-Nan, Lykken, Marisa, and Rice, Tana

Subjects
Washington -- Health aspects, Epidemics -- Statistics -- Genetic aspects, Sentinel health events -- Methods, Data entry -- Methods, Health
Abstract

Virus genome data can provide useful information for public health practice, particularly when combined with epidemiologic data in real time. Goals of genomic surveillance can include monitoring circulating and emerging [...]

Published
2023
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36. Genomic Characterization of Respiratory Syncytial Virus during 2022–23 Outbreak, Washington, USA

Author

Stephanie Goya, Jaydee Sereewit, Daniel Pfalmer, Tien V. Nguyen, Shah A.K. Mohamed Bakhash, Elizabeth B. Sobolik, and Alexander L. Greninger

Subjects
respiratory syncytial virus, human orthopneumovirus, genome, COVID-19, respiratory infections, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

We sequenced 54 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) genomes collected during 2021–22 and 2022–23 outbreaks in Washington, USA, to determine the origin of increased RSV cases. Detected RSV strains have been spreading for >10 years, suggesting a role for diminished population immunity from low RSV exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Published
2023
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37. Experimental induction of proventricular dilatation disease in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) inoculated with brain homogenates containing avian bornavirus 4

Author

Berkowitz Asaf, Perl Shmuel, Mechani Sara, Farnoushi Yigal, Greninger Alexander L, Kistler Amy L, Gancz Ady Y, Perez Noa, Clubb Susan, DeRisi Joseph L, Ganem Don, and Lublin Avishai

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a fatal disorder of psittacine birds worldwide. The disease is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the central and peripheral nervous systems, leading to gastrointestinal motility and/or central nervous system dysfunction. Recently, we detected a significant association between avian bornavirus (ABV) infection and clinical signs of PDD in psittacines. However, it remains unclear whether ABV infection actually causes PDD. To address this question, we examined the impact of ABV inoculation on the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). Results Five cockatiels were inoculated via multiple routes (intramuscular, intraocular, intranasal, and oral) with a brain homogenate derived from either a PDD(+) avian bornavirus 4 (ABV4) (+) case (n = 3 inoculees) or from a PDD(-) ABV(-) control (n = 2 inoculees). The control birds remained free of clinical or pathological signs of PDD, and tested ABV(-) by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In contrast, all three cockatiels inoculated with ABV4(+) brain homogenate developed gross and microscopic PDD lesions, and two exhibited overt clinical signs. In numerous tissues, ABV RT-PCR and sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of ABV4 RNA nearly identical to that in the inoculum. ABV was detected in the central nervous system of the three ABV-inoculees by IHC. Pyrosequencing to investigate the viral flora in the ABV4(+) inoculum uncovered 7 unique reads sharing 73–100% nucleotide sequence identity with previously identified ABV sequences and 24 reads sharing 40–89% amino acid sequence identity with viruses in the Retroviridae and Astroviridae families. Of these candidate viral species, only ABV RNA was recovered from tissues of the inoculated birds. Conclusion In this study, the clinical and pathological manifestations of PDD were induced by inoculation of cockatiels with brain homogenates containing avian bornavirus 4. By using high throughput pyrosequencing an in-depth view of the viral content of the inoculum was achieved, revealing that of 3 candidate virus families detected, only the presence of ABV RNA correlated with the development of PDD. This study provides evidence of a causal association between ABV4 infection and PDD in cockatiels.

Published
2009
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38. The complete genome of klassevirus – a novel picornavirus in pediatric stool

Author

Ganem Donald, Parsonnet Julie, Haggerty Thomas, Chiu Charles Y, Runckel Charles, Greninger Alexander L, and DeRisi Joseph L

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Diarrhea kills 2 million children worldwide each year, yet an etiological agent is not found in approximately 30–50% of cases. Picornaviral genera such as enterovirus, kobuvirus, cosavirus, parechovirus, hepatovirus, teschovirus, and cardiovirus have all been found in human and animal diarrhea. Modern technologies, especially deep sequencing, allow rapid, high-throughput screening of clinical samples such as stool for new infectious agents associated with human disease. Results A pool of 141 pediatric gastroenteritis samples that were previously found to be negative for known diarrheal viruses was subjected to pyrosequencing. From a total of 937,935 sequence reads, a collection of 849 reads distantly related to Aichi virus were assembled and found to comprise 75% of a novel picornavirus genome. The complete genome was subsequently cloned and found to share 52.3% nucleotide pairwise identity and 38.9% amino acid identity to Aichi virus. The low level of sequence identity suggests a novel picornavirus genus which we have designated klassevirus. Blinded screening of 751 stool specimens from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals revealed a second positive case of klassevirus infection, which was subsequently found to be from the index case's 11-month old twin. Conclusion We report the discovery of human klassevirus 1, a member of a novel picornavirus genus, in stool from two infants from Northern California. Further characterization and epidemiological studies will be required to establish whether klasseviruses are significant causes of human infection.

Published
2009
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39. Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccination

Author

Adams, Atoya, Miller, Eric, Rankin, Bruce G., Shinn, Steven, Nash, Marshall, Green, Sinikka L., Jacobsen, Colleen, Krishnankutty, Jayasree, Phungwayo, Sikhongi, Glover, Richard M., II, Slechta, Stacy, Holdeman, Troy, Hartvickson, Robyn, Grant, Amber, Poling, Terry L., Klein, Terry D., Klein, Thomas C., Klein, Tracy R., Smith, William B., Gibson, Richard L., Winbigler, Jennifer, Parker, Elizabeth, Wijewardane, Priyantha N., Bravo, Eric, Thessing, Jeffrey, Maxwell, Michelle, Horn, Amanda, Healy, Catherine Mary, Akamine, Christine, Chu, Laurence, Chouteau, R. Michelle, Cotugno, Michael J., Bauer, George H., Jr., Hachigian, Greg, Oshita, Masaru, Cancilla, Michael, Kiersey, Kristen, Seger, William, Antwi, Mohammed, Green, Allison, Kim, Anthony, Desjardins, Michael, Johnson, Jennifer A., Sherman, Amy, Walsh, Stephen R., Borger, Judith, Saleem, Nafisa, Solis, Joel, Medina, Martha Carmen, Keating, Westly, Garcia, Edgar, Bueno, Cynthia, Segall, Nathan, Denham, Douglas S., Weiss, Thomas, Avworo, Ayoade, Hedges, Parke, Strout, Cynthia Becher, Santiago, Rica, Davis, Yvonne, Howenstine, Patty, Bondell, Alison, Marks, Kristin, Wang, Tina, Wilkin, Timothy, Vogler, Mary, Johnston, Carrie, Andrasik, Michele P., Andriesen, Jessica G., Broder, Gail, Eaton, Niles, Gelderblom, Huub G., McClennen, Rachael, Michael, Nelson, Robb, Merlin, Sopher, Carrie, Miller, Vicki E., Santiago, Fredric, Gomez, Blanca, Valika, Insiya, Starr, Amy, Cantos, Valeria D., Kandiah, Sheetal, Rio, Carlos del, Rouphael, Nadine, Edupuganti, Srilatha, Anderson, Evan J., Camacho-Gonzalez, Andres, Kamidani, Satoshi, Teherani, Meghan, Diemert, David J., Malkin, Elissa, Siegel, Marc, Roberts, Afsoon, Simon, Gary, Balani, Bindu, Stephenson, Carolene, Sperber, Steven, Cicogna, Cristina, Zervos, Marcus J., Kilgore, Paul, Ramesh, Mayur, Herc, Erica, Zenlea, Kate, Burgher, Abram, Milliken, Ann M., Davis, Joseph D., Levy, Brendan, Kelman, Sandra, Doust, Matthew W., Sample, Denise, Erickson, Sandra, Christensen, Shane G., Matich, Christopher, Longe, James, Witbeck, John, Peterson, James T., Clark, Alexander, Kelty, Gerald, Pena-Renteria, Issac, Koren, Michael J., Bartilucci, Darlene, Patel, Alpa, Tran, Carolyn, Kennelly, Christina, Brownlee, Robert, Coleman, Jacob, Webster, Hala, Fierro, Carlos A., Leistner, Natalia, Thompson, Amy, Gonzalez, Celia, Jackson, Lisa A., Suyehira, Janice, Haber, Milton, Regalado, Maria M., Procasky, Veronica, Lutat, Alisha, Griffin, Carl P., Hollister, Ripley R., Brown, Jeremy, Ronk, Melody, Harper, Wayne L., Cohen, Lisa, Eckert, Lynn, Hong, Matthew, Rouhbakhsh, Rambod, Danford, Elizabeth, Johnson, John, Calderone, Richard, Khetan, Shishir K., Olanrewaju, Oyebisi, Zhai, Nan, Nieves, Kimberly, O'Brien, Allison, Bradley, Paul S., Lilienthal, Amanda, Callis, Jim, Brosz, Adam B., Clement, Andrea, West, Whitney, Friesen, Luke, Cramer, Paul, Eder, Frank S., Little, Ryan, Engler, Victoria, Rattenbury-Shaw, Heather, Ensz, David J., Oplinger, Allie, Essink, Brandon J., Meyer, Jay, Raiser, Frederick, III, Mueller, Kimberly, Vrbicky, Keith W., Harper, Charles, Nutsch, Chelsie, Lewis, Wendell, III, Laflan, Cathy, Whatley, Jordan L., Harrell, Nicole, Shannon, Amie, Rowell, Crystal, Dedon, Christopher, Makhene, Mamodikoe, Gottschlich, Gregory M., Harden, Kate, Gottschlich, Melissa, Smith, Mary, Powell, Richard, Kimmel, Murray A., Pinto, Simmy, Vachris, Timothy P., Hutchens, Mark, Daniels, Stephen, Wells, Margaret, Van Der Leden, Mimi, Jackson-Booth, Peta-Gay, Baron, Mira, Kane, Pamela, Seversen, Shannen, Kryvicky, Mara, Lord, Julia, Saleh, Jamshid, Miles, Matthew, Lupercio, Rafael, McGettigan, John W., Jr., Patton, Walter, Brakema, Riemke, Choquette, Karin, McGettigan, Jonlyn, Kirstein, Judith L., Bernard, Marcia, Manning, Mary Beth, Rothenberg, Joan, Briskin, Toby, Roadman, Denise, Tedder-Edwards, Sharita, Schwartz, Howard I., Mederos, Surisday, Swaminathan, Shobha, Nyaku, Amesika, Varughese, Tilly, DallaPiazza, Michelle, Frey, Sharon E., Graham, Irene, Abate, Getahun, Hoft, Daniel, Allen, Leland N., III, Edwards, Leslie A., Davis, William S., Jr., Mena, Jessica M., Kutner, Mark E., Caso, Jorge, Moran, Maria Hernandez, Carvajal, Marianela, Mendez, Janet, Wadsworth, Larkin T., III, Adams, Michael R., Iverson, Leslie, Newberg, Joseph L., Pearlman, Laura, Nugent, Paul J., Reynolds, Michele D., Bashour, Jennifer, Schmidt, Robert, Sheth, Neil P., Steil, Kenneth, Toma, Ramy J., Kirby, William, Folmar, Pink, Williams, Samantha, Pickrell, Paul, Mott, Stefanie, Linebarger, Carol Ann, Malbari, Hussain, Pampe, David, Fragoso, Veronica G., Holloway, Lisa, McKeown-Bragas, Cecilia, Becker, Teresa, Williams, Barton G., Jones, William H., Clark, Jesse L., Shoptaw, Steven, Vertucci, Michele, Hernandez, Will, Spector, Stephen A., Moodley, Amaran, Blumenthal, Jill, Stangl, Lisa, Deutsch, Karen, Mullane, Kathleen M., Pitrak, David, Nuss, Cheryl, Pi, Judy, Fichtenbaum, Carl, Powers-Fletcher, Margaret, Saemann, Michelle, Kohrs, Sharon, Campbell, Thomas B., Lauria, Andrew, Mancilla, Jose C., Dunlevy, Hillary, Novak, Richard M., Wendrow, Andrea, Borgetti, Scott, Ladner, Ben, Chrisley, Lisa, Young, Cheryl, Doblecki-Lewis, Susanne, Alcaide, Maria L., Gonzales-Zamora, Jose, Morris, Stephen, Wohl, David, Eron, Joseph, Jr., Frank, Ian, Dunbar, Debora, Metzger, David, Momplaisir, Florence, Martin, Judith, Hoberman, Alejandro, Shope, Timothy, Muniz, Gysella, Rupp, Richard, Stanford, Amber, Berman, Megan, Porterfield, Laura, Lewis, Michael, Ghadishah, Elham, Yusin, Joseph, Pham, Mai, Creech, Clarence B., II, Walker, Shannon, Rolsma, Stephanie, Samuels, Robert, Thomsen, Isaac, Kalams, Spyros A., Wilson, Greg, Lucksinger, Gregg H., Parks, Kevin, Israelsen, Ryan, Ostovar, Jaleh, Kelly, Kary, Overcash, Jeffrey S., Chu, Hanh, Lee, Kia, De La Cruz, Luis I., Clemons, Steve, Everette, Elizabeth, Studdard, Suzanna, Mohan, Gowdhami, Tyson, Stefanie, Peay, Alyssa-Kay, Johnson, Danyel, Feldman, Gregory J., Suen, May-Yin, Muenzner, Jacqueline, Boscia, Joseph, Siddiqui, Farhan, Sanders, John, Peacock, James, Nasim, Julio, Levin, Michael L., Hussey, Julie, Kulic, Marcy, McKenzie, Mark M., Deese, Teresa, Osmundsen, Erica, Sweet, Christy, Ebuh, Valentine M., Elnagar, Elwaleed, Ebuh, Georgette, Iwuala, Genevieve, Han-Conrad, Laurie J., Simmons, Todd, Tarakjian, Denis, Ackermann, Jeremy, Adams, Mark S., Alemán, José O., Al-Ibrahim, Mohamed S., Andes, David R., Andrews, Jeb, Arduino, Roberto C., Bäcker, Martín, Badillo, Diana, Bainbridge, Emma, Batteiger, Teresa A., Bazan, Jose A., Bedimo, Roger J., Benitez, Jorge A., Bennett, Annette R., Bernstein, David I., Bialobok, Kristin, Boas, Rebecca, Brady, Judith, Brown, Cynthia, Bunce, Catherine A., Call, Robert