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1. The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Author

Gardner, Jonathan P., Mather, John C., Abbott, Randy, Abell, James S., Abernathy, Mark, Abney, Faith E., Abraham, John G., Abraham, Roberto, Abul-Huda, Yasin M., Acton, Scott, Adams, Cynthia K., Adams, Evan, Adler, David S., Adriaensen, Maarten, Aguilar, Jonathan Albert, Ahmed, Mansoor, Ahmed, Nasif S., Ahmed, Tanjira, Albat, Rüdeger, Albert, Loïc, Alberts, Stacey, Aldridge, David, Allen, Mary Marsha, Allen, Shaune S., Altenburg, Martin, Altunc, Serhat, Alvarez, Jose Lorenzo, Álvarez-Márquez, Javier, de Oliveira, Catarina Alves, Ambrose, Leslie L., Anandakrishnan, Satya M., Andersen, Gregory C., Anderson, Harry James, Anderson, Jay, Anderson, Kristen, Anderson, Sara M., Aprea, Julio, Archer, Benita J., Arenberg, Jonathan W., Argyriou, Ioannis, Arribas, Santiago, Artigau, Étienne, Arvai, Amanda Rose, Atcheson, Paul, Atkinson, Charles B., Averbukh, Jesse, Aymergen, Cagatay, Bacinski, John J., Baggett, Wayne E., Bagnasco, Giorgio, Baker, Lynn L., Balzano, Vicki Ann, Banks, Kimberly A., Baran, David A., Barker, Elizabeth A., Barrett, Larry K., Barringer, Bruce O., Barto, Allison, Bast, William, Baudoz, Pierre, Baum, Stefi, Beatty, Thomas G., Beaulieu, Mathilde, Bechtold, Kathryn, Beck, Tracy, Beddard, Megan M., Beichman, Charles, Bellagama, Larry, Bely, Pierre, Berger, Timothy W., Bergeron, Louis E., Darveau-Bernier, Antoine, Bertch, Maria D., Beskow, Charlotte, Betz, Laura E., Biagetti, Carl P., Birkmann, Stephan, Bjorklund, Kurt F., Blackwood, James D., Blazek, Ronald Paul, Blossfeld, Stephen, Bluth, Marcel, Boccaletti, Anthony, Boegner Jr., Martin E., Bohlin, Ralph C., Boia, John Joseph, Böker, Torsten, Bonaventura, N., Bond, Nicholas A., Bosley, Kari Ann, Boucarut, Rene A., Bouchet, Patrice, Bouwman, Jeroen, Bower, Gary, Bowers, Ariel S., Bowers, Charles W., Boyce, Leslye A., Boyer, Christine T., Boyer, Martha L., Boyer, Michael, Boyer, Robert, Bradley, Larry D., Brady, Gregory R., Brandl, Bernhard R., Brannen, Judith L., Breda, David, Bremmer, Harold G., Brennan, David, Bresnahan, Pamela A., Bright, Stacey N., Broiles, Brian J., Bromenschenkel, Asa, Brooks, Brian H., Brooks, Keira J., Brown, Bob, Brown, Bruce, Brown, Thomas M., Bruce, Barry W., Bryson, Jonathan G., Bujanda, Edwin D., Bullock, Blake M., Bunker, A. J., Bureo, Rafael, Burt, Irving J., Bush, James Aaron, Bushouse, Howard A., Bussman, Marie C., Cabaud, Olivier, Cale, Steven, Calhoon, Charles D., Calvani, Humberto, Canipe, Alicia M., Caputo, Francis M., Cara, Mihai, Carey, Larkin, Case, Michael Eli, Cesari, Thaddeus, Cetorelli, Lee D., Chance, Don R., Chandler, Lynn, Chaney, Dave, Chapman, George N., Charlot, S., Chayer, Pierre, Cheezum, Jeffrey I., Chen, Bin, Chen, Christine H., Cherinka, Brian, Chichester, Sarah C., Chilton, Zachary S., Chittiraibalan, Dharini, Clampin, Mark, Clark, Charles R., Clark, Kerry W., Clark, Stephanie M., Claybrooks, Edward E., Cleveland, Keith A., Cohen, Andrew L., Cohen, Lester M., Colón, Knicole D., Coleman, Benee L., Colina, Luis, Comber, Brian J., Comeau, Thomas M., Comer, Thomas, Reis, Alain Conde, Connolly, Dennis C., Conroy, Kyle E., Contos, Adam R., Contreras, James, Cook, Neil J., Cooper, James L., Cooper, Rachel Aviva, Correia, Michael F., Correnti, Matteo, Cossou, Christophe, Costanza, Brian F., Coulais, Alain, Cox, Colin R., Coyle, Ray T., Cracraft, Misty M., Noriega-Crespo, Alberto, Crew, Keith A., Curtis, Gary J., Cusveller, Bianca, Maciel, Cleyciane Da Costa, Dailey, Christopher T., Daugeron, Frédéric, Davidson, Greg S., Davies, James E., Davis, Katherine Anne, Davis, Michael S., Day, Ratna, de Chambure, Daniel, de Jong, Pauline, De Marchi, Guido, Dean, Bruce H., Decker, John E., Delisa, Amy S., Dell, Lawrence C., Dellagatta, Gail, Dembinska, Franciszka, Demosthenes, Sandor, Dencheva, Nadezhda M., Deneu, Philippe, DePriest, William W., Deschenes, Jeremy, Dethienne, Nathalie, Detre, Örs Hunor, Diaz, Rosa Izela, Dicken, Daniel, DiFelice, Audrey S., Dillman, Matthew, Disharoon, Maureen O., van Dishoeck, Ewine F., Dixon, William V., Doggett, Jesse B., Dominguez, Keisha L., Donaldson, Thomas S., Doria-Warner, Cristina M., Santos, Tony Dos, Doty, Heather, Douglas Jr., Robert E., Doyon, René, Dressler, Alan, Driggers, Jennifer, Driggers, Phillip A., Dunn, Jamie L., DuPrie, Kimberly C., Dupuis, Jean, Durning, John, Dutta, Sanghamitra B., Earl, Nicholas M., Eccleston, Paul, Ecobichon, Pascal, Egami, Eiichi, Ehrenwinkler, Ralf, Eisenhamer, Jonathan D., Eisenhower, Michael, Eisenstein, Daniel J., Hamel, Zaky El, Elie, Michelle L., Elliott, James, Elliott, Kyle Wesley, Engesser, Michael, Espinoza, Néstor, Etienne, Odessa, Etxaluze, Mireya, Evans, Leah, Fabreguettes, Luce, Falcolini, Massimo, Falini, Patrick R., Fatig, Curtis, Feeney, Matthew, Feinberg, Lee D., Fels, Raymond, Ferdous, Nazma, Ferguson, Henry C., Ferrarese, Laura, Ferreira, Marie-Héléne, Ferruit, Pierre, Ferry, Malcolm, Filippazzo, Joseph Charles, Firre, Daniel, Fix, Mees, Flagey, Nicolas, Flanagan, Kathryn A., Fleming, Scott W., Florian, Michael, Flynn, James R., Foiadelli, Luca, Fontaine, Mark R., Fontanella, Erin Marie, Forshay, Peter Randolph, Fortner, Elizabeth A., Fox, Ori D., Framarini, Alexandro P., Francisco, John I., Franck, Randy, Franx, Marijn, Franz, David E., Friedman, Scott D., Friend, Katheryn E., Frost, James R., Fu, Henry, Fullerton, Alexander W., Gaillard, Lionel, Galkin, Sergey, Gallagher, Ben, Galyer, Anthony D., Marín, Macarena García, Gardner, Lisa E., Garland, Dennis, Garrett, Bruce Albert, Gasman, Danny, Gáspár, András, Gastaud, René, Gaudreau, Daniel, Gauthier, Peter Timothy, Geers, Vincent, Geithner, Paul H., Gennaro, Mario, Gerber, John, Gereau, John C., Giampaoli, Robert, Giardino, Giovanna, Gibbons, Paul C., Gilbert, Karolina, Gilman, Larry, Girard, Julien H., Giuliano, Mark E., Gkountis, Konstantinos, Glasse, Alistair, Glassmire, Kirk Zachary, Glauser, Adrian Michael, Glazer, Stuart D., Goldberg, Joshua, Golimowski, David A., Gonzaga, Shireen P., Gordon, Karl D., Gordon, Shawn J., Goudfrooij, Paul, Gough, Michael J., Graham, Adrian J., Grau, Christopher M., Green, Joel David, Greene, Gretchen R., Greene, Thomas P., Greenfield, Perry E., Greenhouse, Matthew A., Greve, Thomas R., Greville, Edgar M., Grimaldi, Stefano, Groe, Frank