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Boiogito (BO), a Japanese traditional herbal medicine, has been reported to prevent knee osteoarthritis (KOA) development in in vivo studies. In the early stage of KOA, osteoclasts proliferate in the subchondral bone. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of BO on osteoclast proliferation, which remains unclear, in a KOA-induced rat model. KOA was induced in 12-week-old male Wistar rats using surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). BO was mixed with powdered chow, applying 1%, 3%, and 5% of the total feed, and administered to KOA-induced rats. The rats were divided into 6 groups: control, sham, DMM, DMM + BO 1%, DMM + BO 3%, and DMM + BO 5%. Rotarod tests were performed each week to assess the locomotor function, and the right knees were harvested 28 days after surgery for histological analysis. Oral administration of BO significantly inhibited the decrease in the latency to fall off in the rotarod test, which was aggravated in the DMM group. Furthermore, KOA development was significantly prevented in the BO-administrated groups as assessed by the Osteoarthritis Research Society International score. The number of multinucleated activated osteoclasts in the subchondral bone was decreased in the BO-treated groups, which was increased in the DMM group. Therefore, oral administration of BO may reduce articular cartilage degeneration, osteoclast differentiation and proliferation in the KOA patients.

Background: Yokukansan (YKS), a traditional herbal (Kampo) medicine consisting of seven herbs, is effective in the treatment of pain disorders, such as headache, postherpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, and trigeminal neuralgia, and we have previously shown it to be effective against morphine analgesic tolerance in rats. It has been reported that orexin receptor antagonists prevent the development of morphine tolerance and that YKS inhibits the secretion of orexin A in the hypothalamus. This study examined whether the inhibition of the secretion of orexin A by YKS is one mechanism underlying its effect against morphine analgesic tolerance. Methods: Male Wistar rats were administered a subcutaneous injection of morphine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. One group was preadministered YKS, starting 3 days before the morphine. The withdrawal latency following thermal stimulation was measured daily using a hot plate test. On day 5, the levels of orexin A in the plasma and the midbrain were measured, and the appearance of activated astrocytes in the midbrain was examined by immunofluorescence staining. Results: The preadministration of YKS prevented the development of morphine tolerance. The repeated administration of morphine significantly increased the plasma and midbrain levels of orexin A and the activation of astrocytes. These increases were significantly inhibited by the preadministration of YKS. Conclusion: These results suggest that the preadministration of YKS attenuated the development of antinociceptive morphine tolerance and that the inhibition of orexin A secretion may be one mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Keywords: Astrocyte, Kampo medicine, Morphine tolerance, Orexin A, Yokukansan

Background: Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of the Japanese traditional Kampo medicine Boiogito (BO), we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of BO to prevent the development of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in rats with surgically induced KOA. Methods: Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) was performed to induce osteoarthritis in the right knees of 12-week-old Wistar rats under general anesthesia. The rats were orally administered 3% BO in standard powder chow for 4 weeks after surgery (controls: n = 6; sham group: n = 6; DMM group: n = 5; DMM + BO group: n = 5). During this period, the rotarod test was performed to monitor locomotive function. After 4 weeks, histological assessment was performed on the right knee. Results: Oral administration of BO improved locomotive function in the rotarod test. Walking time on postoperative days 1, 14, or later was significantly longer in the DMM + BO group than in the DMM group. Histologically, the DMM group showed significant progression of KOA, which, in the DMM + BO group, was strongly suppressed, as assessed by the Osteoarthritis Research Society International score. Conclusions: Our results showed that oral administration of BO had a clinically preventive effect on early stage posttraumatic KOA.

We describe the successful cross-coupling of diaryl ditellurides with arylboronic acids by using copper(I) thiophene-2-carboxylate (CuTC) under mild conditions. Although other studies have reported that highly polar solvents (such as DMSO) or bases are required, this reaction was completed by using CuTC and common solvents under neutral conditions at room temperature. This cross-coupling reaction was performed with diaryl ditellurides and arylboronic acids bearing various groups, affording the corresponding diaryl tellurides in good to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]