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1. Weighted Linear Regression Improves Accuracy of Quantitative Elemental Bioimaging by Means of LA-ICP-MS

Author

Sabrina K. I. Funke, Uwe Karst, and Michael R. Sperling

Subjects
Heteroscedasticity, Calibration (statistics), Chemistry, Spectrum Analysis, Regression, Analytical Chemistry, Weighting, Goodness of fit, Homoscedasticity, Statistics, Linear regression, Ordinary least squares, Calibration, Linear Models, Laser Therapy, Least-Squares Analysis
Abstract

The application of ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression is widely used in order to approximate linear external calibration data. However, the assumption of homoscedasticity is often not considered as a requirement for correct data approximation, which can result in a poor regression fit that is often more prominent in the lower concentration range. Heteroscedasticity in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) data has been discussed in literature as an intrinsic problem and was found to be addressed better by the use of weighted least squares (WLS) regression in multiple studies. In this study, the effects of OLS and WLS linear regression models have been investigated for quantitative imaging experiments by means of laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS using matrix-matched standards. The calibration data produced by this technique was found to be heteroscedastic in all 60 analyzed datasets, which yielded poor regression fits for OLS linear regression. In comparison to conventional ICP-MS analysis, the resulting negative effects were found to become even more visible in imaging LA-ICP-MS due to an inaccurate estimation of the regression line's intercept. Also, the calculation of average concentrations in selected regions of interest (ROIs) yields incorrect quantification results at the lower end of the calibration range. The application of WLS linear regression resulted in an improved goodness of fit (GOF), although the weighting factor should be selected carefully. Besides the reciprocal of the variance of each calibration standard (1/si2), more empirical weighting factors that have been discussed in the literature were also evaluated regarding the GOF.

Published
2021

2. Effects of liming, fertilization and acidification on pH, soil moisture, and ATP content of soil from a spruce forest in Southern Germany

Author

M. Wanner, I. Funke, and W. Funke

Subjects
Moisture, Chemistry, Soil Science, Soil science, engineering.material, complex mixtures, Microbiology, Soil contamination, Humus, Soil management, Animal science, Human fertilization, Soil pH, engineering, Fertilizer, Agronomy and Crop Science, Water content
Abstract

Short-term and medium-term effects of liming (CaCO3), fertilization [5Ca(NO)3)2·NH4NO3], and acidification on soil bioactivity were measured in a spruce stand in Southern Germany. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design. Acid precipitation lowered the pH, liming increased the pH, while fertilization caused only small alterations in pH values. Significant differences in soil moisture occurred only in the mineral horizons. The soil ATP content of the humus layers decreased in all plots (control included) up to day 100. On all sampling dates, a pronounced decrease in ATP content followed the acidification. Minor decreases in ATP were observed after fertilization, while liming produced no defined effects. Similar trends, but less pronounced, were observed in the mineral horizons. Only a few significant correlations were found between pH values and ATP or between moisture and ATP within a treatment and sampling date.

Published
1994
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3. Mikrometastasen im Knochenmark von Patienten mit Karzinomen des Kopf-Hals-Bereiches *,**

Author

K. Maag, Barbara Wollenberg, E. Wilmes, I. Funke, and Angela Ollesch

Subjects
Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.drug_class, Cell, Monoclonal antibody, medicine.disease, Metastasis, Cytokeratin, medicine.anatomical_structure, Otorhinolaryngology, medicine, Immunohistochemistry, Bone marrow, Head and neck, business, Grading (tumors)
Abstract