S., Campbell, Wesley, Carmody, Ellie, Carpenter, Christopher, Carsons, Steven E., Castellon, Marvin, Castro, Mario, Catan, Hannah, Chang, Jennifer, Chebib, Mouna G., Chen, Corey M., Cheng, Margaret, Chow, Brian D.W., Ciambruschini, Annie, Connor, Joseph P., Conway, James H., Cooney, Maureen, Curlin, Marcel, De La Matta Rodriguez, Claudia, Dedon, Jon F., Degan, Emily, Dickey, Michelle, Dietz, Craig, Dong, Jennifer L., Dorcely, Brenda, Dube, Michael P., Dyer, Carmel B., Eckhardt, Benjamin, Ellerbeck, Edward, Ewers, Evan C., Falk, Amy, Feijoo, Brittany, Felsen, Uriel R., Fiel, Tom, Fitz-Patrick, David, Fogarty, Charles M., Ford, Stacy, Forero, Lina M., Formentini, Elizabeth, Franco-Vitteri, Doris, Frenck, Robert W., Jr., Gharib, Elie, Gharib, Suzanne, Rucker, Rola G., Goldenberg, James N., González, Luis H., Gray, Brett, Greene, Rusty, Grossberg, Robert M., Guanira-Carranza, Juan V., Guerreros Benavides, Alfredo Gilberto, Guillory, Clint C., Gunaratne, Shauna H., Halpert, David, Hamilton, Holli, Hartman, William R., Henderson, Sheryl L., Herati, Ramin, Guarin, Laura Hernandez, Hilder, Robin, Ho, Ken, Hojat, Leila, Hosek, Sybil G., Jacobson, Jeffrey M., Jay, Melanie, Johnson, Diane H., Jones, Kathleen S., Jones-López, Edward C., Justman, Jessica E., Kahney, Scott, Katz, Lois, Katz, Melinda, Kaul, Daniel, Keefer, Michael C., Kennedy, Ashley, Knishinsky, Jennifer, Kogelman, Laura, Koletar, Susan L., Kottkamp, Angelica, Laguio-Vila, Maryrose, Landovitz, Raphael J., Lee, Jessica L., Liu, Albert, Llerena Zegarra, Eneyda Giuvanela, Lok, Anna S., Lovell, James, Lubelchek, Ronald, Lucaj, John, Luckasen, Gary, Luetkemeyer, Annie, Lugogo, Njira Lucia, Maenza, Janine, Malvestutto, Carlos, Mauri, Monica, Maves, Ryan C., Mayer, Kenneth H., McCartney, Michael J., McCort, Margaret E., McElrath, M. Juliana, McNairy, Meredith, Merino, Fernando L., Meyerowitz, Eric A., Mitchell, Carol L., Monaco, Cynthia L., Muhammad, Sauda, Muñoz-Gómez, Sigridh, Munsiff, Sonal, Nee, Paul, Nollen, Nicole L., Noor, Asif, Lagos, Claudio Nuñez, Okulicz, Jason F., Oliver, Patrick A., Ortega, Jessica, Palmer, Steven, Parameswaran, Lalitha, Parikh, Purvi, Parker, Susan, Parungao, Reza, Pavie, Juana R., Madan, Rebecca P., Peralta, Henry, Petts, Jennifer, Pierce, Kristen K., Pretell Alva, E. Javier, Purpura, Lawrence J., Raabe, Vanessa, Recuenco, Sergio E., Richards, Tamara, Riddler, Sharon A., Rizzardi, Barbara, Rokser, Rachel, Rolle, Charlotte-Paige, Rosen, Adam, Rosen, Jeffrey, Freese, Lena R., Santolaya, María E., Schipani, Linda M., Schwartz, Adam, Schwasinger-Schmidt, Tiffany, Scott, Hyman, Sha, Beverly E., Shankaran, Shivanjali, Shapiro, Adrienne E., Sharp, Stephan C., Shopsin, Bo, Sims, Matthew D., Skipper, Stephanie, Smith, Derek M., Smith, Michael J., Sobhanie, M. Mahdee, Sovic, Brit, Sterling, Stephanie, Striker, Robert, Tafur Bances, Karla Beatriz, Talaat, Kawsar R., Tavel, Edward M., Jr., Tieu, Hong V., Tomaszewski, Christian, Tomlinson, Ryan, Torres, Juan P., Torres, Julian A., Treanor, John J., Tukuru, Sade, Ulrich, Robert J., Utz, Gregory C., Viar, Veronica, Viau Colindres, Roberto A., Walsh, Edward E., Walsh, Mary C., Walter, Emmanuel B., Weidler, Jessica L., Wu, Yi H., Yang, Kinara S., Yrivarren Giorza, Juan Luis, Zemanek, Arthur L., Zhang, Kevin, Zingman, Barry S., Gorman, Richard, Paez, Carmen A., Swann, Edith, Takuva, Simbarashe G., Greninger, Alex, Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Coombs, Robert W., Jerome, Keith R., Castellino, Flora, Tong, Xiaomi, Pavetto, Corrina, Gipson, Teletha, Tong, Tina, Lee, Marina, Zhou, James, Fay, Michael, McQuarrie, Kelly, Nnadi, Chimeremma, Sogbetun, Obiageli, Ahmad, Nina, De Proost, Ian, Hoseyni, Cyrus, Coplan, Paul, Khan, Najat, Ronco, Peter, Furey, Dawn, Meck, Jodi, Vingerhoets, Johan, Brandenburg, Boerries, Custers, Jerome, Hendriks, Jenny, Juraszek, Jarek, Marit de Groot, Anne, Van Roey, Griet, Heerwegh, Dirk, Van Dromme, Ilse, Méndez Galván, Jorge F., Carrascal, Monica B., Duran, Adriana Sordo, Sanchez Guerrero, Laura Ruy, Gómora Madrid, Martha Cecilia, Barrat Hernández, Alejandro Quintín, Guizar, Sharzhaad Molina, González Estrada, Denisse Alejandra, Martínez Pérez, Silvano Omar, Zárate Hinojosa, Zindy Yazmín, Ruiz-Palacios, Guillermo Miguel, Cruz-Valdez, Aurelio, Pacheco-Flores, Janeth, Lara, Anyela, Díaz-Miralrio, Secia, Reyes Fentanes, María José, Olmos Vega, Jocelyn Zuleica, Méndez, Daniela Pineda, Martínez, Karina Cano, Alvarez León, Winniberg Stephany, Ruiz Herrera, Vida Veronica, Vázquez Saldaña, Eduardo Gabriel, Camacho Choza, Laura Julia, Vega Orozco, Karen Sofia, Ortega Domínguez, Sandra Janeth, Chacón, Jorge A., Rivera, Juan J., Cutz, Erika A., Ortegón, Maricruz E., Rivera, María I., Browder, David, Burch, Cortney, Moye, Terri, Bondy, Paul, Browder, Lesley, Manning, Rickey D., Hurst, James W., Sturgeon, Rodney E., Wakefield, Paul H., Kirby, John A., Andersen, James, Fearon, Szheckera, Negron, Rosa, Medina, Amy, Hill, John M., Rajasekhar, Vivek, Williams, Hayes, Cade, LaShondra, Fouts, Rhodna, Moya, Connie, Anderson, Corey G., Devine, Naomi, Ramsey, James, Perez, Ashley, Tatelbaum, David, Jacobs, Michael, Menasche, Kathleen, Mirkil, Vincent, Winkle, Peter J., Haggag, Amina Z., Haynes, Michelle, Villegas, Marysol, Raja, Sabina, Riesenberg, Robert, Plavin, Stanford, Lerman, Mark, Woodside, Leana, Johnson, Maria, Healy, C. Mary, Whitaker, Jennifer A., Keitel, Wendy A., Atmar, Robert L., Horwith, Gary, Mason, Robin, Johnson, Lisa, Dora, Tambra, Murray, Deborah, Ledbetter, Logan, Ewing, Beverly, Stephenson, Kathryn E., Tan, Chen S., Zash, Rebecca, Ansel, Jessica L., Jaegle, Kate, Guiney, Caitlin J., Henderson, Jeffrey A., O'Leary, Marcia, Enright, Kendra, Kessler, Jill, Ducheneaux, Pete, Inniss, Asha, Brandon, Donald M., Davis, William B., Lawler, Daniel T., Oppong, Yaa D., Starr, Ryan P., Syndergaard, Scott N., Shelly, Rozeli, Majumder, Mashrur Islam, Sugimoto, Danny, Dugas, Jeffrey, Sr., Rijos, Dolores, Shelton, Sandra, Hong, Stephan, Schwartz, Howard, Sanchez-Crespo, Nelia, Schwartz, Jennifer, Piedra, Terry, Corral, Barbara, Medina, Carmen, Dever, Michael E., Shah, Mitul, Delgado, Michael, Scott, Tameika, Usdan, Lisa S., McGill, Lora J., Arnold, Valerie K., Scatamacchia, Carolyn, Anthony, Codi M., Merchant, Rajan, Yoon, Anelgine C., Hill, Janet, Ng-Price, Lucy, Thompson-Seim, Teri, Ackerman, Ronald, Ackerman, Jamie, Aristy, Florida, Ketter, Nzeera, Finley, Jon, Stull, Mildred, Murray, Monica, Rizvi, Zainab, Guerrero, Sonia, Paliwal, Yogesh K., Paliwal, Amit, Gordon, Sarah, Gordon, Bryan, Montano-Pereira, Cynthia, Galloway, Christopher, Montros, Candice, Aleman, Lily, Shairi, Samira, Van Ever, Wesley, Freeman, George