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Objectives: In the past decade, many new adhesive systems labeled as universal were introduced. Their common characteristic is that they can be applied to hard dental tissues either in self-etch or etch-and-rinse mode, and they are also able to bond to various restorative materials. Moreover, universal adhesives are mostly one-step and user-friendly. Because numerous papers about their properties were published, the purpose of this review article is to critically discuss the available information about the properties of universal adhesives and their bonding to various materials. Conclusions: The simplification of the application procedure is accompanied by several drawbacks associated with the necessity to mix all components into a single bottle. Due to the content of hydrophilic monomers, water and volatile solvents, adhesive layers of universal adhesives are more susceptible to water sorption. Consequently, they are more prone to hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation, thus exhibiting a lower durability. Universal adhesives also have limitations in bonding to some materials and require preceding surface treatments. To enhance the bond strength to enamel, selective enamel etching with phosphoric acid is recommended because the self-etching effect of universal adhesives may be insufficient. In contrast, more durable bonding to dentin was reported in self-etch mode compared to etch-and-rinse. For glass ceramics, a silane coupling agent should be applied in a separate step prior to the application of universal adhesives despite that some of them are silane-containing. The silanes are unstable in acidic conditions and their premature hydrolysis precludes the chemical interaction with glass. Lastly, zirconia ceramics require mechanical pre-treatment using air-abrasion because the chemical bond alone is not sufficient. In conclusion, universal adhesives can be used in various indications, however, it is necessary to be aware of their drawbacks and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Dacrymycetes, sister to Agaricomycetes, is a noteworthy lineage for studying the evolution of wooddecaying basidiomycetes; however, its species diversity and phylogeny are largely unknown. Species of Dacrymycetes previously used in molecular phylogenetic analyses are mainly derived from the Northern Hemisphere, thus insufficient knowledge exists concerning the Southern Hemisphere lineages. In this study, we investigated the species diversity of Dacrymycetes in New Zealand. We found 11 previously described species, and eight new species which were described here: Calocera pedicellata, Dacrymyces longistipitatus, D. pachysporus, D. stenosporus, D. parastenosporus, D. cylindricus, D. citrinus, and D. cyrtosporus. These eight newly described species and seven of the known ones, namely, Calocera fusca, C. cf. guepinioides, C. lutea, Dacrymyces flabelliformis, D. intermedius, D. subantarcticensis, and Heterotextus miltinus, have rarely or never been recorded from the Northern Hemisphere. In a molecular-based phylogeny, these New Zealand strains were scattered throughout the Dacrymycetaceae clade. Sequences obtained from specimens morphologically matching C. guepinioides were separated into three distant clades. Because no obvious morphological differences could be discerned between the specimens in each clade and no sequence exists from the type specimen, a C. guepinioides s.str. clade could not be determined. This survey of dacrymycetous species in the Southern Hemisphere has increased taxon sampling for phylogenetic analyses that can serve as a basis for the construction of a stable classification of Dacrymycetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Presents a study which developed a digitizer based on the operating principle of electromagnetic induction phenomenon and using high permeability amorphous wires as magnetic cores. Discussion of the operating principle; Structure of the digitizer; Conclusion. more...

Background: Up to 5% of the population may have a brain aneurysm. If the brain aneurysm ruptures, there is >50% mortality, and more than one third of survivors are dependent. Brain aneurysms detected before rupture can be treated to prevent rupture, or ruptured aneurysms can be treated to prevent rerupture. Endovascular coiling of brain aneurysms is the treatment of choice for some aneurysms; however, up to one quarter of aneurysms may recur. The coiled aneurysms that do not recur are characterized by inflammatory intra-aneurysmal tissue healing; therefore, we studied the biology of this process, specifically the role of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), a cytokine known for tissue healing.Methods and Results: We created coils with a 50:50 poly-dl-lactic glycolic acid (PLGA) coating that released MCP-1 at 3 different doses (100 μg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) and performed a dose-response study for effect on intra-aneurysmal tissue healing in a murine carotid aneurysm model. We then demonstrated that MCP-1 (100 μg/mL)-releasing coils promote significantly greater aneurysm tissue in-growth than bare platinum or PLGA-only coils. We show that MCP-1 recruits the migration of fibroblasts, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells in vitro in cell migration assays and in vivo in murine carotid aneurysms. Using gfp(+) bone marrow-transplant chimeric mice, we demonstrate that the MCP-1-recruited fibroblasts and macrophages are derived from the bone marrow. We demonstrate that this MCP-1-mediated vascular inflammatory repair occurs via a macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α- and MIP-2-dependent pathway. MCP-1 released from coiled murine aneurysms causes significant upregulation of MIP-1α and MIP-2 expression by cytokine array assay. Blocking MIP-1α and MIP-2 with antagonist antibody causes a significant decrease in MCP-1-mediated intra-aneurysmal tissue healing.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that MCP-1 has a critical role in promoting inflammatory intra-aneurysmal tissue healing in an MIP-1α- and MIP-2-dependent pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