Individual disseminated epithelial tumour cells were detected in bone marrow aspirates in 41 of 108 patients (37%) with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck region by an immunocytochemical technique based on monoclonal antibodies raised against the cytokeratin No. 19. In the clinical stage I (T1N0M0) tumour cells were detected only in 26.3% of the patients, whereas in stage IV (T4N0M0, T(all)N2-3M0, T(all)N(all)M1) almost twice as many patients (47.7%) presented with tumour cells in the bone marrow. Apparently, grade of differentiation of the tumour (grading) had no influence on the spread of single tumour cells. An influence of the different localisations of the primary tumour on tumour cell spread or the rate of tumour recurrence cannot as yet be discovered. Cytokeratin No. 19 expressing cells were not detectable in the bone marrow of 18 patients with non-malignant disease. Seventy-three patients were included in a follow-up study with a mean observation time of 25 months (range: 4-52 months). The presence of epithelial cells at the time of primary treatment appears to indicate a significantly higher risk of development of local or distant tumour recurrences (p = 0.01). Of 46 patients initially exhibiting no tumour cells in the bone marrow, only 14 had a clinical recurrence. Whereas 17 of 27 patients who presented with tumour cells in the bone marrow developed either a local tumour recurrence or distant metastases in different organs. Patients presenting with bone marrow tumour cells showed a significantly shorter disease-free survival than those without (p = 0.002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Published
1994
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4. Contents, Vol. 33, Supplement 1, 1993