E., Groebner, Andrew, Grumm, David M., Grundy, Timothy, Güdel, Manuel, Guillard, Pierre, Guldalian, John, Gunn, Christopher A., Gurule, Anthony, Gutman, Irvin Meyer, Guy, Paul D., Guyot, Benjamin, Hack, Warren J., Haderlein, Peter, Hagan, James B., Hagedorn, Andria, Hainline, Kevin, Haley, Craig, Hami, Maryam, Hamilton, Forrest Clifford, Hammann, Jeffrey, Hammel, Heidi B., Hanley, Christopher J., Hansen, Carl August, Hardy, Bruce, Harnisch, Bernd, Harr, Michael Hunter, Harris, Pamela, Hart, Jessica Ann, Hartig, George F., Hasan, Hashima, Hashim, Kathleen Marie, Hashimoto, Ryan, Haskins, Sujee J., Hawkins, Robert Edward, Hayden, Brian, Hayden, William L., Healy, Mike, Hecht, Karen, Heeg, Vince J., Hejal, Reem, Helm, Kristopher A., Hengemihle, Nicholas J., Henning, Thomas, Henry, Alaina, Henry, Ronald L., Henshaw, Katherine, Hernandez, Scarlin, Herrington, Donald C., Heske, Astrid, Hesman, Brigette Emily, Hickey, David L., Hilbert, Bryan N., Hines, Dean C., Hinz, Michael R., Hirsch, Michael, Hitcho, Robert S., Hodapp, Klaus, Hodge, Philip E., Hoffman, Melissa, Holfeltz, Sherie T., Holler, Bryan Jason, Hoppa, Jennifer Rose, Horner, Scott, Howard, Joseph M., Howard, Richard J., Huber, Jean M., Hunkeler, Joseph S., Hunter, Alexander, Hunter, David Gavin, Hurd, Spencer W., Hurst, Brendan J., Hutchings, John B., Hylan, Jason E., Ignat, Luminita Ilinca, Illingworth, Garth, Irish, Sandra M., Isaacs III, John C., Jackson Jr., Wallace C., Jaffe, Daniel T., Jahic, Jasmin, Jahromi, Amir, Jakobsen, Peter, James, Bryan, James, John C., James, LeAndrea Rae, Jamieson, William Brian, Jandra, Raymond D., Jayawardhana, Ray, Jedrzejewski, Robert, Jeffers, Basil S., Jensen, Peter, Joanne, Egges, Johns, Alan T., Johnson, Carl A., Johnson, Eric L., Johnson, Patricia, Johnson, Phillip Stephen, Johnson, Thomas K., Johnson, Timothy W., Johnstone, Doug, Jollet, Delphine, Jones, Danny P., Jones, Gregory S., Jones, Olivia C., Jones, Ronald A., Jones, Vicki, Jordan, Ian J., Jordan, Margaret E., Jue, Reginald, Jurkowski, Mark H., Justis, Grant, Justtanont, Kay, Kaleida, Catherine C., Kalirai, Jason S., Kalmanson, Phillip Cabrales, Kaltenegger, Lisa, Kammerer, Jens, Kan, Samuel K., Kanarek, Graham Childs, Kao, Shaw-Hong, Karakla, Diane M., Karl, Hermann, Kassin, Susan A., Kauffman, David D., Kavanagh, Patrick, Kelley, Leigh L., Kelly, Douglas M., Kendrew, Sarah, Kennedy, Herbert V., Kenny, Deborah A., Keski-Kuha, Ritva A., Keyes, Charles D., Khan, Ali, Kidwell, Richard C., Kimble, Randy A., King, James S., King, Richard C., Kinzel, Wayne M., Kirk, Jeffrey R., Kirkpatrick, Marc E., Klaassen, Pamela, Klingemann, Lana, Klintworth, Paul U., Knapp, Bryan Adam, Knight, Scott, Knollenberg, Perry J., Knutsen, Daniel Mark, Koehler, Robert, Koekemoer, Anton M., Kofler, Earl T., Kontson, Vicki L., Kovacs, Aiden Rose, Kozhurina-Platais, Vera, Krause, Oliver, Kriss, Gerard A., Krist, John, Kristoffersen, Monica R., Krogel, Claudia, Krueger, Anthony P., Kulp, Bernard A., Kumari, Nimisha, Kwan, Sandy W., Kyprianou, Mark, Labador, Aurora Gadiano, Labiano, Álvaro, Lafrenière, David, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Laidler, Victoria G., Laine, Benoit, Laird, Simon, Lajoie, Charles-Philippe, Lallo, Matthew D., Lam, May Yen, LaMassa, Stephanie Marie, Lambros, Scott D., Lampenfield, Richard Joseph, Lander, Matthew Ed, Langston, James Hutton, Larson, Kirsten, Larson, Melora, LaVerghetta, Robert Joseph, Law, David R., Lawrence, Jon F., Lee, David W., Lee, Janice, Lee, Yat-Ning Paul, Leisenring, Jarron, Leveille, Michael Dunlap, Levenson, Nancy A., Levi, Joshua S., Levine, Marie B., Lewis, Dan, Lewis, Jake, Lewis, Nikole, Libralato, Mattia, Lidon, Norbert, Liebrecht, Paula Louisa, Lightsey, Paul, Lilly, Simon, Lim, Frederick C., Lim, Pey Lian, Ling, Sai-Kwong, Link, Lisa J., Link, Miranda Nicole, Lipinski, Jamie L., Liu, XiaoLi, Lo, Amy S., Lobmeyer, Lynette, Logue, Ryan M., Long, Chris A., Long, Douglas R., Long, Ilana D., Long, Knox S., López-Caniego, Marcos, Lotz, Jennifer M., Love-Pruitt, Jennifer M., Lubskiy, Michael, Luers, Edward B., Luetgens, Robert A., Luevano, Annetta J., Lui, Sarah Marie G. Flores, Lund III, James M., Lundquist, Ray A., Lunine, Jonathan, Lützgendorf, Nora, Lynch, Richard J., MacDonald, Alex J., MacDonald, Kenneth, Macias, Matthew J., Macklis, Keith I., Maghami, Peiman, Maharaja, Rishabh Y., Maiolino, Roberto, Makrygiannis, Konstantinos G., Malla, Sunita Giri, Malumuth, Eliot M., Manjavacas, Elena, Marini, Andrea, Marrione, Amanda, Marston, Anthony, Martel, André R, Martin, Didier, Martin, Peter G., Martinez, Kristin L., Maschmann, Marc, Masci, Gregory L., Masetti, Margaret E., Maszkiewicz, Michael, Matthews, Gary, Matuskey, Jacob E., McBrayer, Glen A., McCarthy, Donald W., McCaughrean, Mark J., McClare, Leslie A., McClare, Michael D., McCloskey, John C., McClurg, Taylore D., McCoy, Martin, McElwain, Michael W., McGregor, Roy D., McGuffey, Douglas B., McKay, Andrew G., McKenzie, William K., McLean, Brian, McMaster, Matthew, McNeil, Warren, De Meester, Wim, Mehalick, Kimberly L., Meixner, Margaret, Meléndez, Marcio, Menzel, Michael P., Menzel, Michael T., Merz, Matthew, Mesterharm, David D., Meyer, Michael R., Meyett, Michele L., Meza, Luis E., Midwinter, Calvin, Milam, Stefanie N., Miller, Jay Todd, Miller, William C., Miskey, Cherie L., Misselt, Karl, Mitchell, Eileen P., Mohan, Martin, Montoya, Emily E., Moran, Michael J., Morishita, Takahiro, Moro-Martín, Amaya, Morrison, Debra L., Morrison, Jane, Morse, Ernie C., Moschos, Michael, Moseley, S. H., Mosier, Gary E., Mosner, Peter, Mountain, Matt, Muckenthaler, Jason S., Mueller, Donald G., Mueller, Migo, Muhiem, Daniella, Mühlmann, Prisca, Mullally, Susan Elizabeth, Mullen, Stephanie M., Munger, Alan J, Murphy, Jess, Murray, Katherine T., Muzerolle, James C., Mycroft, Matthew, Myers, Andrew, Myers, Carey R., Myers, Fred Richard R., Myers, Richard, Myrick, Kaila, Nagle IV, Adrian F., Nayak, Omnarayani, Naylor, Bret, Neff, Susan G., Nelan, Edmund P., Nella, John, Nguyen, Duy Tuong, Nguyen, Michael N., Nickson, Bryony, Nidhiry, John Joseph, Niedner, Malcolm B., Nieto-Santisteban, Maria, Nikolov, Nikolay K., Nishisaka, Mary Ann, Nota, Antonella, O'Mara, Robyn C., Oboryshko, Michael, O'Brien, Marcus B., Ochs, William R., Offenberg, Joel D., Ogle, Patrick Michael, Ohl, Raymond