H., Harmon, Esther L., Cross, Marshall A., Sales, Kacie, Gular, Catherine Q., Hepburn, Matthew, Alderson, Nathan, Harshell, Shana, Mahgoub, Siham, Maxwell, Celia, Mellman, Thomas, Thompson, Karl M., Wortman, Glenn, Kingsley, Jeff, Pixler, April, Curry, LaKondria, Afework, Sarah, Swanson, Austin, Jacqmein, Jeffry, Bowers, Maggie, Robison, Dawn, Mosteller, Victoria, Garvey, Janet, Easley, Mary, Kurnat, Rebecca J., Cornelison, Raymond, Gower, Shanda, Schnitz, William, Heinzig-Cartwright, Destiny S., Lewis, Derek, Newton, Fred E., Duhart, Aeiress, Watkins, Breanz, Ball, Brandy, York, Jill, Pickle, Shelby, Musante, David B., Silver, William P., Belhorn, Linda R., Viens, Nicholas A., Dellaero, David, Patel, Priti, Lisec, Kendra, Safirstein, Beth, Zapata, Luz, Gonzalez, Lazaro, Quevedo, Evelyn, Irani, Farah, Grillo, Joseph, Potts, Amy, White, Julie, Flume, Patrick, Headden, Gary, Taylor, Brandie, Warden, Ashley, Chamberlain, Amy, Jeanfreau, Robert, Jeanfreau, Susan, Matherne, Paul G., Caldwell, Amy, Stahl, Jessica, Vowell, Mandy, Newhouse, Lauren, Berthaud, Vladimir, Takizala, Zudi-Mwak, Beninati, Genevieve, Snell, Kimberly, Baker, Sherrie, Walker, James, Harrison, Tavane, Miller, Meagan, Otto, Janet, Gray, Roni, Wilson, Christine, Nemecek, Tiffany, Harrington, Hannah, Eppenbach, Sally, Lewis, Wendell, Bourgeois, Tana, Folsom, Lyndsea, Holt, Gregory, Mirsaeidi, Mehdi, Calderon, Rafael, Lichtenberger, Paola, Quintero, Jalima, Martinez, Becky, Immergluck, Lilly, Johnson, Erica, Chan, Austin, Fas, Norberto, Thomas-Seaton, LaTeshia, Khizer, Saadia, Staben, Jonathan, Beresnev, Tatiana, Jahromi, Maryam, Marovich, Mary A., Hutter, Julia, Nason, Martha, Ledgerwood, Julie, Mascola, John, Leibowitz, Mark, Morales, Fernanda, Delgado, Mike, Sanchez, Rosario, Vega, Norma, Áñez, Germán, Albert, Gary, Coston, Erin, Desai, Chinar, Dunbar, Haoua, Eickhoff, Mark, Garcia, Jenina, Kautz, Margaret, Lee, Angela, Lewis, Maggie, McGarry, Alice, McKnight, Irene, Nelson, Joy, Newingham, Patrick, Price-Abbott, Patty, Reed, Patty, Vegas, Diana, Wilkinson, Bethanie, Smith, Katherine, Woo, Wayne, Cho, Iksung, Glenn, Gregory M., Dubovsky, Filip, Fried, David L., Haughey, Lynne A., Stanton, Ariana C., Rameaka, Lisa Stevens, Rosenberg, David, Tomatsu, Lee, Gonzalez, Viviana, Manalo, Millie, Grunstra, Bernard, Quinn, Donald, Claybrook, Phillip, Olds, Shelby, Dye, Amy, Cannon, Kevin D., Chadwick, Mesha M., Jordan, Bailey, Hussey, Morgan, Nevarez, Hannah, Kelley, Colleen F., Chung, Michael, Moran, Caitlin, Rebolledo, Paulina, Bacher, Christina, Barranco-Santana, Elizabeth, Rodriguez, Jessica, Mendoza, Rafael, Ruperto, Karen, Olivieri, Odette, Ocaña, Enrique, Wylie, Paul E., Henderson, Renea, Jenson, Natasa, Yang, Fan, Kelley, Amy, Finkelstein, Kenneth, Beckmann, David, Hutchins, Tanya, Escallon, Sebastian Garcia, Johnson, Kristen, Sligh, Teresa S., Desai, Parul, Huynh, Vincent, Lopez, Carlos, Mendoza, Erika, Adelglass, Jeffrey, Naifeh, Jerome G., Kucera, Kristine J., Chughtai, Waseem, Jaffer, Shireen H., Davis, Matthew G., Foley, Jennifer, Burgett, Michelle L., Shlotzhauer, Tammi L., Ingalsbe-Geno, Sarah M., Duncanson, Daniel, Kush, Kelly, Nesbitt, Lori, Sonnier, Cora, McCarter, Jennifer, Butcher, Michael B., Fry, James, Percy, Donna, Freudemann, Karen, Gebhardt, Bruce C., Mangu, Padma N., Schroeck, Debra B., Davit, Rajesh K., Hennekes, Gayle D., Luft, Benjamin J., Carr, Melissa, Nachman, Sharon, Pellecchia, Alison, Smith, Candace, Valenti, Bruno, Bermudez, Maria I., Peraita, Noris, Delgado, Ernesto, Arrazcaeta, Alicia, Ramirez, Natalie, Amador, Carmen, Marafioti, Horacio, Dang, Lyly, Clement, Lauren, Berry, Jennifer, Allaw, Mohammed, Geuss, Georgettea, Miles, Chelsea, Bittner, Zachary, Werne, Melody, Calinescu, Cornell, Rodman, Shannon, Rindt, Joshua, Cooksey, Erin, Harrison, Kristina, Cooper, Deanna, Horton, Manisha, Philyaw, Amanda, Jennings, William, Alvarado, Hilario, Baka, Michele, Regalado, Malina, Murray, Linda, Naguib, Sherif, Singletary, Justin, Richmond, Sha-Wanda, Omodele, Sarah, Oppenheim, Emily, Martinez, Reuben, Andriulis, Victoria, Singer, Leonard, Blevins, Jeanne, Thomas, Meagan, Hull, Christine, Pereira, Isabel, Rivero, Gina, Okonya, Tracy, Downing, Frances, Miller, Paulina, Rhee, Margaret, Stapleton, Katherine, Klein, Jeffrey, Hong, Rosamond, Swan, Suzanne, Wahlin, Tami, Bennett, Elizabeth, Salzl, Amy, Phan, Sharine, White, Jewel J., Occhino, Amanda, Paiano, Ruth, McLaughlin, Morgan, Swieboda, Elisa, Garcia-Fragoso, Veronica, Becerra, Maria G., White, Toni, Turley, Christine B., McWilliams, Andrew, Esinhart, Tiffany, Montoya, Natasha, Huskey, Shamika, Paul, Leena, Tashima, Karen, Johnson, Jennie, 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Hasan, Florescu, Diana F., Starlin, Richard, Kline, David, Zimmer, Andrea, Abbas, Anum, Wilson, Natasha, Eron, Joseph J., Sciaudone, Michael, Rosengren, A. Lina, Kizer, John S., Rutstein, Sarah E., Bruce, Elizabeth, Espinosa, Claudia, Sanders, Lisa J., Kim, Kami, Casey, Denise, Taylor, Barbara S., Patterson, Thomas, Pinilla, Ruth S., Bullock, Delia, Ponce, Philip, Patterson, Jan, McClelland, R. Scott, Lane, Dakotah C., Wald, Anna, James, Frank, Duke, Elizabeth, Hauge, Kirsten, Heimonen, Jessica, Goecker, Erin A., Huang, Yunda, Fong, Youyi, Kauffman, Carol, Linder, Kathleen, Nofz, Kimberly, McConnell, Andrew, Buynak, Robert J., Webb, Angella, Petty, Taryn, Andree, Stephanie, Sanchez, Erica, Mackey, Nolan, Baudelaire, Clarisse, Dzigiel, Sarah, Marquez, Adrienna, Quillin, Kim, King, Michelle, Abad, Vanessa, Knowles, Jennifer, Waters, Michael, Zepeda, Karla, Coslet, Jordan, Tovar, Dalia, Shaw, Marian E., Turner, Mark A., Huffine, Cory J., Huffine, Esther S., Ake, Julie A., Secord, Elizabeth, McGrath, Eric, Levy, Phillip, Stewart, Brittany, Cromer, Charnell, Walters, Ayanna, Ellsworth, Grant, Greene, Caroline, Galloway, Sarah, Kapadia, Shashi, DeHaan, Elliot, Wilson, Clint, Milligan, Jason, Raley, Danielle, Bocchini, Joseph, McClenathan, Bruce, Hussain, Mary, Lomasney, Evelyn, Hall, Evelyn, Lamberth, Sherry, Schmeck, Christy, Leathers, Vickie, Theodore, Deborah A., Branche, Angela R., Graciaa, Daniel S., Hatlen, Timothy J., Miller, Jacqueline, Sadoff, Jerald, Falsey, Ann R., Sobieszczyk, Magdalena E., Rick, Anne-Marie, Laurens, Matthew B., Huang, Ying, Yu, Chenchen, Martin, Thomas C.S., Rodriguez, Carina A., Rostad, Christina A., Maboa, Rebone M., Baden, Lindsey R., El Sahly, Hana M., Grinsztejn, Beatriz, Gray, Glenda E., Gay, Cynthia L., Gilbert, Peter B., Janes, Holly E., Kublin, James G., Leav, Brett, Hirsch, Ian, Struyf, Frank, Dunkle, Lisa M., Neuzil, Kathleen M., Corey, Lawrence, Goepfert, Paul A., Follmann, Dean, and Kotloff, Karen L.