Author

A. Reinthaller, O. Wilhelm, D. Kölle, A. Staudach, R. Schröck, J.W. Hosmann, F. Wierrani, Gundula Klocke, M. Zajc, T. Genz, M. Wimbauer, L.C. Fuith, M. Stöhrer, E. Hanzal, A. Adler, P. Speiser, Ursula Loidl, T. Schramm, C. Ruppert, K. Philipp, D. Weiss, E. Kind, E. Wierrani, P. Kracher, F. Friedrich, St. Flachowsky, H. Auner, J. Gnirs, P. Riss, M. Schwiersch, H. Kölbl, R. Sauer, B. Bakker, W. Schöll, V. Möbus, P. Dörffler, U. Denison, M. Auer-Grumbach, M. van Trotsenburg, M. Korell, C. Marth, Ch. Kainz, C. Hellmich, K.-H. Wulf, K. Tamussino, Ch. Breuel, E. Neu, R. Kreienberg, J.C. Huber, H.G. Sainz, H.K. Selbmann, R. Voigt, G. Konecny, S. Wilhelm, K.-P Gloning, G. Quittan, N. Lang, Anita Prechtl, A. Schumitz, M. Löw, J. Thurner, A. Hofstetter, M. Huber, Ch. Dittrich, R. Wiborny, B. Haffner, S. Molnar, M. Kolben, W. Seidenbusch, Ch. Vutuc, Schadia Jinniate, Johannes Kunz, M. Schmitt, M. Zorzi, B. Lampe, H. Kiss, H. Salzer, K. Baumgarten, P. Sevelda, P. Lang, L. Pache, Kinga Chalubinski, M. Ulm, F. Heuss, H. Karras, D. Berg, Dorrit Weiss, R. Schulz-Wendtland, M. Putz, H. Pickel, Liane Kunert, G. Schied, W. Matal, Ulrike Heil, G. Pinzger, S. Todorow, H.G. Bender, Ch. Dadak, G. Schönauer, J. Stepien, M. Heydarfadai, S. Müller-Reiter, P. Baumgartner, St. Schulz, M. Manavi, A. Zuckermann, Inge Schreiner-Frech, E. Brusis, H. Gründling, K. Swoboda, Burgi Kaltenegger, N. Harbeck, Elisabeth Küffer, K. Eibner, E. Küffer, N. Adelwöhrer, R. Zeillinger, A. Schröck, P. Dettmar, G.J. Gerstner, C. Klinger, R. Höpfl, S. Reindke, W. Grünberger, A. Schönwälder, W. Schramm, F. Gill, I. Müller-Hartburg, E. Wolner, T. Wagner, T. Steck, P. Husslein, M. Widschwendtner, W. Schneider, M. Lahousen, Eva A. Dumler, W. Schweiger, H. Prömer, E. Petru, M. Batka, H. Enzelsberger, K. Reisenberger, A. Feiks, G. Windbichler, H.A. Tulusan, Y. Lu, A. Martan, G. Krüsmann, V. Strnad, E. Siebzehnrübl, A. Waitz-Penz, M.Di. Paolo, W. Walcher, M. Seifert, E. Hafner, G. Bernaschek, A. Zeimet, H. Haberfellner, I. Wilke, H.-J. Semmelrock, M. Steidl, S. King, H. Grebmeier, T.W.A. Huisman, Nadia Harbeck, D. Fuchs, M. Czarnecki, K. Fiedler, S. Leodolter, H. Wachter, H. Maurer, E. Kubista, B. Fazeny, A. Lohninger, Kristina Schanzer, M. Lange, Marianne Springer-Kremser, G. Häusler, M. Dorfer, K. Rotte, M. Untch, E. Abfalter, M. Bühner, H. Caffier, A.H. Tulusan, H. Janisch, J.W. Wladimiroff, V. Cavusoglou, R. Obwegeser, L. Prayer, W. Jaud, W. Michels, J. Scholler, W. Gruber, D. Kranzfelder, M. Neumann, F. Nagele, R.v. Hugo, Eva Joura, D. Spitzer, H. Schaffer, G. Lorenz-Eberhardt, D. Egner, R. Kimmig, M. Dostert, G. Breitenecker, S. Tatschl, A.-H. Graf, I. Stümpflen, H. Kaesemann, A. Bergant, M. Rehn, M. Kafta, N Yamamoto, P. Pürstner, W. Schemper, G. Gitsch, H. Helmer, P. Kastner, F. Jänicke, A. Tulusan, M. Novak, J. Deutinger, P.A.M. Weiss, I. Funke, Beate Riedl, L. Wildt, L. Müller, K. Gruböck, G. Meyberg, F. Zivkovic, W. Jäger, W. Grin, A. Schauer, J. Wisser, T. Strowitzki, D. Möhrling, R. Kupietz, Ch. Bali, A.M. Koch, R. Knitza, R. Lassmann, Andrea Fink, B. Seelbach-Göbel, M. Schoderbeck, Regine Ahner, P.J. Albert, K.-Ph. Gloning, H. Kraxner, K.J. Neiss, H. Weidinger, J. Burkl, E. Schüren, W. Hönigl, J. Rehbock, H. Hepp, K.T.M. Schneider, W. Loos, E. Müller-Holzner, O. Heiss, K.F. Czerwenka, E. Sölder, H. Rauschecker, K. Heim, M. Stumpfe, E. Husslein, S. Krämer, M. Bauer, H.-M. Böhm, J. Endl, H. Höfler, M.Ch. Michailov, C. Anthuber, U. Bogner, A.G. Zeimet, F. Ebner, P. Weiss, Ch. Schmid, M. Schumacher, K. Irsigler, M. Langer, K. Tempel, M. Halaska, K. Schuchter, W. Zeilmann, J. Wortmann, N. Vavra, J. Haas, N. Atanasov, A. Obermair, A. Bittl, P. Voigt, J. Schmidt, Ch. Sohn, U. Welscher, B. Wartusch, M. Ringler, A. Rempen, C. Ploner-Strobl, A. Büttner, Christine Kurz, Ch. Brezinka, M. Böhm, H. Graeff, K. Klingenbeck, W. Schroder, W. Freidl, T. Dimpfl, A. Gedik, A. Gold, G. Kindermann, C. Fidi, D. Pfeiffer, R. Winter, W. Würfel, Ch. Bieglmayer, S. Anthuber, J. Egger, E. Müllner-Holzner, G. Daxenbichler, H. Heidegger, N.E. Adelwöhrer, D. Löchner-Ernst, P. Brandner, T. Puchner, M. Saks, O. Dapunt, K. Baier, D. Jelincic, E. Greimel, O. Heiß, S. Jinniate, F. Gücer, A. Riesselmann, C. Nestle-Krämling, E. Golob, B. Nakhla, G. Debus-Thiede, Edith Rammer, N. Willich, G. Wolf, A. Untch, Ralph George, R. Altrichter, Ch. Kurz, Christine Sam, W. Lechner, B.U. Sevin, R. Mai, R. Deckardt, Eva Ostermayer, Z. Maly, Ch. Egarter, R. Wisleitner, H. Steiner, P. Kristen, and K. Bihler