G., Olmsted, Joseph Hamden, Osborne, Shannon Barbara, O'Shaughnessy, Brian Patrick, Östlin, Göran, O'Sullivan, Brian, Otor, O. Justin, Ottens, Richard, Ouellette, Nathalie N. -Q., Outlaw, Daria J., Owens, Beverly A., Pacifici, Camilla, Page, James Christophe, Paranilam, James G., Park, Sang, Parrish, Keith A., Paschal, Laura, Patapis, Polychronis, Patel, Jignasha, Patrick, Keith, Pattishall Jr., Robert A., Paul, Douglas William, Paul, Shirley J., Pauly, Tyler Andrew, Pavlovsky, Cheryl M., Peña-Guerrero, Maria, Pedder, Andrew H., Peek, Matthew Weldon, Pelham, Patricia A., Penanen, Konstantin, Perriello, Beth A., Perrin, Marshall D., Perrine, Richard F., Perrygo, Chuck, Peslier, Muriel, Petach, Michael, Peterson, Karla A., Pfarr, Tom, Pierson, James M., Pietraszkiewicz, Martin, Pilchen, Guy, Pipher, Judy L., Pirzkal, Norbert, Pitman, Joseph T., Player, Danielle M., Plesha, Rachel, Plitzke, Anja, Pohner, John A., Poletis, Karyn Konstantin, Pollizzi, Joseph A., Polster, Ethan, Pontius, James T., Pontoppidan, Klaus, Porges, Susana C., Potter, Gregg D., Prescott, Stephen, Proffitt, Charles R., Pueyo, Laurent, Neira, Irma Aracely Quispe, Radich, Armando, Rager, Reiko T., Rameau, Julien, Ramey, Deborah D., Alarcon, Rafael Ramos, Rampini, Riccardo, Rapp, Robert, Rashford, Robert A., Rauscher, Bernard J., Ravindranath, Swara, Rawle, Timothy, Rawlings, Tynika N., Ray, Tom, Regan, Michael W., Rehm, Brian, Rehm, Kenneth D., Reid, Neill, Reis, Carl A., Renk, Florian, Reoch, Tom B., Ressler, Michael, Rest, Armin W., Reynolds, Paul J., Richon, Joel G., Richon, Karen V., Ridgaway, Michael, Riedel, Adric Richard, Rieke, George H., Rieke, Marcia, Rifelli, Richard E., Rigby, Jane R., Riggs, Catherine S., Ringel, Nancy J., Ritchie, Christine E., Rix, Hans-Walter, Robberto, Massimo, Robinson, Michael S., Robinson, Orion, Rock, Frank W., Rodriguez, David R., del Pino, Bruno Rodríguez, Roellig, Thomas, Rohrbach, Scott O., Roman, Anthony J., Romelfanger, Frederick J., Romo Jr., Felipe P., Rosales, Jose J., Rose, Perry, Roteliuk, Anthony F., Roth, Marc N., Rothwell, Braden Quinn, Rouzaud, Sylvain, Rowe, Jason, Rowlands, Neil, Roy, Arpita, Royer, Pierre, Rui, Chunlei, Rumler, Peter, Rumpl, William, Russ, Melissa L., Ryan, Michael B., Ryan, Richard M., Saad, Karl, Sabata, Modhumita, Sabatino, Rick, Sabbi, Elena, Sabelhaus, Phillip A., Sabia, Stephen, Sahu, Kailash C., Saif, Babak N., Salvignol, Jean-Christophe, Samara-Ratna, Piyal, Samuelson, Bridget S., Sanders, Felicia A., Sappington, Bradley, Sargent, B. A., Sauer, Arne, Savadkin, Bruce J., Sawicki, Marcin, Schappell, Tina M., Scheffer, Caroline, Scheithauer, Silvia, Scherer, Ron, Schiff, Conrad, Schlawin, Everett, Schmeitzky, Olivier, Schmitz, Tyler S., Schmude, Donald J., Schneider, Analyn, Schreiber, Jürgen, Schroeven-Deceuninck, Hilde, Schultz, John J., Schwab, Ryan, Schwartz, Curtis H., Scoccimarro, Dario, Scott, John F., Scott, Michelle B., Seaton, Bonita L., Seely, Bruce S., Seery, Bernard, Seidleck, Mark, Sembach, Kenneth, Shanahan, Clare Elizabeth, Shaughnessy, Bryan, Shaw, Richard A., Shay, Christopher Michael, Sheehan, Even, Sheth, Kartik, Shih, Hsin-Yi, Shivaei, Irene, Siegel, Noah, Sienkiewicz, Matthew G., Simmons, Debra D., Simon, Bernard P., Sirianni, Marco, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Slade, Jeffrey E., Sloan, G. C., Slocum, Christine E., Slowinski, Steven E., Smith, Corbett T., Smith, Eric P., Smith, Erin C., Smith, Koby, Smith, Robert, Smith, Stephanie J., Smolik, John L., Soderblom, David R., Sohn, Sangmo Tony, Sokol, Jeff, Sonneborn, George, Sontag, Christopher D., Sooy, Peter R., Soummer, Remi, Southwood, Dana M., Spain, Kay, Sparmo, Joseph, Speer, David T., Spencer, Richard, Sprofera, Joseph D., Stallcup, Scott S., Stanley, Marcia K., Stansberry, John A., Stark, Christopher C., Starr, Carl W., Stassi, Diane Y., Steck, Jane A., Steeley, Christine D., Stephens, Matthew A., Stephenson, Ralph J., Stewart, Alphonso C., Stiavelli, Massimo, Stockman Jr., Hervey, Strada, Paolo, Straughn, Amber N., Streetman, Scott, Strickland, David Kendal, Strobele, Jingping F., Stuhlinger, Martin, Stys, Jeffrey Edward, Such, Miguel, Sukhatme, Kalyani, Sullivan, Joseph F., Sullivan, Pamela C., Sumner, Sandra M., Sun, Fengwu, Sunnquist, Benjamin Dale, Swade, Daryl Allen, Swam, Michael S., Swenton, Diane F., Swoish, Robby A., Litten, Oi In Tam, Tamas, Laszlo, Tao, Andrew, Taylor, David K., Taylor, Joanna M., Plate, Maurice te, Van Tea, Mason, Teague, Kelly K., Telfer, Randal C., Temim, Tea, Texter, Scott C., Thatte, Deepashri G., Thompson, Christopher Lee, Thompson, Linda M., Thomson, Shaun R., Thronson, Harley, Tierney, C. M., Tikkanen, Tuomo, Tinnin, Lee, Tippet, William Thomas, Todd, Connor William, Tran, Hien D., Trauger, John, Trejo, Edwin Gregorio, Truong, Justin Hoang Vinh, Tsukamoto, Christine L., Tufail, Yasir, Tumlinson, Jason, Tustain, Samuel, Tyra, Harrison, Ubeda, Leonardo, Underwood, Kelli, Uzzo, Michael A., Vaclavik, Steven, Valenduc, Frida, Valenti, Jeff A., Van Campen, Julie, van de Wetering, Inge, Van Der Marel, Roeland P., van Haarlem, Remy, Vandenbussche, Bart, Vanterpool, Dona D., Vernoy, Michael R., Costas, Maria Begoña Vila, Volk, Kevin, Voorzaat, Piet, Voyton, Mark F., Vydra, Ekaterina, Waddy, Darryl J., Waelkens, Christoffel, Wahlgren, Glenn Michael, Walker Jr., Frederick E., Wander, Michel, Warfield, Christine K., Warner, Gerald, Wasiak, Francis C., Wasiak, Matthew F., Wehner, James, Weiler, Kevin R., Weilert, Mark, Weiss, Stanley B., Wells, Martyn, Welty, Alan D., Wheate, Lauren, Wheeler, Thomas P., White, Christy L., Whitehouse, Paul, Whiteleather, Jennifer Margaret, Whitman, William Russell, Williams, Christina C., Willmer, Christopher N. A., Willott, Chris J., Willoughby, Scott P., Wilson, Andrew, Wilson, Debra, Wilson, Donna V., Windhorst, Rogier, Wislowski, Emily Christine, Wolfe, David J., Wolfe, Michael A., Wolff, Schuyler, Wondel, Amancio, Woo, Cindy, Woods, Robert T., Worden, Elaine, Workman, William, Wright, Gillian S., Wu, Carl, Wu, Chi-Rai, Wun, Dakin D., Wymer, Kristen B., Yadetie, Thomas, Yan, Isabelle C., Yang, Keith C., Yates, Kayla L., Yeager, Christopher R., Yerger, Ethan John, Young, Erick T., Young, Gary, Yu, Gene, Yu, Susan, Zak, Dean S., Zeidler, Peter, Zepp, Robert, Zhou, Julia, Zincke, Christian A., Zonak, Stephanie, and Zondag, Elisabeth