Published
2023
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41. Diminished humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Author

Ujjani, Chaitra, Gooley, Ted A., Spurgeon, Stephen E., Stephens, Deborah M., Lai, Catherine, Broome, Catherine M., O’Brien, Susan, Zhu, Haiying, Laing, Kerry J., Winter, Allison M., Pongas, Georgios, Greninger, Alexander L, Koelle, David M., Siddiqi, Tanya, Davids, Matthew S., Rogers, Kerry A., Danilov, Alexey V., Sperling, Amy, Tu, Brian, Sorensen, Tyler, Launchbury, Kelsey, Burrow, Carlissa J., Quezada, Genesis, Hill, Joshua A., Shadman, Mazyar, and Thompson, Philip A.

Published
2023
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42. Recovery of divergent avian bornaviruses from cases of proventricular dilatation disease: Identification of a candidate etiologic agent

Author

Greninger Alexander, Farnoushi Yigal, Mechani Sara, Lublin Avishai, Chiu Charles Y, Sorber Katherine, Fischer Kael, Clubb Susan, Skewes-Cox Peter, Gancz Ady, Kistler Amy L, Wen Christopher C, Karlene Scott B, Ganem Don, and DeRisi Joseph L

Subjects
Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a fatal disorder threatening domesticated and wild psittacine birds worldwide. It is characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the ganglia of the central and peripheral nervous system, leading to central nervous system disorders as well as disordered enteric motility and associated wasting. For almost 40 years, a viral etiology for PDD has been suspected, but to date no candidate etiologic agent has been reproducibly linked to the disease. Results Analysis of 2 PDD case-control series collected independently on different continents using a pan-viral microarray revealed a bornavirus hybridization signature in 62.5% of the PDD cases (5/8) and none of the controls (0/8). Ultra high throughput sequencing was utilized to recover the complete viral genome sequence from one of the virus-positive PDD cases. This revealed a bornavirus-like genome organization for this agent with a high degree of sequence divergence from all prior bornavirus isolates. We propose the name avian bornavirus (ABV) for this agent. Further specific ABV PCR analysis of an additional set of independently collected PDD cases and controls yielded a significant difference in ABV detection rate among PDD cases (71%, n = 7) compared to controls (0%, n = 14) (P = 0.01; Fisher's Exact Test). Partial sequence analysis of a total of 16 ABV isolates we have now recovered from these and an additional set of cases reveals at least 5 distinct ABV genetic subgroups. Conclusion These studies clearly demonstrate the existence of an avian reservoir of remarkably diverse bornaviruses and provide a compelling candidate in the search for an etiologic agent of PDD.

Published
2008
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43. Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Author

