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Au xixe siècle, pour protéger la propriété privée, le législateur doit parfois se méfier du propriétaire, lorsqu’il est malhonnête. Face à la recrudescence de certains crimes financiers, escroqueries et autres fraudes, la politique législative oscille entre une répression rigoureuse, se voulant dissuasive mais jugée excessive, et une détermination des peines plus souples, afin de faire en sorte que le droit pénal soit plus efficace. Le législateur s’emploie surtout à cerner les contours des figures criminelles qui se développent à la faveur des mutations économiques et sociales du siècle. Parmi elles, deux attirent son attention : l’escroc à l’assurance, propriétaire qui incendie son propre bien pour arnaquer son assureur, et le banqueroutier frauduleux, qui fait un profit indu d’une mauvaise gestion. En s’efforçant de les saisir, il essaie, avec plus ou moins de succès, de répondre au besoin de la société d’identifier et de punir avec justesse les arnaques criminelles.

Fire accidents and burns are one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. This study was conducted with the aim of studying the etiology of fire accidents as well as investigating the fire safety standards of both homes and equipment in Iran. Samples included patients with flame burns who consented to answer the questions. Questions covered five areas: patient demographics, epidemiological characteristics of burns, the fire safety status of the home, the fire safety status of the equipment, and the mechanism of the accident. In this study, the mean extent of the burns was 18.07 ± 14.29% of body surface area and was significantly related to the age grouping of the patients. The highest total body surface area (TBSA) was observed in patients between 19 to 39 years. The most common cause of flame injuries was gas explosions (36.81%). The interviews revealed that most of the houses were not equipped with smoke detectors or fire extinguishers. The extent of burns was significantly higher in patients living in unequipped homes (P = 0.047). Cooking equipment was often involved in the accidents (38.1%). Considering the low home fire safety and the role of equipment misuse and damaged equipment use in the occurrence of accidents, it seems that installing fire alarms and firefighting equipment, proper training on how to work with and maintain the equipment, using cooking and heating equipment correctly along with discontinuing use if damaged would all be effective and are highly suggestive to reduce fire injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue TED: Territoires, Environnement et Développement is the property of Universite Ibn Tofail and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Firefighters are often exposed to high temperatures and by-products of combustion, which can affect their health. In this study, we assessed the impact of acute exposure of firefighters in fire simulators. Twenty male firefighters were exposed to fire simulators, and observed in four phases: pre-exposure (group 0, control) and after the end of the first (group 1), second (group 2), and fourth (group 3) weeks of training. Blood samples were collected and dosed to evaluate the response of the immune, inflammatory (C-reactive protein, IL6, and IL10), and endocrine systems (cortisone, total testosterone, free testosterone, SHBG, bioavailable testosterone, TSH, and free T4). In groups 0, 1, and 3, a thermographic evaluation was also carried out to study the temperature and body heat flow of the participants. Regarding the inflammatory process, an increase in C-reactive protein and a reduction in IL-10 were observed. With respect to hormonal markers, an increase in cortisol and reduced levels of free T4 and bioavailable testosterone were found after exposure, with recovery of testosterone levels in the final week of training. Thermoregulatory adaptation of the organism has been associated with changes in heat flow in the organism in people subjected to extreme temperatures, with emphasis on the performance of the lower limbs. Our findings demonstrate an inflammatory response with hormonal changes after exposure to fire and an adaptive response of thermal balance, which could aid understanding of the physiology of the human body in extreme situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans ce papier, une modélisation 1D instationnaire est utilisée pour la caractérisation d’une tenue de protection pour sapeur pompier, sujette à des transferts conductifs-radiatifs. Des conditions aux limites de type convection-rayonnement sont adoptées pour la face exposée à l’air externe, mais aussi pour le coté peau-organisme. La tenue de protection est modélisée comme un milieu solide comportant trois couches de tissus, séparées par des lames d’air. Une analyse paramétrique est conduite afin d’évaluer les effets de variation des propriétés conductives et radiatives des tissus, sur le niveau de température en première couche de peau. Les calculs sont entrepris en formulation éléments finis par le biais du solveur COMSOL Multiphysics® . Les résultats obtenus sont confrontés à des calculs stationnaires 2D, et comparés à des simulations instationnaires, basées sur la méthode des volumes finis. Une diminution relative de 50% de l’absorptivité de la peau traduisant un port de tricot fin, permet de ramener la température en première couche de peau à une valeur tolérable.