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit., Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figures

Published
2023
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2. First observations of core-transiting seismic phases on Mars

Author

Irving, Jessica CE, Lekić, Vedran, Durán, Cecilia, Drilleau, Mélanie, Kim, Doyeon, Rivoldini, Attilio, Khan, Amir, Samuel, Henri, Antonangeli, Daniele, Banerdt, William Bruce, Beghein, Caroline, Bozdağ, Ebru, Ceylan, Savas, Charalambous, Constantinos, Clinton, John, Davis, Paul, Garcia, Raphaël, Giardini, Domenico, Horleston, Anna Catherine, Huang, Quancheng, Hurst, Kenneth J, Kawamura, Taichi, King, Scott D, Knapmeyer, Martin, Li, Jiaqi, Lognonné, Philippe, Maguire, Ross, Panning, Mark P, Plesa, Ana-Catalina, Schimmel, Martin, Schmerr, Nicholas C, Stähler, Simon C, Stutzmann, Eleonore, and Xu, Zongbo

Subjects
Mars, core evolution, planetary structure
Abstract

We present the first observations of seismic waves propagating through the core of Mars. These observations, made using seismic data collected by the InSight geophysical mission, have allowed us to construct the first seismically constrained models for the elastic properties of Mars' core. We observe core-transiting seismic phase SKS from two farside seismic events detected on Mars and measure the travel times of SKS relative to mantle traversing body waves. SKS travels through the core as a compressional wave, providing information about bulk modulus and density. We perform probabilistic inversions using the core-sensitive relative travel times together with gross geophysical data and travel times from other, more proximal, seismic events to seek the equation of state parameters that best describe the liquid iron-alloy core. Our inversions provide constraints on the velocities in Mars' core and are used to develop the first seismically based estimates of its composition. We show that models informed by our SKS data favor a somewhat smaller (median core radius = 1,780 to 1,810 km) and denser (core density = 6.2 to 6.3 g/cm3) core compared to previous estimates, with a P-wave velocity of 4.9 to 5.0 km/s at the core-mantle boundary, with the composition and structure of the mantle as a dominant source of uncertainty. We infer from our models that Mars' core contains a median of 20 to 22 wt% light alloying elements when we consider sulfur, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. These data can be used to inform models of planetary accretion, composition, and evolution.

Published
2023

3. The Effects of Asymmetric Dark Matter on Stellar Evolution I: Spin-Dependent Scattering

Author

Raen, Troy J., Martínez-Rodríguez, Héctor, Hurst, Travis J., Zentner, Andrew R., Badenes, Carles, and Tao, Rachel

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

Most of the dark matter (DM) search over the last few decades has focused on WIMPs, but the viable parameter space is quickly shrinking. Asymmetric Dark Matter (ADM) is a WIMP-like DM candidate with slightly smaller masses and no present day annihilation, meaning that stars can capture and build up large quantities. The captured ADM can transport energy through a significant volume of the star. We investigate the effects of spin-dependent ADM energy transport on stellar structure and evolution in stars with $0.9 \leq M_{\star}/\mathrm{M}_{\odot} \leq 5.0$ in varying DM environments. We wrote a MESA module that calculates the capture of DM and the subsequent energy transport within the star. We fix the DM mass to 5 GeV and the cross section to $10^{-37} \mathrm{cm{^2}}$, and study varying environments by scaling the DM capture rate. For stars with radiative cores ($M_{\star} \lesssim 1.3\ \mathrm{M}_{\odot}$), the presence of ADM flattens the temperature and burning profiles in the core and increases MS ($X_c > 10^{-3}$) lifetimes by up to $\sim 20\%$. We find that strict requirements on energy conservation are crucial to the simulation of ADM's effects on these stars. In higher-mass stars, ADM energy transport shuts off core convection, limiting available fuel and shortening MS lifetimes by up to $\sim 40\%$. This may translate to changes in the luminosity and effective temperature of the MS turnoff in population isochrones. The tip of the red giant branch may occur at lower luminosities. The effects are largest in DM environments with high densities and/or low velocity dispersions, making dwarf and early forming galaxies most likely to display the effects., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Published
2020
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4. Children with Speech and Language Disabilities

Author

Hurst, KeShawn J.

Abstract

This paper will examine the cognitive development. Specifically, it will include and inform others about the cognitive development of children with speech and language disabilities. In addition, it will be discussing the major factors of speech and language impairment and assistive technologies that can affect the students' academic performance

Published
2018

5. On the Ejection of Dark Matter from Globular Clusters

Author

Hurst, Travis J. and Zentner, Andrew R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We investigate analytically whether in a close encounter with a star, a Dark Matter particle can be accelerated above the escape speed of a Globular Cluster and be ejected. We find that this mechanism is not sufficient to eject a massive, extended Dark Matter halo by the present time. Combined with observations of isolated Globular Clusters that may not have had their halos tidally stripped, these results cast doubt on the scenario in which Globular Clusters formed in Dark Matter halos.

