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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of using the critical velocity (CV) concept to prescribe two separate high-intensity interval training (HIT) exercise programs aimed at enhanci...

INTRODUCTION: Microgravity leads to a progressive loss in muscular strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity (Vo2peak). Blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise has been shown to elicit rapid gains in muscular strength and Vo2peak. Rowing exercise combined with BFR could be a supplemental countermeasure to maintain preflight muscle function and Vo2peak, especially within future space vehicles with restricted physical volume.METHODS: There were 20 men who completed 19 min of rowing exercise during CON or BFR in a randomized order. Exercise intensity for all sets was 30% of peak work load achieved during a separate incremental maximal exercise test. Kaatsu training cuffs were inflated around each leg during BFR. Muscle oxygen saturation (Smo₂) and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout exercise and rest. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle activation, using surface electromyography (sEMG), were measured during the last 30 s of each exercise set. Blood pressure (BP) and whole blood lactate ([La-]b) were measured at rest and postexercise.RESULTS: Smo₂ declined significantly in BFR during exercise and rest by 13% and 14%, respectively. HR and RPE showed significant increases during BFR (120.5 ± 5.53 vs. 128.9 ± 9.86 bts · min-1) (9.8 ± 1.85 vs. 11.8 ± 1.88 arbitrary units). No differences were observed for BP, [La-]b, and sEMG.DISCUSSION: Findings indicate exercise intensity and cuff pressure elicited acute muscular, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses. BFR rowing exercise could be advantageous as an adjunct for future exercise countermeasures where aerobic and anaerobic exercise may be performed on one device or in limited physical space.Mahoney SJ, Dicks ND, Lyman KJ, Christensen BK, Hackney KJ. Acute cardiovascular, metabolic, and muscular responses to blood flow restricted rowing exercise. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(5):440-446.

Aims: Many students resist the possibility of working with older adults, however, few prior studies have focused on undergraduate exercise science students. The purpose of this exploratory study wa...

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 3 different elastic therapeutic taping methods on the subacromial joint space in healthy adults. Methods Pre-/post-test laboratory study method was used in this study. Forty-eight healthy adults with no prior history of shoulder injury or surgery and no history of dominant shoulder pain in the past 6 months were enrolled in the study. Participants were placed into 3 groups (8 males and 8 females per group) on the basis of a consecutively assigned allocation design. A baseline measurement of the acromiohumeral distance (AHD) was taken by using diagnostic ultrasonography for every participant. On the basis of group assignment, participants were then taped according to the Kinesio Tape (Kinesio Tex Classic Tape) guidelines in one of 3 conditions: (1) taping of the supraspinatus from insertion to origin; (2) taping of the anterior and posterior deltoids from insertion to origin; and (3) a combination of both techniques. After a 5-minute wait period, the AHD was remeasured with the tape intervention in place, with each participant serving as his or her own control. Results Data analysis showed a statistically significant increase in AHD when using the taping technique over the anterior and posterior deltoids (Condition 2). The subacromial space increased in both males and females when the supraspinatus was taped from insertion to origin (Condition 1), but not at a statistically significant level. Condition 3, in which both taping techniques were used simultaneously, did not show an increase at a statistically significant level. Conclusions The application of the Kinesio Tape from insertion to muscle origin of the supraspinatus or the anterior and posterior deltoid increased the subacromial joint space.

The purpose of this original research was to survey high school coaches in four states in the Midwest region of the United States regarding their knowledge of first aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and use of an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) as well as confidence in managing/treating emergency situations. Responses to general knowledge inquiries revealed that coaches were able to accurately answer questions related to return to play, level of consciousness, external bleeding, and cardiac arrest. However, coaches were unable to correctly answer questions specific to rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) and also misidentified information related to pediatric AED use. Because sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of death and has been linked to lack of bystander intervention, the results of this project should be considered by coaches and administrators to implement certification and continuing education for high school coaches. Finally, coaches who were certified in first aid, CPR, and AED were more confident in treating an individual who required care compared with coaches not certified. Therefore, individuals who coach at all levels of sport and recreational activities should consider formal training and certification.

