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Primary epididymal obstructive azoospermia (OA) is the most prevalent form of OA in nonvasectomized patients and has been less studied. We aim to assess the results with microsurgical vasoepididymostomy used in the treatment of men diagnosed with primary epididymal obstructive azoospermia and to identify the factors associated with natural pregnancy occurring after microsurgical reconstruction. This prospective study included consecutive patients with epididymal OA who underwent microsurgical reconstruction in our center. Clinical and biological data were obtained every three months during follow-up. Occurrence of natural pregnancy was the primary study outcome. In total, 36 patients underwent microsurgical reconstruction. The mean age was 34±4.5 years (range 24–46 years). Median follow-up time was 15 [IQR 12–21] months. The total patency rate was 77.7% (n=28). During follow-up, 8 (22.2%) natural pregnancies occurred. The overall live birth rate was 100%. Low FSH levels (HR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.052–0.88; P=0.032) and higher total motile sperm count (TMSC) (HR: 1.001; 95% CI 1–1.001; P=0.012) were associated with a higher rate of natural pregnancy. Our data suggest that microsurgical vasoepididymostomy is an effective therapy of primary epididymal OA. Baseline lower FSH and higher TMSC were independent predictors for natural pregnancy occurrence.

In this interview we have the chance to talk with Lucas Albert Charles Derks, founder of the International Laboratory for Mental Space Research and of the Society for Mental Space Psychology and the creator of the Social Panorama approach, about the paradigm that evolved in the last 25 years, entitled Mental Space Psychology, with roots from Cognitive Linguistics, Spatial Cognition and Neuroscience. Today we shall explore the psychotherapeutic approaches which use the Mental Space Psychology, their applicability and their limitations, with a special focus on his own approach, entitled Social Panorama.

Modern cognitive science has revealed that human beings think in metaphor (Pinker, S., 2008) and analogy (Hofstadter, D.R. & Sander, E., 2013): by comparing and connecting one kind of concept to another kind of concept using the simple equation "X is like Y". This process occurs both at the conscious, rational level - for example, when we write that "Juliet is the sun" - and, much more frequently, unconsciously. Studies have found that about six metaphors a minute are used in English, with similar numbers in other languages (Gibbs, R. W., 1994). When it comes to psychotherapy, coaching and personal development, problems are often framed in terms of metaphor. For example, procrastination might be described as a "mysterious" force, holding the client back from creating the happy, fulfilled life he often dreams of Clean Language, created by the late David Grove between the 1980s and the 1990s, is a process designed to use such client metaphors as an engine for positive change. In this article, we show how it works in a typical one-on-one session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]