Published
2019
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6. Ring-opening polymerization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly of poly-L-lactide-block-polyethylene glycol block copolymers (ROPI-CDSA).

Author

Hurst, Paul J, Rakowski, Alexander M, and Patterson, Joseph P

Abstract

The self-assembly of block copolymers into 1D, 2D and 3D nano- and microstructures is of great interest for a wide range of applications. A key challenge in this field is obtaining independent control over molecular structure and hierarchical structure in all dimensions using scalable one-pot chemistry. Here we report on the ring opening polymerization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly (ROPI-CDSA) of poly-L-lactide-block-polyethylene glycol block copolymers into 1D, 2D and 3D nanostructures. A key feature of ROPI-CDSA is that the polymerization time is much shorter than the self-assembly relaxation time, resulting in a non-equilibrium self-assembly process. The self-assembly mechanism is analyzed by cryo-transmission electron microscopy, wide-angle x-ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and turbidity studies. The analysis revealed that the self-assembly mechanism is dependent on both the polymer molecular structure and concentration. Knowledge of the self-assembly mechanism enabled the kinetic trapping of multiple hierarchical structures from a single block copolymer.

Published
2020

8. Indirect Probes of Dark Matter and Globular Cluster Properties From Dark Matter Annihilation within the Coolest White Dwarfs

Author

Hurst, Travis J., Zentner, Andrew R., Natarajan, Aravind, and Badenes, Carles

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

White Dwarfs (WD) capture Dark Matter (DM) as they orbit within their host halos. These captured particles may subsequently annihilate, heating the stellar core and preventing the WD from cooling. The potential wells of WDs are considerably deeper and core temperatures significantly cooler than those of main sequence stars. Consequently, DM evaporation is less important in WDs and DM with masses $M_{\chi} \gtrsim 100\, \kev$ and annihilation cross-sections orders of magnitude below the canonical thermal cross-section ($\sigmav \gtrsim 10^{-46}\, \cm^3$/s) can significantly alter WD cooling in particular astrophysical environments. We consider WDs in globular clusters (GCs) and dwarf galaxies. If the parameters of the DM particle are known, then the temperature of the coolest WD in a GC can be used to constrain the DM density of the cluster's halo (potentially even ruling out the presence of a halo if the inferred density is of order the ambient Galactic density). Recently several direct detection experiments have seen signals whose origins might be due to low mass DM. In this paper, we show that if these claims from CRESST, DAMA, CDMS-Si, and CoGeNT could be interpreted as DM, then observations of NGC 6397 limit the fraction of DM in that cluster to be $f_{\mathrm{DM}} \lesssim 10^{-3}$. This would be an improvement over existing constraints of 3 orders of magnitude and clearly rule out a significant DM halo for this cluster..., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures

Published
2014
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11. Background Adaptive Cancellation of Digital Switching Noise in a Pipelined Analog-to-Digital Converter Without Noise Sensors

Author

Chang, Nick C-J, Hurst, Paul J, Levy, Bernard C, and Lewis, Stephen H

Subjects
Additive noise, analog-to-digital converter, background adaptive noise cancellation, digital switching noise, least-mean-square (LMS) estimation, maximum-likelihood estimation, multiplicative noise, noise-induced gain error, pipelined analog-to-digital converter, power supply bounce, simultaneous switching noise, substrate noise, Condensed Matter Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Other Technology, Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Abstract

Switching noise generated by digital circuits can degrade analog circuit performance in mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs). In an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), one major source of switching noise is digital output drivers. Traditional methods for mitigating this problem mostly have been to isolate the analog and digital circuits to minimize digital noise coupling into sensitive analog nodes. This paper presents two fully digital and adaptive algorithms, which find and cancel errors due to switching noise coupling at the output of an ADC without using noise sensors. To demonstrate the operation of these algorithms, a 12-bit, 40-MS/s pipelined ADC has been designed and fabricated in 0.18-μm CMOS process. The system consists of an ADC with its own output drivers, and eight other independent digital output drivers (noise buffers) that can be programmed to produce four different kinds of switching noise. The switching noise cancellation (SNC) algorithm estimates noise parameters and stores them in look-up tables. At the ADC output, the effects of switching noise are digitally removed to recover the input samples. Test results show that the ADC achieves a signal-to-noise-and-distortion-ratio (SNDR) of 64.9 dB with all of the noise-generating buffers off. With the noise buffers on, the worst case SNDR before and after SNC is 51.9 dB and 63.7 dB, respectively. © 1966-2012 IEEE.

Published
2014

14. Enhancing Strategic Planning through Campus Surveys. AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper.

Author

Hurst, Peter J.

Abstract

This case study presents Cornell University's use of campus surveying to gather information from stakeholders for strategic planning purposes. The case study emphasizes how survey creation, distribution, analysis, and reporting of findings was woven into the strategic planning process. Every step of the process, from item generation to the use of post-survey focus groups, was designed to maximize the legitimacy of the resulting data and raise the visibility of the strategic planning process within the university community. The overall process was closely monitored by a Strategic Planning Advisory Board comprised of students, employees, faculty members, administrators, community members, and an alumni/trustee. The Stakeholder Analysis Committee determined the major stakeholder groups and designed a survey instrument to be mailed. The survey of students, faculty, and staff members found that the majority of all three groups were satisfied with their relationship with Cornell. All three groups rated dedication to teaching as more important than dedication to research, while all three felt that the university's dedication to research actually guided operations. The survey also analyzed satisfaction with specific aspects of the Cornell environment, the extent to which Cornell follows its operating philosophy and values, and agreement with proposed university priorities. (JDD)

Published
1994

15. The Impact of a Chief Planning Officer on the Administrative Environment for Planning. AIR 1991 Annual Forum Paper.

Author

Hurst, Peter J. and Peterson, Marvin W.

Abstract

In the interest of understanding the role of Chief Planning Officers (CPO) in gaining broad support for planning within an institution of higher education, this paper used a national survey of administrators to examine that role. This study, conducted by the National Center for Postsecondary Governance and Finance, involved a survey of 3,333 college administrators at 256 higher education institutions randomly selected within 2 levels of stratification: (1) by type of institution, and (2) by major characteristics. It sought to discover administrators' views of planning. Using results based on an overall response rate of 45.8%, the study examined the relationship between having a chief planning officer and administrators' perceptions of campus planning. It found that the presence of a CPO was accompanied by: (1) an increase in the perception of more comprehensive and rational planning; (2) an increase in the likelihood that administrators attitudes about planning would favor more comprehensive processes; and (3) a greater effect on perceptions of how planning was handled on campus. It is noted that the presence of CPOs may symbolize the rationality of the planning process and the institution's commitment to a comprehensive, analytical planning process. The report includes 6 tables and 28 references. (JB)

