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This article makes a bridge between the theory of optimal auditing and the scoring methodology in an asymmetric information setting. Our application is meant for insurance claims fraud, but it can be applied to many other activities that use the scoring approach. Fraud signals are classified based on the degree to which they reveal an increasing probability of fraud. We show that the optimal auditing strategy takes the form of a 'red flags strategy,' which consists in referring claims to a special investigative unit (SIU) when certain fraud indicators are observed. The auditing policy acts as a deterrence device, and we explain why it requires the commitment of the insurer and how it should affect the incentives of SIU staffs. The characterization of the optimal auditing strategy is robust to some degree of signal manipulation by defrauders as well as to the imperfect information of defrauders about the audit frequency. The model is calibrated with data from a large European insurance company. We show that it is possible to improve our results by separating different groups of insureds with different moral costs of fraud. Finally, our results indicate how the deterrence effect of the audit scheme can be taken into account and how it affects the optimal auditing strategy. Key words: audit; scoring; insurance fraud; red flags strategy; fraud indicators; suspicion index; moral cost of fraud; deterrence effect; signal manipulation History: Accepted by Stefan Reichelstein, accounting; received November 17, 2005. This paper was with the authors 10 months for 2 revisions. Published online in Articles in Advance September 11, 2008., 1. Introduction Auditing has been a major topic of interest in the economic and financial literature since the path-breaking articles of Townsend (1979) and Gale and Hellwig (1985). The emphasis [...]

Accounting in life insurance firms in the United Kingdom is directed at postponing profit recognition and distribution, in spite of the International Financial Reporting Standard 4 implementation. Embedded values are used by insurers not only from the UK and the Continental Europe but also in the United States. Unconventional realistic reporting's value relevance is tested.

One hundred New Zealand life insurance companies were studied using several different hypotheses to reveal factors determining the formation of audit committees. Hypotheses included form of organization; the size and leverage of the firm; assets in place; cost of monitoring; and reinsurance. Audit committees seemed to be associated with large firms with relatively high leverage and high monitoring costs.