Psychiatric hospitals and centers have more complex conditions than other hospitals in responding to emergencies, given the differences in the design of their buildings and in non-structural elements. This is a qualitative study aimed at reviewing and investigating the experiences and challenges faced by psychiatric hospital staff in response to different fire incidents. A phenomenological approach was employed to conduct the study, believing that human experiences and beliefs are substances in phenomena and can be understood and examined. The contents of interviews and focus group discussion (FGD) sessions were extracted and classified into five categories, 14 themes, and 49 sub-categories. Many psychiatric hospitals in Iran are not ready to respond properly to incidents like fires. The study revealed that in order to ensure appropriate management of incidents and disasters in the hospitals, it is necessary to focus on five areas called the 5s framework, which includes structures, staff, supplies (facilities, equipment etc.), sick persons and systems. This framework is proposed to enhance preparedness, reduce vulnerability, and provoke an effective response to incidents in psychiatric hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire safety has become a major issue of public concern in the ready-made garments (RMG) sector, encouraging the Government of Bangladesh and the garment industry to step forward to rebuild consumer confidence. This thesis gathered information on the cost-effectiveness of the protection systems from several garment factories in Bangladesh. A four-step methodology was used in an attempt to adopt a systemic approach to constructing a fire safety management system (FSMS) for an offshore platform which, although the approach is general nowadays, has been applied to the case of the RMG industry. Significant changes have been made in fire safety management in the ready-made garment factories over the past few years. However, fire safety still tends to be analyzed in isolation through all fire loss that affects the garment industry. Fire loss may be seen as a set of 'systematic' failures, not as a result of only one reason. This study proposes an FSMS for the ready-made garment industry. It is hoped that this approach will lead not only to more effective management of fire safety, but also to the more effective management of safety, health and the environment for any organization. This study discussed the problems encountered by the management, and proposed a way to quantitatively evaluate fire risk and identify the cost-effectiveness of undertaking fire safety measures for the RMG sector of Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burns in neonates is a unique pathology that poses management challenges, as, besides treating the burn injury, the medical team needs to be familiar with the unique physiology of the newborn. This study aimed to review our center's experience with the management of neonatal burns. A 7-year retrospective study of neonatal burns managed at a tertiary national referral unit in Bucharest, Romania, was performed. Patients were divided into two groups, preterm and term, based on gestational age. Collected data included demographics, treatment, complications and follow-up. Our center managed 13 neonates with burns (5 term and 8 preterm), with a mean age at injury of 8.6 days. All neonatal burns were thermal injuries. For preterm babies, all burns were iatrogenic, consisting of victims of a fire in a Maternity Hospital, while for the term group only one was iatrogenic. Burns were more extensive in the premature group (65% vs. 20% mean TBSA, p=0.0001). All premature patients had associated inhalation injuries. Surgical treatment was indicated for two term patients. Survival rate was 77% and was negatively influenced by inhalation injury, burn shock and TBSA >50%. In conclusion, the majority of hospitalized neonatal burns in Romania were the result of a fire disaster secondary to an infrastructure deficiency. Their management is complex, posing specific challenges, and needs to be led by a multidisciplinary team that can ensure an individualized continuum of acute burn care and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire disasters are one of the most common technological disasters in Iran. These disasters have killed many people and resulted in significant economic loss. The "Plasco" building fire in 2017 is one example of these catastrophic disasters, when most of Iran was affected by its tragic news. Regarding the increasing number of risk factors for fire disasters, we aimed to study future scenarios for such disasters in the country. The present study is a futuristic study with an exploratory approach that uses an intuitive logic scenario development approach. We used document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and the Delphi technique to identify driving forces and develop scenario stories, and finally those scenario stories were validated. In the document analysis phase, 22 documents were identified and analysed. After collecting information related to documents and analysing ten interviews, 41 of the driving forces were identified. By drawing the scenario matrix, four alternative scenarios for the future of fire disasters were developed. Two dimensions for scenario development were the correct application of fire prevention laws and access to driving technologies. Policymakers can concentrate on these key factors for best planning in the mitigation of fire disasters. In addition, studying scenarios can help managers