Subjects
Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Medicine
Published
1993
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5. Jahrestagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe und der Bayerischen Gesellschaft für Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde

Author

K.-H. Wulf, Ch. Breuel, Gundula Klocke, E. Neu, Ursula Loidl, A. Martan, G. Krüsmann, W. Grin, M. Kolben, W. Seidenbusch, G. Bernaschek, K. Eibner, E. Küffer, E. Wierrani, E. Siebzehnrübl, Kristina Schanzer, M. Steidl, Marianne Springer-Kremser, K. Rotte, T. Wagner, K. Gruböck, F. Zivkovic, R. Kupietz, M. Ringler, M. Schoderbeck, Regine Ahner, E. Petru, E. Husslein, U. Denison, Eva Ostermayer, M. Dorfer, M. Kafta, P. Pürstner, K. Philipp, T.W.A. Huisman, G. Pinzger, R. Obwegeser, L. Prayer, W. Michels, J. Scholler, Ch. Brezinka, M. Böhm, H. Graeff, P. Riss, J. Thurner, M. Huber, J. Wisser, Z. Maly, Burgi Kaltenegger, Ch. Egarter, R. Wisleitner, S. Tatschl, A. Tulusan, M. Schwiersch, G. Schied, D. Pfeiffer, E. Müllner-Holzner, J. Deutinger, W. Schöll, R.v. Hugo, H. Kölbl, R. Sauer, M.Ch. Michailov, K. Tamussino, H. Steiner, H.A. Tulusan, Ch. Sohn, M. Novak, G. Daxenbichler, T. Schramm, C. Ruppert, Eva A. Dumler, D. Spitzer, H. Schaffer, C. Anthuber, W. Jäger, G. Lorenz-Eberhardt, M. Heydarfadai, W. Schweiger, P. Kristen, K. Baumgarten, U. Bogner, P. Kracher, B. Haffner, E. Sölder, F. Friedrich, M. van Trotsenburg, R. Voigt, H. Enzelsberger, K. Reisenberger, B. Fazeny, R. Lassmann, R. Schröck, O. Dapunt, T. Steck, A.M. Koch, P. Sevelda, P. Lang, Inge Schreiner-Frech, Ch. Kainz, J.W. Wladimiroff, V. Cavusoglou, P. Husslein, Edith Rammer, K. Tempel, J.W. Hosmann, O. Heiß, B. Lampe, A. Waitz-Penz, W. Walcher, A. Schauer, F. Nagele, J.C. Huber, M. Stumpfe, A. Schröck, G. Gitsch, A.G. Zeimet, S. Krämer, F. Wierrani, M. Seifert, M. Bauer, N. Willich, M. Widschwendtner, A. Bergant, M. Rehn, A. Zeimet, A. Obermair, H. Haberfellner, Anita Prechtl, M.Di. Paolo, R. Wiborny, G. Wolf, A. Untch, W. Jaud, F. Jänicke, M. Zajc, A. Lohninger, Christine Kurz, Schadia Jinniate, Johannes Kunz, F. Gücer, H. Karras, R. Schulz-Wendtland, M. Untch, E. Abfalter, H. Salzer, D. Fuchs, M. Stöhrer, N. Vavra, J. Burkl, E. Schüren, M. Lange, D. Berg, W. Matal, A. Büttner, R. Höpfl, P. Voigt, Ulrike