Published
1991

17. SEIS: Insight’s Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars

Author

Lognonné, P., Banerdt, W. B., Giardini, D., Pike, W. T., Christensen, U., Laudet, P., de Raucourt, S., Zweifel, P., Calcutt, S., Bierwirth, M., Hurst, K. J., Ijpelaan, F., Umland, J. W., Llorca-Cejudo, R., Larson, S. A., Garcia, R. F., Kedar, S., Knapmeyer-Endrun, B., Mimoun, D., Mocquet, A., Panning, M. P., Weber, R. C., Sylvestre-Baron, A., Pont, G., Verdier, N., Kerjean, L., Facto, L. J., Gharakanian, V., Feldman, J. E., Hoffman, T. L., Klein, D. B., Klein, K., Onufer, N. P., Paredes-Garcia, J., Petkov, M. P., Willis, J. R., Smrekar, S. E., Drilleau, M., Gabsi, T., Nebut, T., Robert, O., Tillier, S., Moreau, C., Parise, M., Aveni, G., Ben Charef, S., Bennour, Y., Camus, T., Dandonneau, P. A., Desfoux, C., Lecomte, B., Pot, O., Revuz, P., Mance, D., tenPierick, J., Bowles, N. E., Charalambous, C., Delahunty, A. K., Hurley, J., Irshad, R., Liu, Huafeng, Mukherjee, A. G., Standley, I. M., Stott, A. E., Temple, J., Warren, T., Eberhardt, M., Kramer, A., Kühne, W., Miettinen, E.-P., Monecke, M., Aicardi, C., André, M., Baroukh, J., Borrien, A., Bouisset, A., Boutte, P., Brethomé, K., Brysbaert, C., Carlier, T., Deleuze, M., Desmarres, J. M., Dilhan, D., Doucet, C., Faye, D., Faye-Refalo, N., Gonzalez, R., Imbert, C., Larigauderie, C., Locatelli, E., Luno, L., Meyer, J.-R., Mialhe, F., Mouret, J. M., Nonon, M., Pahn, Y., Paillet, A., Pasquier, P., Perez, G., Perez, R., Perrin, L., Pouilloux, B., Rosak, A., Savin de Larclause, I., Sicre, J., Sodki, M., Toulemont, N., Vella, B., Yana, C., Alibay, F., Avalos, O. M., Balzer, M. A., Bhandari, P., Blanco, E., Bone, B. D., Bousman, J. C., Bruneau, P., Calef, F. J., Calvet, R. J., D’Agostino, S. A., de los Santos, G., Deen, R. G., Denise, R. W., Ervin, J., Ferraro, N. W., Gengl, H. E., Grinblat, F., Hernandez, D., Hetzel, M., Johnson, M. E., Khachikyan, L., Lin, J. Y., Madzunkov, S. M., Marshall, S. L., Mikellides, I. G., Miller, E. A., Raff, W., Singer, J. E., Sunday, C. M., Villalvazo, J. F., Wallace, M. C., Banfield, D., Rodriguez-Manfredi, J. A., Russell, C. T., Trebi-Ollennu, A., Maki, J. N., Beucler, E., Böse, M., Bonjour, C., Berenguer, J. L., Ceylan, S., Clinton, J., Conejero, V., Daubar, I., Dehant, V., Delage, P., Euchner, F., Estève, I., Fayon, L., Ferraioli, L., Johnson, C. L., Gagnepain-Beyneix, J., Golombek, M., Khan, A., Kawamura, T., Kenda, B., Labrot, P., Murdoch, N., Pardo, C., Perrin, C., Pou, L., Sauron, A., Savoie, D., Stähler, S., Stutzmann, E., Teanby, N. A., Tromp, J., van Driel, M., Wieczorek, M., Widmer-Schnidrig, R., and Wookey, J.

Published
2019
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20. Student Engagement in First Year of an ICT Degree: Staff and Student Perceptions

Author

Sheard, Judy, Carbone, Angela, and Hurst, A. J.

Abstract

This article reports on a study of student engagement in the first year of their undergraduate information and communication technology (ICT) degree at an Australian university. The study was conducted at Monash University in the four undergraduate ICT degrees of the Faculty of Information Technology. The study draws on data collected from staff and students using interviews and a start of semester survey. Three aspects of engagement broadly classified as behavioural, cognitive and affective are used as a framework to analyse the data. Results show that staff perceived students as demonstrating low levels of engagement in their university study. Students presented many reasons to explain the nature and extent of their engagement. Many of their reasons relate to studying in an educational landscape of changing lifestyles and work patterns and a strong reliance on technology to support their learning. This article re-conceptualises the undergraduate student learning experience in the current tertiary climate. Implications of the perceived lack of student engagement are discussed and recommendations are made for ways to increase the level of student engagement. (Contains 2 notes.)

Published
2010
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21. Predictors of Team Work Satisfaction

Author

Hamlyn-Harris, James H., Hurst, Barbara J., and von Baggo, Karola

Abstract

The ability to work in teams is an attribute highly valued by employers of information technology (IT) graduates. For IT students to effectively engage in team work tasks, the process of working in teams should be satisfying for the students. This work explored whether university students who were involved in compulsory team work were satisfied with their experience. The research was seeking predictors of satisfaction with team work which may lead to educators being able to plan interventions that improve students' experiences. Team work satisfaction was measured by asking students to reflect on their current team work experience while rating their level of agreement with statements relating to Global Satisfaction (e.g., Group members interact well with each other.) and Global Dissatisfaction (e.g., My group isn't very efficient). The statements were taken from a set generated by Keyton (1991) in her study of group work satisfaction in university level students. Potential predictors were also assessed by the survey and included: previous experience with team work; perceived usefulness of team work training; familiarity with team members; and gender mix within the team. Two cohorts of students were surveyed. The first consisted of 270 Database 1 (DB1) students working in teams of 3-4 students on a short duration project (5 weeks). Most of these students were at the beginning of their degrees and therefore relatively inexperienced in regards to team work. The second contained 100 Software Engineering Project (SEP) students who were in the final stages of their degree. These students had more experience with team work than the Database students, and were working on a longer project (8 months). It was found that self-reported previous team work experience had little bearing on current satisfaction for either cohort. This finding contradicted the conclusions of Drury, Kay, and Losberg (2003) and Wong, Shi, and Wilson (2004). However, the former reported results from a smaller cohort of older students and the latter measured group performance as an indicator of satisfaction which may account for the differences. For the DB1 students there was no correlation between perceived usefulness of the team work training and the satisfaction. However, there was a small significant correlation for the SEP students. This result may have been due to the nature of the training offered. The training for the DB1 students was of a passive self directed nature whereas the SEP students were offered a two-day workshop. There was no support for the hypothesis that working with friends would influence satisfaction. However, this finding is difficult to interpret given the way in which previous familiarity with team members was assessed. Finally, it was found that working in mixed gender teams was more satisfying for students working on long (8 month) projects than for students working on short duration (5 week) tasks, supporting previous work by Wong et al. It was proposed that the longer term project allowed the team to become better acquainted and better able to capitalize on the communication skills of females. This proposal will require further research. (Contains 3 tables.)

Published
2006

24. The 1995 Ratings of Doctoral Programs: A Hedonic Model.

Author

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. and Hurst, Peter J.

Abstract

Describes how to employ multivariate regression models and National Research Council data (used to rank doctoral programs) to analyze how measures of program size, faculty seniority, and faculty research and doctoral-degree productivity influence subjective ratings of doctoral programs in 35 academic fields. Illustrates how to compute the effects of changing the number of faculty positions allocated to a field. (10 references) (MLH)

Published
1998

26. The 1995 NRC Ratings of Doctoral Programs: A Hedonic Model.

Author

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. and Hurst, Peter J.

Abstract

Using the 1995 National Research Council ratings of doctoral programs in 41 fields, a statistical methodology is offered for assessing how measures of program size, faculty seniority, faculty research productivity, and faculty productivity in producing doctoral degrees influenced raters' decisions. Then using data for one field, economics, administrators are shown how to compute the impact of adding one faculty member. (MSE)

Published
1996

27. The Impact of a Chief Planning Officer on the Administrative Environment for Planning.

Author

Hurst, Peter J. and Peterson, Marvin W.