and officials to better develop strategic plans for disaster risk reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Cet article expose, à travers l'exemple des travaux scientifiques menés dans le cadre de la gestion de l'incendie de l'usine Lubrizol (Rouen) en septembre 2019, les enjeux associés à la modélisation de la dispersion des panaches de fumées générés par les accidents industriels de grande ampleur. Selon la nature des composés chimiques transportés par ces panaches, les conséquences en termes d'impacts environnementaux et sanitaires sont plus ou moins importantes et diffèrent dans l'espace et dans le temps. Nous proposons une classification des questionnements suscités par la gestion d'une situation d'urgence environnementale (phases accidentelle et post-accidentelle) et une revue des outils de simulation numériques mobilisables pour y répondre. La valeur ajoutée de ces modèles et leurs limites sont discutées. Le cas de l'incendie de Rouen en septembre 2019 est particulièrement instructif à ce titre puisque les différentes approches ont été mises en œuvre et questionnées par l'Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (Ineris), qui fut mobilisé auprès des pouvoirs publics pendant toute la crise. Il a permis de mettre en exergue la maturité des modèles et leurs incertitudes pour simuler des conditions réelles, en particulier celles liées au terme source. De fait, leur mise en œuvre en situation d'urgence se justifie avant tout par une logique de surveillance des impacts plutôt que d'évaluation de risques. This article uses the example of the scientific study of the management of the fire in the Lubrizol plant (Rouen) in September 2019, to examine the issues associated with dispersion modeling of large-scale industrial smoke plumes. Its environmental and health consequences depend on the nature of the chemical compounds transported by these plumes and vary in space and time. A classification of the questions raised by environmental emergencies (accident and post-accident phases) and a review of simulation tools that can be used to respond to them are proposed. The added value of such models and their limitations are discussed. The case of the Rouen fire in September 2019 is particularly instructive in this regard since the different approaches have been implemented and analyzed by Ineris, the French national institute for industrial environment and risks, which supported public authorities during the crisis. The article highlights the maturity of the models, and their inconsistencies when used in real-life conditions, in particular, those related to the source term. In fact, their implementation in emergency situations is more appropriate for monitoring impacts than for risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Dès le lendemain de l'incendie survenu sur les sites des entreprises Lubrizol et NL Logistique à Rouen, Santé publique France (SpF) a réfléchi à un dispositif d'études visant à évaluer de manière globale l'impact sanitaire de l'incendie industriel, pour la population générale ou la population des travailleurs exposés. Ce dispositif a été déployé suite à une saisine du ministère de la Santé en date du 8 octobre 2019 et permet d'appréhender les impacts sanitaires de l'accident industriel pour la population riveraine et les travailleurs exposés, en prenant en compte l'ensemble des expositions des populations exposées, la santé mentale et la qualité de vie. Plus particulièrement, il comprend une enquête transversale sur la santé perçue réalisée sur un échantillon représentatif de la population exposée et un suivi épidémiologique longitudinal de l'état de santé de la population exposée. Le dispositif inclut également une réflexion relative à la meilleure stratégie de surveillance épidémiologique possible pour les professionnels exposés. Enfin, une réflexion sur la pertinence et la faisabilité de mener une enquête de biosurveillance afin d'identifier les éventuelles surexpositions humaines aux composés émis par l'incendie a été conduite. The French public health agency developed and implemented a project to assess the overall health impact of a major industrial fire at a chemical plant. The aim was to describe all of the fire's health impacts on the general population and exposed workers, including those affecting their mental health and quality of life. The project includes a cross-sectional survey on perceived health based on a representative sample of the exposed population and a longitudinal follow-up of the exposed population's health status. It also includes an epidemiological surveillance strategy for exposed workers and a study of the relevance and feasibility of conducting a biomonitoring survey to identify possible human overexposure to the compounds emitted during the factory fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Suite à l'incendie industriel survenu à Rouen le 26 septembre 2019, une surveillance des impacts sanitaires à court terme a été mise en place pendant un mois afin de détecter d'éventuelles augmentations des recours aux soins d'urgence pour des pathologies cibles et de décrire les événements de santé aigus pouvant être associés à l'incendie ou à ses odeurs. Elle a reposé principalement sur les données de recours aux soins d'urgence, les appels aux centres antipoison et de toxicovigilance, et les signalements de symptômes en lien avec des odeurs aux associations agréées de surveillance de la qualité de l'air (AASQA). Ce dispositif a permis d'identifier des recours faibles et sans gravité pour des effets essentiellement de type