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As a result of the energy transition, an increasing number of Decentralized Energy Systems (DES) will be installed in the distribution grid in the future. Accordingly, new methods to systematically integrate the growing DES in distribution power systems must be developed utilizing the constantly evolving Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). This paper proposes the Automated Data Model Integration of DES (ADMID) approach for the integration of DES into the ICT environment of the Distribution System Operator (DSO). The proposed ADMID utilizes the data model structure defined by the standard-series IEC 61850 and has been implemented as a Python package. The presented two Use Cases focus on the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) on the DSO operational level following a four-stage test procedure, while this approach has enormous potential for advanced DSO applications. The test results obtained during simulation or real-time communication to field devices indicate that the utilization of IEC 61850-compliant data models is eligible for the proposed automation approach, and the implemented framework can be a considerable solution for the system integration in future distribution grids with a high share of DES. As a proof-of-concept study, the proposed ADMID approach requires additional development with a focus on the harmonization with the Common Information Model (CIM), which could significantly improve its functional interoperability and help it reach a higher Technology Readiness Level (TRL).

Abstract Background Rhizarthrosis (trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis) is the second most common site of osteoarthritis in the hand affecting 10–30% of adults over the age of 50. Up to four times as many women as men have rhizarthrosis. Clinical symptoms include functional disability of the thumb, pain, joint swelling, and reduced strength. The first carpometacarpal joint is pivotal in the opposition of the thumb and allows a high degree in flexibility to humans. Current therapies focus mainly on surgical strategies, which should be considered in advanced, therapy-resistant stages to relieve pain and improve function. However, conservative treatment methods are urgently required in presurgical stages. The efficacy of conservative treatment options for rhizarthrosis, which are intended to preserve function, joint integrity and to relieve pain, has not been adequately studied. In the clinical study protocol presented here, we investigate the efficacy of multimodal hand therapy versus therapeutic ultrasound versus combination therapy with both hand therapy and therapeutic ultrasound. Methods This study is a single-center, randomized, controlled, parallel-group pilot trial. One hundred fifty patients with rhizarthrosis and current disease activity will be randomized to one of three conservative interventions over 6 months. Interventions are (1) multimodal hand therapy (2) therapeutic ultrasound, and (3) combination therapy with both hand therapy and ultrasound therapy. The primary outcome measure is the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire score after 6 months. Secondary endpoints are changes in pain, quality of life, disability progression, and changes of hand function. Safety will also be assessed. Discussion Clinical data suggest that multimodal hand therapy may improve functionality and reduce pain in rhizarthrosis. Clinical data regarding therapeutic ultrasound are not available. Clinical evidence is lacking. This study is the first clinical study investigating the effects of multimodal hand therapy in direct comparison to therapeutic ultrasound and to a combination therapy with both hand therapy and ultrasound therapy for rhizarthrosis. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov ; NCT04115085; Registered on September 30, 2019.