Abstract

Based on a national survey of college administrators' (n=3,333) views of planning, this study investigated the relationship between having a chief planning officer to coordinate planning functions and perceptions of and attitudes toward campus planning. Results suggest the presence of a planner increased perceptions of more rational and comprehensive planning. (Author/MSE)

Published
1992

31. Probing fission time scales with neutrons and GDR gamma rays

Author

Schmitt, R. P., Botting, T., Chubarian, G. G., Wolf, K. L., Hurst, B. J., Jabs, H., Hamelin, M., Bacak, A., Oganessian, Yu. Ts., Itkis, M. G., Kozulin, E. M., Kondratiev, N. A., Salamatin, V. S., Pokrovsky, I. V., Hanappe, F., de Goès Brennand, E., Huck, A., Stuttgé, L., Liatard, E., Beene, J., Varner, R., Halbert, M., and Gan, N.

Published
2003
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35. Resonances and Lander Modes Observed by InSight on Mars (1-9 Hz).

Author

Dahmen, Nikolaj L., Zenhäusern, Géraldine, Clinton, John F., Giardini, Domenico, Stähler, Simon C., Ceylan, Savas, Charalambous, Constantinos, van Driel, Martin, Hurst, Kenneth J., Kedar, Sharon, Lognonné, Philippe, Murdoch, Naomi, Myhill, Robert, Panning, Mark P., Pike, William T., Schimmel, Martin, Schmelzbach, Cédric, Scholz, John-Robert, Stott, Alexander E., and Stutzmann, Eleonore

Abstract

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASAs) Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) lander successfully touched down on Mars in November 2018, and, for the first time, a seismometer was deployed on the surface of the planet. The seismic recordings reveal diurnal and seasonal changes of the broadband noise level that are consistent with variations of the local atmospheric conditions. The seismic data include a variety of spectral peaks, which are interpreted as wind-excited, mechanical resonances of the lander, resonances of the subsurface, or artifacts produced in the measurement system. Understanding the origin of these signals is critical for the detection and characterization of marsquakes as well as for studies investigating the ambient noise. We identify the major spectral peaks up to 9 Hz, corresponding to the frequency range the most relevant to observed marsquakes. We track the variations in frequency, amplitude, and polarization of these peaks over the duration of the mission so far. The majority of these peaks can readily be classified as measurement artifacts or lander resonances (lander modes), of which the latter have a temperature-dependent peak frequency and a wind-sensitive amplitude. Of particular interest is a prominent resonance at 2.4 Hz, which is used to discriminate between seismic events and local noise and is possibly produced by a subsurface structure. In contrast to the lander modes, the 2.4 Hz resonance has distinctly different features: (1) a broad and stable spectral shape, slightly shifted on each component; (2) predominantly vertical energy; (3) temperature-independent peak frequency; (4) comparatively weak amplification by local winds, though there is a slow change in the diurnal and seasonal amplitude; and (5) excitation during all seismic events that excite this frequency band. Based on these observations, we suggest that the 2.4 Hz resonance is the only mode below 9 Hz that could be related to a local ground structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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36. The Site Tilt and Lander Transfer Function from the Short-Period Seismometer of InSight on Mars.

Author

Stott, Alexander E., Charalambous, Constantinos, Warren, Tristram J., Pike, William T., Myhill, Robert, Murdoch, Naomi, McClean, John B., Trebi-Ollennu, Ashitey, Lim, Grace, Garcia, Raphael F., Mimoun, David, Kedar, Sharon, Hurst, Kenneth J., Bierwirth, Marco, Lognonné, Philippe, Teanby, Nicholas A., Horleston, Anna, and Banerdt, William B.

Abstract

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration InSight mission has deployed the seismic experiment, SEIS, on the surface of Mars, and has recorded a variety of signals including marsquakes and dust devils. This work presents results on the tilt and local noise sources, which provide context to aid interpretation of the observed signals and allow an examination of the near-surface properties. Our analysis uses data recorded by the short-period sensors on the deck, throughout deployment and in the final configuration. We use thermal decorrelation to provide an estimate of the sol-to-sol tilt. This tilt is examined across deployment and over a Martian year. After each modification to the site, the tilt is seen to stabilize over 3-20 sols depending on the action, and the total change in tilt is <0.035°. Long-term tilt over a Martian year is limited to <0.007°. We also investigate the attenuation of lander-induced vibrations between the lander and SEIS. Robotic arm motions provide a known lander source in the 5-9 Hz bandwidth, yielding an amplitude attenuation of lander signals between 100 and 1000 times. The attenuation of wind sensitivity from the deck to ground presents a similar value in the 1.5-9 Hz range, thus favoring a noise dominated by lander vibrations induced by the wind. Wind sensitivities outside this bandwidth exhibit different sensitivity changes, indicating a change in the coupling. The results are interpreted through a finite-element analysis of the regolith with a depth-dependent Young's modulus. We argue that discrepancies between this model and the observations are due to local compaction beneath the lander legs and/or anelasticity. An estimate for the effective Young's modulus is obtained as 62-81 MPa, corroborating previous estimates for the top layer duricrust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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41. Effects of the diabetes linked TCF7L2 polymorphism in a representative older population

Author

Ferrucci Luigi, Corsi Anna, Bandinelli Stefania, Weedon Michael N, Hurst Alison J, Murray Anna, Melzer David, Paolisso Guiseppe, Guralnik Jack M, and Frayling Timothy M

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Abstract Background A polymorphism in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene has been found to be associated with type 2 diabetes in case-control studies. We aimed to estimate associations of the marker rs7903146 (C/T) polymorphism with fasting glucose, lipids, diabetes prevalence and complications in an older general population. Methods In total, 944 subjects aged ≥ 65 years from the population representative InCHIANTI study were enrolled in this study. Those with fasting blood glucose of ≥ 7 mmol/l or physician diagnosis were considered diabetic. Cut-off points for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were ≥ 5.6 mmol/l to < 7 mmol/l. Results In the general population sample, minor (T) allele carriers of rs7903146 had higher fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p = 0.028) but lower fasting insulin (p = 0.030) and HOMA2b scores (p = 0.001), suggesting poorer beta-cell function. T allele carriers also had smaller waist circumference (p = 0.009), lower triglyceride levels (p = 0.006), and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.008). The prevalence of diabetes or IFG was 32.4% in TT carriers and 23.3% in CC carriers; adjusted OR = 1.67 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 2.65, p = 0.031). Within the diabetic and IFG groups, fewer T allele carriers had metabolic syndrome features (p = 0.047) or had experienced a myocardial infarction (p = 0.037). Conversely, T allele carriers with diabetes had poorer renal function (reduced 24-hour creatinine clearance, p = 0.013), and possibly more retinopathy (p = 0.067). Physician-diagnosed dementia was more common in the T carriers (in diabetes p = 0.05, with IFG p = 0.024). Conclusion The TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism is associated with lower insulin levels, smaller waist circumference, and lower risk lipid profiles in the general elderly population. Patients with diabetes who are carriers of the minor allele are less likely to have metabolic-syndrome features, but may experience more microvascular complications, although the number of cases was small. If replicated, these findings may have implications for developing treatment approaches tailored by genotype.

Published
2006
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42. Public attitudes to xenotransplantation: A national survey in the United States

Author

Padilla, Luz A., Hurst, Daniel J., Zink, Amanda, Parent, Brendan, and Kimberly, Laura L.

Abstract

Xenotransplantation (XTx) presents a potential clinical alternative to the shortage of human organs for transplantation. Before clinical trials occur in the United States, public assessments are crucial to understand potential barriers to acceptance. The purpose of this study was to explore barriers and identify characteristics associated with attitudes toward XTx. A survey assessing demographic characteristics and attitudes toward XTx was distributed to a nationally representative sample of adults aged ≥18 years in the United States. Regression analysis was employed to identify characteristics associated with attitudes toward XTx. Between May 25 and June 14, 2023, 5008 respondents completed the survey. Importantly, half of the respondents expressed low or no knowledge of either transplantation or XTx. Approximately 40% expressed discomfort with receiving a pig organ for themselves or a loved one. Despite a lack of xenotransplant outcome data, 36% were open to experimental XTx if they needed a transplant. However, 57% rated lack of current evidence of success or fear of complications as top concerns. Regression models consistently associated being younger, female, not needing an organ, or being a member of a racial minority group with lower acceptance. This survey is the largest to date exploring public attitudes toward XTx. Despite overall acceptance, concerns persist. Increasing public acceptance is key as the field advances.