irritatif touchant l'appareil respiratoire et ORL, et digestif. Une étude de santé perçue menée en 2020 permettra de compléter ces informations en recueillant les symptômes ressentis par la population au moment de l'incendie et dans les mois qui ont suivi. After the industrial fire in Rouen on September 26, health impacts were monitored for one month to detect any increased recourse to emergency care and to describe acute symptoms potentially associated with the fire or its odors. The assessment was based mainly on data from emergency departments and the French poison control and toxicovigilance centers, and on odor-related symptoms reported to local air quality monitoring networks. The symptoms described involved essentially respiratory and gastrointestinal irritation, not requiring substantial recourse to emergency care. These results will later be supplemented by a study assessing the short- and medium-term perceived health impacts of the fire on physical and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Une approche participative a été promue par Santé publique France pour étudier la santé des populations exposées à l'incendie des usines Lubrizol et NL Logistique en septembre 2019. Elle vise à partir des questions que se posent les parties prenantes et à les associer à la construction de l'enquête et à l'analyse des résultats. Dans cet article, la personne en charge de la coordination de cette approche présente les critères à partir desquels le rôle des parties prenantes s'est élaboré, ainsi que sa façon d'appréhender la participation. The French Public Health Agency promoted a participatory approach to study the health of populations exposed to the fire in the Lubrizol and NL Logistique plants in September 2019. Based on the preoccupations of stakeholders, it involves them in the construction of the survey and the analysis of the results. In this paper, the coordinator of this approach presents the criteria used to define the role of the stakeholders and his approach to participation as a process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: La réalisation d'une étude de santé perçue fait partie du dispositif de réponse épidémiologique à l'incendie industriel survenu à Rouen en septembre 2019. Cette enquête transversale en population, intitulée « Une étude à l'écoute de votre santé », a pour objectif d'évaluer l'impact sanitaire à court et à moyen termes de l'accident, dans sa dimension physique et mentale. Le présent article décrit la méthode d'enquête. La zone exposée à l'accident, qui couvre 122 communes et regroupe environ 350 000 habitants, a été divisée en quatre strates. Le Havre et sa périphérie nord ont été définis comme zone témoin. Un sondage stratifié aléatoire simple a été réalisé pour constituer un échantillon représentatif de la population des deux zones. Les données ont été collectées par un questionnaire structuré. Sa première partie est principalement destinée à décrire les expositions et les symptômes ressentis lors de l'incendie et dans ses suites. La seconde partie porte sur la période au moment de la collecte des données, un an après l'accident. Elle intègre un instrument normalisé de mesure de la santé globale, le MOS SF-12 (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey). Un questionnaire additionnel a été administré dans un deuxième temps d'enquête pour évaluer l'impact de l'événement sur l'anxiété, la dépression et les symptômes de stress post-traumatique. L'analyse des données permettra de décrire les expositions à l'accident, les symptômes rapportés par la population et les recours aux soins qu'ils ont motivés, et d'estimer leur prévalence en population. Des modèles de régression multivariés seront développés pour quantifier, si elle existe, la relation entre les expositions environnementales perçues et, d'une part, les symptômes post-accidentels, et, d'autre part, la santé physique et mentale un an après l'accident. A perceived health study is part of the epidemiologic response to the industrial fire that occurred in Rouen (France) in September 2019. This cross-sectional population survey, entitled "A study that listens to your health", aims to assess the short and medium-term impact of the accident on both physical and mental health. The exposed area, encompassing 122 municipalities with a total of 350,000 inhabitants, was divided into four strata. Le Havre and its northern periphery were designated a control zone. A simple stratified random drawing was carried out to constitute a representative sample from the population of the two zones. Data collection used a structured questionnaire whose first section was mainly intended to describe the exposures and symptoms experienced during the fire and its aftermath. The second section covered the data collection period, one year after the event. It incorporated a standardized instrument for measuring global health: the MOS SF-12 (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey). An additional questionnaire was administered at a later stage of investigation to assess the impact of the industrial fire on anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Data analysis will make it possible to describe the exposure to the accident, the symptoms reported by the population and any medical treatment sought, and thus to estimate their prevalence in the population. Multivariate regression models will be developed to quantify any relation between perceived environmental exposures and, on the one hand, post-accident symptoms, and on the other, perceived health one year after the