ABSTRACT We have performed very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and single-dish monitoring of 22-GHz H2O maser emission from the high-mass young stellar object G 353.273+0.641 with the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) and the Tomakamai 11-m radio telescope. Two maser flares have been detected, separated by almost two years. Frequent VLBI monitoring has revealed that the flare activity has been accompanied by structural change of the prominent shock front traced by H2O maser alignments. We have detected only blueshifted emission and all maser features have been distributed within a very small area of 200 × 200 au2, in spite of a wide velocity range (>100 km s−1). The light curve shows notably intermittent variation and suggests that the H2O masers in G 353.273+0.641 are excited by an episodic radio jet. The time-scale of ∼2 yr and characteristic velocity of ∼500 km s−1 also support this interpretation. Two isolated velocity components, C50 ( −53 ± 7 km s−1) and C70 ( −73 ± 7 km s−1), have shown synchronized linear acceleration of the flux-weighted values ( ∼ −5 km s−1 yr−1) during the flare phase. This can be converted to the lower-limit momentum rate of 1.1 × 10−3 M ⊙ km s−1 yr−1. The maser properties are quite similar to those of IRAS 20126+4104 especially. This corroborates the previous suggestion that G 353.273+0.641 is a candidate high-mass protostellar object. The possible pole-on geometry of the disc-jet system may be suitable for direct imaging of the accretion disc in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Higher 24-hour resin-dentin bond strengths are created when ethanol is used to replace water during wet bonding. This in vitro study examined if ethanol- wet-bonding can increase the durability of resin-dentin bonds over longer times. Five increasingly hydrophilic experimental resin blends were bonded to acid-etched dentin saturated with water or ethanol. Following composite build-ups, the teeth were reduced into beams for 24-hour microtensile bond strength evaluation, and for water-aging at 37°C for 3, 6, or 12 months before additional bond strength measurements. Although most bonds made to water-saturated dentin did not change over time, those made to ethanol-saturated dentin exhibited higher bond strengths, and none of them fell over time. Decreased collagen fibrillar diameter and increased interfibrillar spacing were seen in hybrid layers created with ethanol-wet-bonding. Increases in bond strength and durability in ethanol- wet-bonding may be due to higher resin uptake and better resin sealing of the collagen matrix, thereby minimizing endogenous collagenolytic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

We have measured vibrationally-resolved molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions (MF-PAD) from the C 1s level of CO molecules in the σ shape resonance region. The MF-PAD’s for vibrational levels (vf=0, 1, and 2) in the C 1s→#x03B5;ℓσ channel are apparently different one from another at each incident photon energy. These experimental MF-PAD’s agree with the present theoretical results from averaging the nuclear distance dependent dipole matrix elements with the relaxed core Hartree–Fock calculations. The results show that the MF-PAD’s sensitively depend on the vibrational levels. This means that the internuclear distance dependences of phases and of magnitudes of dipole matrix elements play a crucial role in the C 1s photoionization of CO. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...

Clones with 24 or 25 chromosomes were obtained by pollinating an Andean cultivated tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena clone 94H94, 2n = 4x = 48) with the Solanum phureja haploid-inducer clone 1.22. Their genetic composition was analyzed in an RAPD assay using 135 decamer primers and in an RFLP assay using 45 single-copy DNA probes. In total, 22 RAPD and 20 RFLP markers were found to be specific to S. phureja. None of these markers were found in the 24- and 25-chromosome clones. RFLP genotypes for the 45 RFLP loci were further determined for each clone. Genotypes of the 24-chromosome clones were characterized using two alleles randomly selected from four alleles of the parental tetraploid clone for almost all RFLP loci. Five 25-chromosome clones had extra alleles for all of the RFLP loci of chromosomes 4, 8, 10, 11, and 12, respectively, suggesting primary trisomy for one of these chromosomes. Clones with genotypes showing double reduction were also identified. Therefore, the obtained clones likely originated from random samples of female gametes, and hence are euhaploids or aneuhaploids of S. tuberosum subsp. andigena, strongly supporting parthenogenesis to be a primary mechanism for haploid induction in potato.Key words: Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena, RFLP, RAPD, haploid, trisomic.Des clones à 24 ou 25 chromosomes ont été obtenus en fécondant une pomme de terre tétraploïde cultivée dans les Andes (Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena clone 94H94, 2n = 4x = 48) avec le clone 1.22 inducteur d'haploïdie du S. phureja. Leur composition génétique a été analysée à l'aide de 135 amorces RAPD et à l'aide de 45 sondes RFLP à simple copie. Au total, 22 marqueurs RAPD et 20 marqueurs RFLP étaient spécifiques du S. phureja, mais aucun de ces marqueurs n'était présent chez les clones à 24 ou à 25 chromosomes. Les génotypes à 45 locus RFLP ont été examinés plus en détail chez chaque clone. Les génotypes des clones à 24 chromosomes étaient composés de deux allèles choisis aléatoirement parmi les quatre allèles du clone tétraploïde parental pour presque tous les locus RFLP. Cinq clones à 25 chromosomes possédaient des allèles additionnels pour tous les locus RFLP des chromosomes 4, 8, 10, 11 et 12, respectivement, suggérant ainsi une trisomie primaire pour l'un de ces chromosomes. Des clones dont les génotypes indiquaient une double réduction ont également été identifiés. Conséquemment, les clones obtenus provenaient vraisemblablement d'un échantillonnage aléatoire des gamètes femelles du S. tuberosum ssp. andigena, lesquels étaient ainsi euhaploïdes ou encore aneuhaploïdes. Ces observations supportent fortement l'hypothèse de la parthénogenèse comme mécanisme primaire pour l'induction haploïde chez la pomme de terre.Mots clés : Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena, RFLP, RAPD, haploïde, trisomique.[Traduit par la Rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...