Published
2024
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45. Research opportunities and ethical considerations for heart and lung xenotransplantation research: A report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop

Author

Khush, Kiran K., Bernat, James L., Pierson, Richard N., Silverman, Henry J., Parent, Brendan, Glazier, Alexandra K., Adams, Andrew B., Fishman, Jay A., Gusmano, Michael, Hawthorne, Wayne J., Homan, Mary E., Hurst, Daniel J., Latham, Stephen, Park, Chung-Gyu, Maschke, Karen J., Mohiuddin, Muhammad M., Montgomery, Robert A., Odim, Jonah, Pentz, Rebecca D., Reichart, Bruno, Savulescu, Julian, Wolpe, Paul Root, Wong, Renee P., and Fenton, Kathleen N.

Abstract

Xenotransplantation offers the potential to meet the critical need for heart and lung transplantation presently constrained by the current human donor organ supply. Much was learned over the past decades regarding gene editing to prevent the immune activation and inflammation that cause early organ injury, and strategies for maintenance of immunosuppression to promote longer-term xenograft survival. However, many scientific questions remain regarding further requirements for genetic modification of donor organs, appropriate contexts for xenotransplantation research (including nonhuman primates, recently deceased humans, and living human recipients), and risk of xenozoonotic disease transmission. Related ethical questions include the appropriate selection of clinical trial participants, challenges with obtaining informed consent, animal rights and welfare considerations, and cost. Research involving recently deceased humans has also emerged as a potentially novel way to understand how xeno-organs will impact the human body. Clinical xenotransplantation and research involving decedents also raise ethical questions and will require consensus regarding regulatory oversight and protocol review. These considerations and the related opportunities for xenotransplantation research were discussed in a workshop sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and are summarized in this meeting report.

Published
2024
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46. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering on Semiconducting Oxide Nanoparticles: Oxide Nature, Size, Solvent, and pH Effects

Author

Tarakeshwar, Pilarisetty, Finkelstein-Shapiro, Daniel, Hurst, Sarah J., Rajh, Tijana, and Mujica, Vladimiro

Abstract

Semiconducting oxide nanoparticles have proven to be excellent in detecting extremely low-concentrations of molecules through surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects. While the enhancement of the Raman activities arises from a large increase in polarizability due to charge transfer from the molecule to the semiconducting nanoparticle, little is known about how the oxide composition, nanoparticle size, solvent, or pH affects the observed Raman activities. In the current study, we examine these effects by carrying out extensive computational investigations of semiconducting TiO2, SnO2and Fe2O3nanoparticles and their complexes with both catechol and dopamine. An increase in the size of the oxide cluster or a decrease in the pH of the system under observation leads to enhanced Raman activities; the variation of the activities in different solvents is very much dependent on the nature of the vibrational modes. The marked increase in the Raman activities of molecules adsorbed on SnO2or Fe2O3over that of molecules adsorbed on TiO2seems to indicate that these oxide nanoparticles would be useful substrates for SERS sensors. Our results also indicate that the Raman activities of some of the TiO2modes are magnified upon adsorption of molecules, which concurs with some very recent experimental observations. All these results are consistent with a recently proposed theoretical model of SERS on semiconducting substrates. Further, this work has implications on the development of molecular sensing, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalysis.

Published
2024
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48. Children Have an Increased Risk of Periorbital Dog Bite Injuries.

Author

Hurst, Philip J., Hoon Hwang, Marcus Ji, Dodson, Thomas B., and Dillon, Jasjit K.

Abstract

Purpose: Dog bites to the head, neck, and face (HNF) disproportionately affect children. It is unclear if specific facial regions are uniquely at risk in this population. Both the periorbital region and the central target area (CTA; nose, lips, and cheeks) have been proposed as being at increased risk. This study addressed the following question: Among individuals sustaining a dog bite injury to the HNF, are children, when compared with adults, at greater risk of injury to the periorbital region or CTA?Patients and Methods: Using a retrospective cohort design, we enrolled a sample composed of patients presenting with HNF dog bite injuries. The predictor variable was age category: pediatric or adult (≥18 years). The primary outcome variable was injury location: isolated periorbital, isolated CTA, both periorbital and CTA, or other HNF location (neither periorbital nor CTA). Other variables included specific facial structures injured, demographic characteristics, injury circumstances, and clinical course. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were calculated.Results: The sample consisted of 183 pediatric (58.5%) and 130 adult (41.5%) patients. Isolated periorbital injuries were more common in the pediatric group (relative risk [RR], 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3 to 3.7]; P = .003), as was injury to both periorbital and CTA regions (RR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.2 to 3.5]; P = .01). Isolated CTA injury was the most common injury pattern overall in both children and adults, but children were at significantly less risk than adults (RR, 0.7 [95% CI, 0.5 to 0.9]; P = .002). Children were also less likely to sustain an injury to other HNF regions (RR, 0.6 [95% CI, 0.3 to 0.97]; P = .038).Conclusions: Children were twice as likely as adults to incur a periorbital dog bite, but no such increased risk was observed for the CTA. This may reflect unique anatomic risks in children or targeting of their eyes by attacking dogs, contributing to higher rates of HNF injury in this population. Public health measures should recommend against children being at eye level with dogs, even if familiar or under adult supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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49. Osteomyelitis and Fracture Susceptibility: A Review of the Literature and Case Series of Surgical Treatment of Pathologic Calcaneal Fractures

Author

Hurst, Michael J., Kedzie, Margaret, Hughes, Hannah J., Burns, Patrick R., and Manway, Jeffrey M.

Abstract

Pathologic calcaneal fractures, often arising from osteomyelitis, present intricate challenges in orthopedic surgery. This paper explores the historical context, etiological factors, and evolving treatment approaches for these fractures, with a focus on the interplay between infection and compromised bone integrity.

Published
2023
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50. The utility of a bioethics doctorate: results of a survey of graduates and students having completed All-but-Dissertation Requirements (ABD) from US bioethics doctoral programs

Author

Hurst, Daniel J., Potter, Jordan, Clatty, Ariel, and Gielen, Joris

Abstract

In the United States (US), the field of bioethics has expanded over the last two decades. Several institutions offer graduate-level training at both the masters and doctoral level. However, a lack of published literature on the outcomes of doctoral training in bioethics from the perspective of graduates exists. Researchers conducted an online survey of doctoral students who had finished all doctoral requirements but their dissertation (ABD), as well as doctoral graduates, of four US-based institutions to ascertain their perspectives on a number of items regarding their doctoral training and their perception of how that training prepared them for their current role in the workforce. Responses from 34 participants were assessed. Respondents had positive overall views on the utility of a bioethics doctorate and the educational training they received in their respective programs. A number of areas for improvement were identified, including better structured clinical ethics training, greater opportunities for research and publishing, and having the ability to teach during their doctoral program, as well as formal pedagogy training. Greater exposure to clinical ethics consultation during the doctoral program was associated with feeling fully prepared as a clinical ethics consultant. This is the first study to assess the perspectives of bioethics doctoral graduates and ABD students regarding the utility of a bioethics doctorate. Per the perspectives of graduates and ABD students, bioethics doctorates are important and effective to train professional bioethicists. We recommend that a few key changes to these programs’ curricula can further bolster their effectiveness.

Published
2021
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