accident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Le 26 septembre 2019 avait lieu un incendie spectaculaire à Rouen, sur les sites des entreprises Lubrizol et NL Logistique. Le suivi environnemental et sanitaire qui a été mis en place, d'une ampleur exceptionnelle par le nombre d'analyses et la surface couverte par ces études, illustre les différentes étapes qui doivent être mises en place en période de crise et la multiplicité des acteurs qu'il faut coordonner pour l'organiser et en relayer les recommandations à la population et aux professionnels. L'article montre, pour chaque échelle de temps, le suivi mis en place, son objectif, et la manière dont il a été utilisé et communiqué au public et aux professionnels. Sur le temps court, les premières analyses et les modélisations théoriques réalisées en amont dans le cadre de l'étude des dangers du site ont permis d'établir l'absence de risque de toxicité aiguë pour la population au niveau du sol. Sur le plus long terme, la qualité de nombreuses matrices a été suivie pour une très large gamme de contaminants molécules. Cet article présente plus en détail deux des études : l'interprétation de l'état des milieux, portant sur les sols et végétaux, et le suivi de la qualité de l'eau potable. Les résultats sur l'ensemble des matrices sont restés conformes aux seuils sanitaires ou, lorsqu'il n'en existait pas, au bruit de fond, sauf pour quelques points singuliers liés à un contexte local et pour le cœur de l'incendie (notamment pour le benzène). Enfin, pour ce qui concerne les sols, de nombreuses incompatibilités et vulnérabilités ont été relevées pour les paramètres plomb et parfois l'arsenic dans les végétaux, sur plus d'une centaine de communes de la Seine-Maritime et des Hauts-de-France. L'étude attribue toutefois ces résultats à des pollutions historiques, et non à l'incendie du 26 septembre 2019. Une levée de doute et une information des collectivités sur ces zones sont en cours. On September 26, 2019, a huge industrial fire occurred at the Lubrizol and NL Logistique sites in Rouen. The French authorities quickly organized and prescribed an exceptional series of environmental analyses, involving thousands of samplings and multiple substances. The program helped to make informed operational decisions, advise the population, and recommend appropriate actions to the professionals and inhabitants of the cities affected. This article shows how the different kinds of analyses were conducted from the fastest to the most detailed, to address the issues at each stage of the crisis and its consequences. In the short-term, the first analysis, combined with previous theoretical models of potential fire scenarios, showed no acute toxicity at ground level; the area of potential acute toxicity at higher altitude remained limited to a small perimeter too high and too narrow to affect the population. In the long-term, analyses were conducted in air, water, soot, soil, plant, and other agricultural samples. This article details two of these studies: one covering soils and plants, and the other drinking water. Results of all the analyses combined remained below health thresholds, or, when no such threshold existed, they remained similar to local values. Some exceptions were found, due to either local environment or close proximity to the fire (for instance, high benzene concentrations were found near the center). Finally, regarding plants, numerous incompatibilities and vulnerabilities were found in more than a hundred towns in Seine-Maritime and Hauts-de-France. The study concludes that these are linked to past pollution and do not result from the fire on September 26. This pollution is being dealt with by the French authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Le 26 septembre 2019, un incendie a détruit une partie des installations de stockage des sociétés Lubrizol et NL Logistique à Rouen (France, Normandie). Le présent article présente le dispositif de surveillance de la qualité de l'air et des odeurs déployé par Atmo Normandie au moment de l'incendie et les mois suivants, en l'adaptant à l'évolution de la situation. Les résultats de cette surveillance sont synthétiquement présentés et discutés. On September 26, 2019, a fire destroyed part of the storage facilities owned by the companies Lubrizol and NL Logistique in Rouen (Normandy, France). Atmo Normandie monitored air quality and odors at the time of the fire and in the months following it, adapting its methods as the situation evolved. This article presents and discusses the monitoring system and its findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This congress shared 3 main topics: inflammation - especially in the rehabilitation phase, fires and smoke inhalation, and flaps in sequelae. The first is reported by Valérie Chauvineau, the second by Ronan Le Floch and the third by Louise Pasquesoone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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En région méditerranéenne, les forêts sont régulièrement la proie des flammes, avec des conséquences écologiques, économiques et sociales souvent désastreuses. Les zones où l'habitat est en contact étroit avec la forêt représentent plus particulièrement un danger et deviennent une véritable préoccupation pour les gestionnaires, qui ont besoin d'outils de localisation pour agir et limiter les risques d'incendies dans ces territoires. Cet article nous présente une méthode innovante d'évaluation du risque fondée sur l’observation et la description ainsi que sur une analyse spatiale et statistique de ces zones à risque.