Heil, M. Putz, Ch. Dadak, G. Schönauer, K. Bihler, N. Harbeck, A. Schönwälder, B. Seelbach-Göbel, St. Schulz, M. Manavi, A. Rempen, A. Reinthaller, G. Kindermann, J. Stepien, W. Freidl, T. Dimpfl, H. Heidegger, R. Zeillinger, O. Wilhelm, G. Windbichler, H. Gründling, D. Löchner-Ernst, H. Hepp, W. Gruber, D. Kölle, H. Pickel, S. King, S. Wilhelm, S. Reindke, A. Hofstetter, G.J. Gerstner, W. Grünberger, T. Puchner, M. Saks, A. Staudach, M. Auer-Grumbach, Ch. Bieglmayer, M. Halaska, K. Swoboda, V. Möbus, K.-P Gloning, Ch. Dittrich, P. Dörffler, K. Klingenbeck, K. Baier, S. Müller-Reiter, M. Bühner, Ralph George, M. Batka, W. Schneider, M. Lahousen, R. Altrichter, A. Adler, W. Schroder, F. Ebner, W. Zeilmann, A. Schumitz, H. Helmer, A. Bittl, E. Greimel, H. Kiss, D. Möhrling, G. Häusler, U. Welscher, T. Genz, M. Wimbauer, L. Müller, H. Grebmeier, S. Todorow, H. Maurer, Ch. Kurz, Christine Sam, D. Egner, M. Dostert, E. Hafner, I. Stümpflen, H. Kaesemann, H. Wachter, H.-J. Semmelrock, H. Höfler, C. Marth, M. Korell, W. Schramm, P. Kastner, L. Wildt, L.C. Fuith, H.G. Sainz, H.K. Selbmann, S. Molnar, H. Caffier, W. Lechner, C. Nestle-Krämling, B.U. Sevin, C. Fidi, P. Weiss, E. Golob, R. Mai, R. Winter, R. Deckardt, B. Nakhla, E. Hanzal, O. Heiss, W. Würfel, S. Anthuber, K.F. Czerwenka, B. Bakker, P. Dettmar, E. Kind, J. Endl, St. Flachowsky, H. Auner, K. Heim, J. Egger, N. Lang, N.E. Adelwöhrer, J. Gnirs, P. Brandner, M. Löw, M. Schmitt, M. Zorzi, A.H. Tulusan, H. Janisch, C. Hellmich, H.-M. Böhm, N. Adelwöhrer, R. Kreienberg, K. Schuchter, J. Wortmann, G. Breitenecker, A.-H. Graf, V. Strnad, G. Quittan, N. Atanasov, M. Czarnecki, B. Wartusch, D. Kranzfelder, M. Neumann, A. Gold, L. Pache, Elisabeth Küffer, Ch. Schmid, M. Schumacher, K. Irsigler, M. Langer, J. Schmidt, E. Kubista, Eva Joura, T. Strowitzki, P.J. Albert, K.J. Neiss, H. Weidinger, W. Hönigl, K.T.M. Schneider, N Yamamoto, E. Müller-Holzner, W. Schemper, P.A.M. Weiss, Ch. Vutuc, Ch. Bali, A. Feiks, K. Fiedler, R. Kimmig, I. Funke, Beate Riedl, R. Knitza, Andrea Fink, J. Rehbock, H. Kraxner, H. Rauschecker, W. Loos, Liane Kunert, H.G. Bender, E. Wolner, J. Haas, A. Gedik, H. Prömer, C. Ploner-Strobl, D. Jelincic, I. Wilke, S. Jinniate, S. Leodolter, A. Riesselmann, G. Debus-Thiede, G. Meyberg, K.-Ph. Gloning, D. Weiss, G. Konecny, Kinga Chalubinski, P. Baumgartner, A. Zuckermann, E. Brusis, F. Gill, I. Müller-Hartburg, M. Ulm, F. Heuss, Dorrit Weiss, C. Klinger, Y. Lu, Nadia Harbeck, and P. Speiser