Anne-Marie Rick, Matthew B. Laurens, Ying Huang, Chenchen Yu, Thomas C.S. Martin, Carina A. Rodriguez, Christina A. Rostad, Rebone M. Maboa, Lindsey R. Baden, Hana M. El Sahly, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Glenda E. Gray, Cynthia L. Gay, Peter B. Gilbert, Holly E. Janes, James G. Kublin, Yunda Huang, Brett Leav, Ian Hirsch, Frank Struyf, Lisa M. Dunkle, Kathleen M. Neuzil, Lawrence Corey, Paul A. Goepfert, Stephen R. Walsh, Dean Follmann, Karen L. Kotloff, Atoya Adams, Eric Miller, Bruce G. Rankin, Steven Shinn, Marshall Nash, Sinikka L. Green, Colleen Jacobsen, Jayasree Krishnankutty, Sikhongi Phungwayo, Richard M. Glover, II, Stacy Slechta, Troy Holdeman, Robyn Hartvickson, Amber Grant, Terry L. Poling, Terry D. Klein, Thomas C. Klein, Tracy R. Klein, William B. Smith, Richard L. Gibson, Jennifer Winbigler, Elizabeth Parker, Priyantha N. Wijewardane, Eric Bravo, Jeffrey Thessing, Michelle Maxwell, Amanda Horn, Catherine Mary Healy, Christine Akamine, Laurence Chu, R. Michelle Chouteau, Michael J. Cotugno, George H. Bauer, Jr., Greg Hachigian, Masaru Oshita, Michael Cancilla, Kristen Kiersey, William Seger, Mohammed Antwi, Allison Green, Anthony Kim, Michael Desjardins, Jennifer A. Johnson, Amy Sherman, Judith Borger, Nafisa Saleem, Joel Solis, Martha Carmen Medina, Westly Keating, Edgar Garcia, Cynthia Bueno, Nathan Segall, Douglas S. Denham, Thomas Weiss, Ayoade Avworo, Parke Hedges, Cynthia Becher Strout, Rica Santiago, Yvonne Davis, Patty Howenstine, Alison Bondell, Kristin Marks, Tina Wang, Timothy Wilkin, Mary Vogler, Carrie Johnston, Michele P. Andrasik, Jessica G. Andriesen, Gail Broder, Niles Eaton, Huub G. Gelderblom, Rachael McClennen, Nelson Michael, Merlin Robb, Carrie Sopher, Vicki E. Miller, Fredric Santiago, Blanca Gomez, Insiya Valika, Amy Starr, Valeria D. Cantos, Sheetal Kandiah, Carlos del Rio, Nadine Rouphael, Srilatha Edupuganti, Evan J. Anderson, Andres Camacho-Gonzalez, Satoshi Kamidani, Meghan Teherani, David J. Diemert, Elissa Malkin, Marc Siegel, Afsoon Roberts, Gary Simon, Bindu Balani, Carolene Stephenson, Steven Sperber, Cristina Cicogna, Marcus J. Zervos, Paul Kilgore, Mayur Ramesh, Erica Herc, Kate Zenlea, Abram Burgher, Ann M. Milliken, Joseph D. Davis, Brendan Levy, Sandra Kelman, Matthew W. Doust, Denise Sample, Sandra Erickson, Shane G. Christensen, Christopher Matich, James Longe, John Witbeck, James T. Peterson, Alexander Clark, Gerald Kelty, Issac Pena-Renteria, Michael J. Koren, Darlene Bartilucci, Alpa Patel, Carolyn Tran, Christina Kennelly, Robert Brownlee, Jacob Coleman, Hala Webster, Carlos A. Fierro, Natalia Leistner, Amy Thompson, Celia Gonzalez, Lisa A. Jackson, Janice Suyehira, Milton Haber, Maria M. Regalado, Veronica Procasky, Alisha Lutat, Carl P. Griffin, Ripley R. Hollister, Jeremy Brown, Melody Ronk, Wayne L. Harper, Lisa Cohen, Lynn Eckert, Matthew Hong, Rambod Rouhbakhsh, Elizabeth Danford, John Johnson, Richard Calderone, Shishir K. Khetan, Oyebisi Olanrewaju, Nan Zhai, Kimberly Nieves, Allison O'Brien, Paul S. Bradley, Amanda Lilienthal, Jim Callis, Adam B. Brosz, Andrea Clement, Whitney West, Luke Friesen, Paul Cramer, Frank S. Eder, Ryan Little, Victoria Engler, Heather Rattenbury-Shaw, David J. Ensz, Allie Oplinger, Brandon J. Essink, Jay Meyer, Frederick Raiser, III, Kimberly Mueller, Keith W. Vrbicky, Charles Harper, Chelsie Nutsch, Wendell Lewis, III, Cathy Laflan, Jordan L. Whatley, Nicole Harrell, Amie Shannon, Crystal Rowell, Christopher Dedon, Mamodikoe Makhene, Gregory M. Gottschlich, Kate Harden, Melissa Gottschlich, Mary Smith, Richard Powell, Murray A. Kimmel, Simmy Pinto, Timothy P. Vachris, Mark Hutchens, Stephen Daniels, Margaret Wells, Mimi Van Der Leden, Peta-Gay Jackson-Booth, Mira Baron, Pamela Kane, Shannen Seversen, Mara Kryvicky, Julia Lord, Jamshid Saleh, Matthew Miles, Rafael Lupercio, John W. McGettigan, Jr., Walter Patton, Riemke Brakema, Karin Choquette, Jonlyn McGettigan, Judith L. Kirstein, Marcia Bernard, Mary Beth Manning, Joan Rothenberg, Toby Briskin, Denise Roadman, Sharita Tedder-Edwards, Howard I. Schwartz, Surisday Mederos, Shobha Swaminathan, Amesika Nyaku, Tilly Varughese, Michelle DallaPiazza, Sharon E. Frey, Irene Graham, Getahun Abate, Daniel Hoft, Leland N. Allen, III, Leslie A. Edwards, William S. Davis, Jr., Jessica M. Mena, Mark E. Kutner, Jorge Caso, Maria Hernandez Moran, Marianela Carvajal, Janet Mendez, Larkin T. Wadsworth, III, Michael R. Adams, Leslie Iverson, Joseph L. Newberg, Laura Pearlman, Paul J. Nugent, Michele D. Reynolds, Jennifer Bashour, Robert Schmidt, Neil P. Sheth, Kenneth Steil, Ramy J. Toma, William Kirby, Pink Folmar, Samantha Williams, Paul Pickrell, Stefanie Mott, Carol Ann Linebarger, Hussain Malbari, David Pampe, Veronica G. Fragoso, Lisa Holloway, Cecilia McKeown-Bragas, Teresa Becker, Barton G. Williams, William H. Jones, Jesse L. Clark, Steven Shoptaw, Michele Vertucci, Will Hernandez, Stephen A. Spector, Amaran Moodley, Jill Blumenthal, Lisa Stangl, Karen Deutsch, Kathleen M. Mullane, David Pitrak, Cheryl Nuss, Judy Pi, Carl Fichtenbaum, Margaret Powers-Fletcher, Michelle Saemann, Sharon Kohrs, Thomas B. Campbell, Andrew Lauria, Jose C. Mancilla, Hillary Dunlevy, Richard M. Novak, Andrea Wendrow, Scott Borgetti, Ben Ladner, Lisa Chrisley, Cheryl Young, Susanne Doblecki-Lewis, Maria L. Alcaide, Jose Gonzales-Zamora, Stephen Morris, David Wohl, Joseph Eron, Jr., Ian Frank, Debora Dunbar, David Metzger, Florence Momplaisir, Judith Martin, Alejandro Hoberman, Timothy Shope, Gysella Muniz, Richard Rupp, Amber Stanford, Megan Berman, Laura Porterfield, Michael Lewis, Elham Ghadishah, Joseph Yusin, Mai Pham, Clarence B. Creech, II, Shannon Walker, Stephanie Rolsma, Robert Samuels, Isaac Thomsen, Spyros A. Kalams, Greg Wilson, Gregg H. Lucksinger, Kevin Parks, Ryan Israelsen, Jaleh Ostovar, Kary Kelly, Jeffrey S. Overcash, Hanh Chu, Kia Lee, Luis I. 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Carrascal, Adriana Sordo Duran, Laura Ruy Sanchez Guerrero, Martha Cecilia Gómora Madrid, Alejandro Quintín Barrat Hernández, Sharzhaad Molina Guizar, Denisse Alejandra González Estrada, Silvano Omar Martínez Pérez, Zindy Yazmín Zárate Hinojosa, Guillermo Miguel Ruiz-Palacios, Aurelio Cruz-Valdez, Janeth Pacheco-Flores, Anyela Lara, Secia Díaz-Miralrio, María José Reyes Fentanes, Jocelyn Zuleica Olmos Vega, Daniela Pineda Méndez, Karina Cano Martínez, Winniberg Stephany Alvarez León, Vida Veronica Ruiz Herrera, Eduardo Gabriel Vázquez Saldaña, Laura Julia Camacho Choza, Karen Sofia Vega Orozco, Sandra Janeth Ortega Domínguez, Jorge A. Chacón, Juan J. Rivera, Erika A. Cutz, Maricruz E. Ortegón, María I. Rivera, David Browder, Cortney Burch, Terri Moye, Paul Bondy, Lesley Browder, Rickey D. Manning, James W. Hurst, Rodney E. Sturgeon, Paul H. Wakefield, John A. Kirby, James Andersen, Szheckera Fearon, Rosa Negron, Amy Medina, John M. 