Dans un contexte de pression urbaine et de déprise agricole, les interfaces habitat-forêt se multiplient en France méditerranéenne et deviennent une véritable préoccupation pour la gestion des territoires et du risque d'incendie de forêt. Dans le département des Bouches-du-Rhône, les chercheurs d'Irstea ont utilisé la méthodologie de cartographie diachronique pour y mesurer le développement spatio-temporel de ces espaces afin d'aider les décideurs à cibler les priorités d'actions de prévention.

Comme dans de nombreux pays de la Méditerranée, les zones boisées en Algérie sont soumises à un risque récurrent des incendies de forêt qui est favorisée par l'extrême inflammabilité des espèces forestières méditerranéennes durant l'été. Ce travail tente de clarifier l'évolution et les causes des feux de forêt en Algérie et de donner un aperçu des efforts déployés au niveau national pour réduire le risque d'incendie de forêt. https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-7723_24_13

In the present work, an unsteady analysis is carried out for the thermal characterisation of a fire-fighter protective clothing. Coupled radiative and conduction heat transfers are considered within the clothing with a focus on the first skin layer. The protective clothing is modelled as a 1D solid medium, featuring three layers of tissues, separated by several air-gaps. A parametric analysis is performed in the aim to predict the effect of conductive and radiative tissue properties fluctuation on the first skin's layer temperature. The obtained results using the finite element software COMSOL Multiphysicsare compared with stationary 2-D calculations, and faced to unsteady simulations based on the finite volume method. A relative reduction of 50% in the absorptivity of the skin, (in the case of wearing a fine knitted fabric) makes it possible to reduce the temperature of the first skin's layer to a tolerable value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans un contexte de pression urbaine et de déprise agricole, les interfaces habitat-forêt se multiplient en France méditerranéenne et deviennent une véritable préoccupation pour la gestion des territoires et du risque d'incendie de forêt. Dans le département des Bouches-du-Rhône, les chercheurs d'Irstea ont utilisé la méthodologie de cartographie diachronique pour y mesurer le développement spatio-temporel de ces espaces afin d'aider les décideurs à cibler les priorités d'actions de prévention.

En région méditerranéenne, les forêts sont régulièrement la proie des flammes, avec des conséquences écologiques, économiques et sociales souvent désastreuses. Les zones où l'habitat est en contact étroit avec la forêt représentent plus particulièrement un danger et deviennent une véritable préoccupation pour les gestionnaires, qui ont besoin d'outils de localisation pour agir et limiter les risques d'incendies dans ces territoires. Cet article nous présente une méthode innovante d'évaluation du risque fondée sur l’observation et la description ainsi que sur une analyse spatiale et statistique de ces zones à risque.