Subjects
Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Medicine
Published
1993
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6. EVALUATION OF INTRACEREBRAL LESIONS IN PATIENTS WITH ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME. NEUROPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA

Author

Karl Bise, F. Prantl, W. Mellert, I. Babaryka, I. Funke, V. Erfle, U. Stocker, V. Frydl, E. Rothemunds, K. Schmidtke, C. Zietzu, Parviz Mehraein, and D. Stavrou

Subjects
Adult, Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Cell type, Histology, Central nervous system, Population, Opportunistic Infections, Biology, Virus, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Physiology (medical), Glioma, medicine, Humans, education, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, education.field_of_study, Brain Neoplasms, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Lymphoma, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, Giant cell, Immunology, Encephalitis, Female, Neurology (clinical)
Abstract

In this paper we present the results of post-mortem examinations of the central nervous system in 61 male patients who died with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); it includes 23 patients with reported neurological abnormalities at the time of presentation. The analysis revealed central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms (lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma) and a variety of inflammatory lesions (bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral) in 32 cases. A total of 11 patients without opportunistic infections showed significant brain abnormalities characterized by microglial nodules and/or multinucleated giant cells, changes which are probably related to infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In addition, we describes results from a series of experiments designed to define the target cell population of HIV in the brain. The expression of CD4 complex--putative receptor for HIV--was investigated using short-term cultured brain cells taken from embryonic brain anlage and from different regions of fetal brain; glioma cells were also used. Cells derived from normal embryonic and fetal brain, as well as glioma cells, were examined with respect to their susceptibility to HIV. CD4 antigen expression could be demonstrated only on glioma cells of the permanent glioma line 85HG-59 comprised of cells with properties characteristic of astrocytes. Nevertheless, normal embryonic and fetal brain cells as well as glioma cells could be infected by HIV as documented by immunocytochemical methods and southern blot analysis. HIV infected brain cells showed reduced growth rate and altered growth pattern. This study emphasizes the diversity of HIV conditioned CNS impairments, suggesting that genomic variability of HIV may result in varying cell type preference of the virus. The experimental data indicate that CD4 expression in brain cells is probably not 'conditio sine qua non' for HIV susceptibility. The alterations of HIV-infected brain cells demonstrated provide further evidence for a direct involvement of HIV in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related neurological syndromes.

Published
1989
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7. Quantenchemische Berechnung der Energiehyperfläche von H2+ HeH+, I

Author

I. Funke, H. Preuss, and G. Diercksen

Subjects
Biophysics, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Molecular Biology
Abstract

Bei fester Lage des Wasserstoffatoms im HeH+ wurden mit insgesamt 14 Gausfunktionen 56 Positionen des H2-Molekuls zum HeH+ unter Berucksichtigung aller Elektronen mit dem Allgemeinen Programmsystem/SCF-MO-LC(LCGO) Verfahren durchgerechnet, wobei auch Variationen der Kernabstande im H2 und HeH+ vorgenommen worden sind. Es ergab sich, das nur bei der Annaherung des H2 an die ‘H-Seite’ von HeH+ die Gesamtenergie monoton abfallt, wahrend bei Annaherung des H2-Molekuls aus allen anderen Richtungen ein Potentialberg uberwunden werden mus. Bei Annaherung des H2 an HeH+ auf der adiabatischen Reaktionskoordinate dreht sich das H2 senkrecht zum HeH+ und beginnt, das dreieckige H3 + zu bilden, wobei sich der HeH-Abstand aufweitet. Es handelt sich dabei um die Reaktion: SCF-Rechnungen mit vergleichbaren Funktionssatzen an den Systemen H2, HeH+, H3 + und He ergaben, bezogen auf die obere Formel, eine exotherme Reaktion nach rechts, mit einer Reaktionswarme von rund 2,3 ev. Die Benutzung der zur Zeit besten theoretisch...

Published
1967
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