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Syndergaard, Rozeli Shelly, Mashrur Islam Majumder, Danny Sugimoto, Jeffrey Dugas, Sr., Dolores Rijos, Sandra Shelton, Stephan Hong, Howard Schwartz, Nelia Sanchez-Crespo, Jennifer Schwartz, Terry Piedra, Barbara Corral, Carmen Medina, Michael E. Dever, Mitul Shah, Michael Delgado, Tameika Scott, Lisa S. Usdan, Lora J. McGill, Valerie K. Arnold, Carolyn Scatamacchia, Codi M. Anthony, Rajan Merchant, Anelgine C. Yoon, Janet Hill, Lucy Ng-Price, Teri Thompson-Seim, Ronald Ackerman, Jamie Ackerman, Florida Aristy, Nzeera Ketter, Jon Finley, Mildred Stull, Monica Murray, Zainab Rizvi, Sonia Guerrero, Yogesh K. Paliwal, Amit Paliwal, Sarah Gordon, Bryan Gordon, Cynthia Montano-Pereira, Christopher Galloway, Candice Montros, Lily Aleman, Samira Shairi, Wesley Van Ever, George H. Freeman, Esther L. Harmon, Marshall A. Cross, Kacie Sales, Catherine Q. Gular, Matthew Hepburn, Nathan Alderson, Shana Harshell, Siham Mahgoub, Celia Maxwell, Thomas Mellman, Karl M. 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Matherne, Amy Caldwell, Jessica Stahl, Mandy Vowell, Lauren Newhouse, Vladimir Berthaud, Zudi-Mwak Takizala, Genevieve Beninati, Kimberly Snell, Sherrie Baker, James Walker, Tavane Harrison, Meagan Miller, Janet Otto, Roni Gray, Christine Wilson, Tiffany Nemecek, Hannah Harrington, Sally Eppenbach, Wendell Lewis, Tana Bourgeois, Lyndsea Folsom, Gregory Holt, Mehdi Mirsaeidi, Rafael Calderon, Paola Lichtenberger, Jalima Quintero, Becky Martinez, Lilly Immergluck, Erica Johnson, Austin Chan, Norberto Fas, LaTeshia Thomas-Seaton, Saadia Khizer, Jonathan Staben, Tatiana Beresnev, Maryam Jahromi, Mary A. Marovich, Julia Hutter, Martha Nason, Julie Ledgerwood, John Mascola, Mark Leibowitz, Fernanda Morales, Mike Delgado, Rosario Sanchez, Norma Vega, Germán Áñez, Gary Albert, Erin Coston, Chinar Desai, Haoua Dunbar, Mark Eickhoff, Jenina Garcia, Margaret Kautz, Angela Lee, Maggie Lewis, Alice McGarry, Irene McKnight, Joy Nelson, Patrick Newingham, Patty Price-Abbott, Patty Reed, Diana Vegas, Bethanie Wilkinson, Katherine Smith, Wayne Woo, Iksung Cho, Gregory M. Glenn, Filip Dubovsky, David L. Fried, Lynne A. Haughey, Ariana C. Stanton, Lisa Stevens Rameaka, David Rosenberg, Lee Tomatsu, Viviana Gonzalez, Millie Manalo, Bernard Grunstra, Donald Quinn, Phillip Claybrook, Shelby Olds, Amy Dye, Kevin D. Cannon, Mesha M. Chadwick, Bailey Jordan, Morgan Hussey, Hannah Nevarez, Colleen F. Kelley, Michael Chung, Caitlin Moran, Paulina Rebolledo, Christina Bacher, Elizabeth Barranco-Santana, Jessica Rodriguez, Rafael Mendoza, Karen Ruperto, Odette Olivieri, Enrique Ocaña, Paul E. Wylie, Renea Henderson, Natasa Jenson, Fan Yang, Amy Kelley, Kenneth Finkelstein, David Beckmann, Tanya Hutchins, Sebastian Garcia Escallon, Kristen Johnson, Teresa S. Sligh, Parul Desai, Vincent Huynh, Carlos Lopez, Erika Mendoza, Jeffrey Adelglass, Jerome G. Naifeh, Kristine J. Kucera, Waseem Chughtai, Shireen H. Jaffer, Matthew G. Davis, Jennifer Foley, Michelle L. Burgett, Tammi L. Shlotzhauer, Sarah M. Ingalsbe-Geno, Daniel Duncanson, Kelly Kush, Lori Nesbitt, Cora Sonnier, Jennifer McCarter, Michael B. Butcher, James Fry, Donna Percy, Karen Freudemann, Bruce C. Gebhardt, Padma N. Mangu, Debra B. Schroeck, Rajesh K. Davit, Gayle D. Hennekes, Benjamin J. Luft, Melissa Carr, Sharon Nachman, Alison Pellecchia, Candace Smith, Bruno Valenti, Maria I. Bermudez, Noris Peraita, Ernesto Delgado, Alicia Arrazcaeta, Natalie Ramirez, Carmen Amador, Horacio Marafioti, Lyly Dang, Lauren Clement, Jennifer Berry, Mohammed Allaw, Georgettea Geuss, Chelsea Miles, Zachary Bittner, Melody Werne, Cornell Calinescu, Shannon Rodman, Joshua Rindt, Erin Cooksey, Kristina Harrison, Deanna Cooper, Manisha Horton, Amanda Philyaw, William Jennings, Hilario Alvarado, Michele Baka, Malina Regalado, Linda Murray, Sherif Naguib, Justin Singletary, Sha-Wanda Richmond, Sarah Omodele, Emily Oppenheim, Reuben Martinez, Victoria Andriulis, Leonard Singer, Jeanne Blevins, Meagan Thomas, Christine Hull, Isabel Pereira, Gina Rivero, Tracy Okonya, Frances Downing, Paulina Miller, Margaret Rhee, Katherine Stapleton, Jeffrey Klein, Rosamond Hong, Suzanne Swan, Tami Wahlin, Elizabeth Bennett, Amy Salzl, Sharine Phan, Jewel J. White, Amanda Occhino, Ruth Paiano, Morgan McLaughlin, Elisa Swieboda, Veronica Garcia-Fragoso, Maria G. Becerra, Toni White, Christine B. Turley, Andrew McWilliams, Tiffany Esinhart, Natasha Montoya, Shamika Huskey, Leena Paul, Karen Tashima, Jennie Johnson, Marguerite Neill, Martha Sanchez, Natasha Rybak, Maria Mileno, Stuart H. Cohen, Monica Ruiz, Dean M. Boswell, Elizabeth E. Robison, Trina L. Reynolds, Sonja Neumeister, Carmen D. Zorrilla, Juana Rivera, Jessica Ibarra, Iris García, Dianca Sierra, Wanda Ramon, Suzanne Fiorillo, Rebecca Pitotti, Victoria R. Anderson, Jose Castillo Mancilla, Nga Le, Patricia L. Winokur, Dilek Ince, Theresa Hegmann, Jeffrey Meier, Jack Stapleton, Laura Stulken, Monica McArthur, Andrea Berry, Milagritos Tapia, Elizabeth Hammershaimb, Toni Robinson, Rosa MacBryde, Susan Kline, Joanne L. Billings, Winston Cavert, Les B. Forgosh, Timothy W. Schacker, Tyler D. Bold, Dima Dandachi, Taylor Nelson, Andres Bran, Grant Geiger, S. Hasan Naqvi, Diana F. Florescu, Richard Starlin, David Kline, Andrea Zimmer, Anum Abbas, Natasha Wilson, Joseph J. Eron, Michael Sciaudone, A. Lina Rosengren, John S. Kizer, Sarah E. Rutstein, Elizabeth Bruce, Claudia Espinosa, Lisa J. Sanders, Kami Kim, Denise Casey, Barbara S. Taylor, Thomas Patterson, Ruth S. Pinilla, Delia Bullock, Philip Ponce, Jan Patterson, R. Scott McClelland, Dakotah C. Lane, Anna Wald, Frank James, Elizabeth Duke, Kirsten Hauge, Jessica Heimonen, Erin A. Goecker, Youyi Fong, Carol Kauffman, Kathleen Linder, Kimberly Nofz, Andrew McConnell, Robert J. Buynak, Angella Webb, Taryn Petty, Stephanie Andree, Erica Sanchez, Nolan Mackey, Clarisse Baudelaire, Sarah Dzigiel, Adrienna Marquez, Kim Quillin, Michelle King, Vanessa Abad, Jennifer Knowles, Michael Waters, Karla Zepeda, Jordan Coslet, Dalia Tovar, Marian E. Shaw, Mark A. Turner, Cory J. Huffine, Esther S. Huffine, Julie A. Ake, Elizabeth Secord, Eric McGrath, Phillip Levy, Brittany Stewart, Charnell Cromer, Ayanna Walters, Grant Ellsworth, Caroline Greene, Sarah Galloway, Shashi Kapadia, Elliot DeHaan, Clint Wilson, Jason Milligan, Danielle Raley, Joseph Bocchini, Bruce McClenathan, Mary Hussain, Evelyn Lomasney, Evelyn Hall, Sherry Lamberth, Christy Schmeck, Vickie Leathers, Deborah A. Theodore, Angela R. Branche, Daniel S. Graciaa, Timothy J. Hatlen, Jacqueline Miller, Jerald Sadoff, Ann R. Falsey, and Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk

Subjects
COVID-19, Natural infection, Hybrid immunity, Vaccination, Medicine, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health.

Published
2023
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44. Optimized workplace risk mitigation measures for SARS-CoV-2 in 2022

Author

Rowland Pettit, Bo Peng, Patrick Yu, Peter G. Matos, Alexander L. Greninger, Julie McCashin, and Christopher Ian Amos

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract 596 million SARS-CoV-2 cases have been reported and over 12 billion vaccine doses have been administered. As vaccination rates increase, a gap in knowledge exists regarding appropriate thresholds for escalation and de-escalation of workplace COVID-19 preventative measures. We conducted 133,056 simulation experiments, evaluating the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus in hypothesized working environments subject to COVID-19 infections from the community. We tested the rates of workplace-acquired infections based on applied isolation strategies, community infection rates, methods and scales of testing, non-pharmaceutical interventions, variant predominance, vaccination coverages, and vaccination efficacies. When 75% of a workforce is vaccinated with a 70% efficacious vaccine against infection, then no masking or routine testing + isolation strategies are needed to prevent workplace-acquired omicron variant infections when the community infection rate per 100,000 persons is ≤ 1. A CIR ≤ 30, and ≤ 120 would result in no workplace-acquired infections in this same scenario against the delta and alpha variants, respectively. Workforces with 100% worker vaccination can prevent workplace-acquired infections with higher community infection rates. Identifying and isolating workers with antigen-based SARS-CoV-2 testing methods results in the same or fewer workplace-acquired infections than testing with slower turnaround time polymerase chain reaction methods. Risk migration measures such as mask-wearing, testing, and isolation can be relaxed, or escalated, in commensurate with levels of community infections, workforce immunization, and risk tolerance. The interactive heatmap we provide can be used for immediate, parameter-based case count predictions to inform institutional policy making. The simulation approach we have described can be further used for future evaluation of strategies to mitigate COVID-19 spread.

Published
2023
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45. Sentinel Surveillance System Implementation and Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Data, Washington, USA, 2020–2021

Author

Hanna N. Oltean, Krisandra J. Allen, Lauren Frisbie, Stephanie M. Lunn, Laura Marcela Torres, Lillian Manahan, Ian Painter, Denny Russell, Avi Singh, JohnAric MoonDance Peterson, Kristin Grant, Cara Peter, Rebecca Cao, Katelynn Garcia, Drew Mackellar, Lisa Jones, Holly Halstead, Hannah Gray, Geoff Melly, Deborah Nickerson, Lea Starita, Chris Frazar, Alexander L. Greninger, Pavitra Roychoudhury, Patrick C. Mathias, Michael H. Kalnoski, Chao-Nan Ting, Marisa Lykken, Tana Rice, Daniel Gonzalez-Robles, David Bina, Kelly Johnson, Carmen L. Wiley, Shaun C. Magnuson, Christopher M. Parsons, Eugene D. Chapman, C. Alexander Valencia, Ryan R. Fortna, Gregory Wolgamot, James P. Hughes, Janet G. Baseman, Trevor Bedford, and Scott Lindquist

Subjects
COVID-19, respiratory infections, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, SARS, coronavirus disease, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Genomic data provides useful information for public health practice, particularly when combined with epidemiologic data. However, sampling bias is a concern because inferences from nonrandom data can be misleading. In March 2021, the Washington State Department of Health, USA, partnered with submitting and sequencing laboratories to establish sentinel surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 genomic data. We analyzed available genomic and epidemiologic data during presentinel and sentinel periods to assess representativeness and timeliness of availability. Genomic data during the presentinel period was largely unrepresentative of all COVID-19 cases. Data available during the sentinel period improved representativeness for age, death from COVID-19, outbreak association, long-term care facility–affiliated status, and geographic coverage; timeliness of data availability and captured viral diversity also improved. Hospitalized cases were underrepresented, indicating a need to increase inpatient sampling. Our analysis emphasizes the need to understand and quantify sampling bias in phylogenetic studies and continue evaluation and improvement of public health surveillance systems.

Published
2023
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46. Human Parainfluenza Virus in Homeless Shelters before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic, Washington, USA

Author

Chow, Eric J., Casto, Amanda M., Sampoleo, Reigran, Mills, Margaret G., Han, Peter D., Xie, Hong, Pfau, Brian, Nguyen, Tien V., Sereewit, Jaydee, Rogers, Julia H., Cox, Sarah N., Rolfes, Melissa A., Ogokeh, Constance, Mosites, Emily, Uyeki, Timothy M., Greninger, Alexander L., Hughes, James P., Shim, M. Mia, Sugg, Nancy, Duchin, Jeffrey S., Starita, Lea M., Englund, Janet A., Roychoudhury, Pavitra, and Chu, Helen Y.

Subjects
Washington -- Health aspects, Parainfluenza viruses -- Distribution, Respiratory tract infections -- Causes of -- Demographic aspects, Pediatric research, Homeless shelters -- Health aspects, Company distribution practices, Health
Abstract

Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) contributes to acute respiratory tract infection burden in young children (1) and adults (2). Persons experiencing homelessness are among those at risk for respiratory viral complications [...]

Published
2022
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47. Duration of viral infectiousness and correlation with symptoms and diagnostic testing in non-hospitalized adults during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: A longitudinal cohort study

Author

Drain, Paul K., Dalmat, Ronit R., Hao, Linhui, Bemer, Meagan J., Budiawan, Elvira, Morton, Jennifer F., Ireton, Renee C., Hsiang, Tien-Ying, Marfatia, Zarna, Prabhu, Roshni, Woosley, Claire, Gichamo, Adanech, Rechkina, Elena, Hamilton, Daphne, Montaño, Michalina, Cantera, Jason L., Ball, Alexey S., Golez, Inah, Smith, Elise, Greninger, Alexander L., McElrath, M.Juliana, Thompson, Matthew, Grant, Benjamin D., Meisner, Allison, Gottlieb, Geoffrey S., and Gale, Michael, Jr.

Published
2023
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49. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 escape mutations during Bamlanivimab therapy in a phase II randomized clinical trial

Author

Choudhary, Manish C., Chew, Kara W., Deo, Rinki, Flynn, James P., Regan, James, Crain, Charles R., Moser, Carlee, Hughes, Michael D., Ritz, Justin, Ribeiro, Ruy M., Ke, Ruian, Dragavon, Joan A., Javan, Arzhang Cyrus, Nirula, Ajay, Klekotka, Paul, Greninger, Alexander L., Fletcher, Courtney V., Daar, Eric S., Wohl, David A., Eron, Joseph J., Currier, Judith S., Parikh, Urvi M., Sieg, Scott F., Perelson, Alan S., Coombs, Robert W., Smith, Davey M., and Li, Jonathan Z.

Published
2022
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50. Thermodynamically coupled biosensors for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants

Author

Zhang, Jason Z., Yeh, Hsien-Wei, Walls, Alexandra C., Wicky, Basile I. M., Sprouse, Kaitlin R., VanBlargan, Laura A., Treger, Rebecca, Quijano-Rubio, Alfredo, Pham, Minh N., Kraft, John C., Haydon, Ian C., Yang, Wei, DeWitt, Michelle, Bowen, John E., Chow, Cameron M., Carter, Lauren, Ravichandran, Rashmi, Wener, Mark H., Stewart, Lance, Veesler, David, Diamond, Michael S., Greninger, Alexander L., Koelle, David M., and Baker, David

Published
2022
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