During a judicial inquiry, the forensic doctor is frequently required to examine the hospitalized fire victim. He has to produce a certificate on the burns, defining their origin, seriousness and prognosis. The expert assessment of serious burn victims consists in an overall evaluation of functional and psychological sequelae, and can be conducted only after the long period of treatment needed for them to heal. The expert must know the forensic rules concerning the specific features of sequelae that follow a cutaneous burn injury. The forensic doctor can intervene where a body is discovered, and the aim of the autopsy is to check if burns were the cause of death. The most common lesions observed are serious thermal burns and they are frequently associated with inhalation of fumes. Often the body is carbonized to conceal a homicide therefore it is crucial that postmortem results are compared with the police investigation data. Due to modifications to the body brought about by fire and charring, a specific protocol for identification is required, especially in the event of a disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Résumé Contexte Dans la nuit du 11 au 12 janvier 2013, le grand marché de Lomé, « poumon » économique du pays, a été victime d’un incendie suivi de scènes de pillage. Les « revendeuses » ont été des témoins impuissants de cette situation. Le ministère de la Santé a décidé de dépêcher sur les lieux une équipe d’urgence médico-psychologique afin d’assurer les premiers soins et le soutien psychologique des victimes. Objectif Ce travail a pour but de décrire, à partir de cette intervention, les représentations, les attentes et les besoins psychologiques des sujets aux prises avec cet événement traumatique. Méthodologie Après avoir présenté les modalités pratiques d’intervention et de prise en charge immédiates, nous exposerons les différentes articulations du suivi psychologique. La description clinique et une analyse critique de la symptomatologie immédiate post-traumatique observée restent au centre de notre réflexion. Conclusion Des particularités culturelles importantes doivent être intégrées lors d’éventuels événements délicats et/ou traumatiques. Context During the night of 11th to 12th January 2013, the big market of Lomé, economic “lung” of the country, was the victim of a fire followed by scenes of looting. The dealers were impotent witnesses of this situation. The Ministry of Health had decided to send on the spot emergency medical and psychological team to ensure early care and psychological support to victims. Objective This study aimed to describe, from this intervention, representations, expectations and psychological needs of those who are involved directly dealing with this traumatic event. Methodology After having presented the practical methods of intervention and immediate care, we will expose the various articulations of the psychological follow-up, we shall expose(explain) the various joints(articulations) of the psychological follow-up. The clinical description and a critical analysis of the observed post-traumatic immediate symptomatology stay in the center of our reflection. Conclusion Significant cultural features should be incorporated during any sensitive events and/or traumatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pitched roof Steel frame structures are widely used as industrial buildings for practical reasons of exploitation, durability and cost efficiency. However, steel although is a ductile material, it remains vulnerable to excessive temperatures. The recent accidents which occurred in the industrial buildings of Sonatrach (Algeria), in an urban area in Algiers or in an industrial zone in Skikda, remind us of the real danger and the potential risk of fire. The recent European norms define active and passive requirements for the design of industrial buildings under fire. The objective of this work is to investigate the behaviour of portal steel frames in fire situation. A numerical analysis using FEM software ANSYS is performed using geometric and material non-linear finite strength with a variation in temperature until ultimate collapse. Several load ratio and fire scenarios are considered in order to evaluate the critical temperature and the variation of the displacements with increasing temperature. The results of the numerical modelling are compared with simplified methods of EC3-1.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the destruction of Orchies, France, which was burned by German troops during World War I on September 25, 1914. Topics discussed include the political context prior to the incident, detailed information about Germany's attack on the town, and the response of the French military.

Recent years have seen widespread success applying fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials for internal reinforcement and externally bonded strengthening of concrete structures. However, considerable reductions in mechanical and bond properties of FRP materials at elevated temperatures continue to hinder their application in buildings, where structural fire-resistance ratings are typically required. To meet currently imposed fire safety requirements, FRP materials often require supplemental fire protection insulation or thick concrete cover to maintain their temperature below an assumed (though not currently well-defined) 'critical' value during an assumed standard fire exposure. Such requirements are based on a definition of structural fire resistance that is rooted in a prescriptive framework and that fails to take advantage of the state of the art in performance-based structural design for fire safety. This paper is intended to present a summary of the state of the art in this area and also to demonstrate clear opportunities for internal FRP reinforcement and external FRP strengthening of concrete elements that may arise from taking a performance-based fire safety design approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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