The greatest challenge standing in the way of effective in vivo siRNA delivery is creating a delivery vehicle that mediates a high degree of efficacy with a broad therapeutic window. Key structure-activity relationships of a poly(amide) polymer conjugate siRNA delivery platform were explored to discover the optimized polymer parameters that yield the highest activity of mRNA knockdown in the liver. At the same time, the poly(amide) backbone of the polymers allowed for the metabolism and clearance of the polymer from the body very quickly, which was established using radiolabeled polymers to demonstrate the time course of biodistribution and excretion from the body. The fast degradation and clearance of the polymers provided for very low toxicity at efficacious doses, and the therapeutic window of this poly(amide)-based siRNA delivery platform was shown to be much broader than a comparable polymer platform. The results of this work illustrate that the poly(amide) platform has a promising future in the development of a siRNA-based drug approved for human use.

Substituted indoles, carbazoles, benzothiophenes and benzofurans are important motifs in the pharmaceutical industry. Herein we report a novel, regioselective method to introduce alkyl substituents into position ortho of nitro groups by the addition of a Grignard reagent followed by subsequent oxidation with DDQ.

AimTo assess plasma zinc and copper concentration in individuals with autism and correlate these levels with symptom severity.Subjects and MethodsPlasma from 102 autistic individuals, and 18 neurotypical controls, were tested for plasma zinc and copper using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Copper and zinc levels and Cu/Zn were analyzed for possible correlation with severity of 19 symptoms.ResultsAutistic individuals had elevated plasma levels of copper and Cu/Zn and lower, but not significantly lower, plasma Zn compared to neurotypical controls. There was a correlation between Cu/Zn and expressive language, receptive language, focus attention, hyperactivity, fine motor skills, gross motor skills and Tip Toeing. There was a negative correlation between plasma zinc concentration and hyperactivity, and fine motor skills severity.DiscussionThese results suggest an association between plasma Cu/Zn and severity of symptoms associated with autism.

In narrow vein mining it is often not possible to limit stope width to the vein width when utilising blasting for rock breakage. A probabilistic benchmarking method is used to estimate benchmark stability stoping widths and benchmark average stoping width for three commonly used narrow vein longhole blast patterns. Average stoping widths for inline, staggered and dice-5 blast patterns have been estimated at 1˙3, 1˙5 and 1˙7 m respectively. Average stoping width can be used to assess planned and unplanned dilution. Additionally, a concept termed the benchmark stability stoping width has been defined and quantified for the three blasting patterns. Stability stoping widths for inline, staggered and dice-5 have been estimated at 1˙6, 2˙0 and 2˙1 m respectively. Narrow vein stopes within these limits after blasting can be regarded as stable.

Reproductive behaviours such as courting, copulation, parental care and mate guarding often entail a cost of increased predation risk, either to the individual itself or to the offspring under its care. Because of this, males of several species reduce courting effort in the presence of a predator. The degree to which reproduction is curtailed may depend upon the magnitude of potential benefits as well as the current and previous reproductive success of the male. We presented male bicolour damselfish, Stegastes partitus, with females in the presence and absence of fish and egg predators and tracked the realized fecundity of the males over the course of a spawning cycle to evaluate the degree to which courting reductions depend on the size of the female being courted, the type of predator involved and the previous and current mating success. We found that males increased courting towards larger females and that this courting was reduced in the presence of a fish or an egg predator for small females but not for large ones. We found no relationship between courting reduction and either past or current reproductive success for the fish or egg predator treatments, respectively. Our results demonstrate that male S. partitus do show context-dependent courting behaviour and seem to balance risk and reward in courting decisions.

The demographic responses of reef fish to their environment can be complex and in many cases, quite strong. Growth, mortality, longevity, and even reproductive effort have been demonstrated to vary for the same species of reef fish over scales of 100s to 1,000s of kilometers due to physiological and ecological interactions. Though few studies have explicitly documented it, this sort of habitat-mediated demography can also exist at very local scales. Here we present the results of a 2-year study of the bicolor damselfish, Stegastes partitus, in the Florida Keys, USA. We measured density and distribution, calculated key demographic rates (growth, survival, and fecundity), and characterized the environment (resident fish assemblage, substrate type and complexity, and food availability) of populations living in two adjacent but different habitats, the continuous fore reef and patchy back reef. Fish on the fore reef had an elevated growth rate and asymptotic size, increased mortality, and higher fecundity than fish on the back reef. We identified four potential causative mechanisms for these differences: food availability; competition; intraspecific density-dependent effects; and predation risk. Our data did not support an effect of either food availability or intraspecific density-dependence, but rather suggested that demographic responses are affected by both competition and predation risk.

A concept has been developed where characteristic load cycles of longwall shields can describe most of the interaction between a longwall support and the roof. A characteristic load cycle is the change in support pressure with time from setting the support against the roof to the next release and movement of the support. The concept has been validated through the back-analysis of more than 500 000 individual load cycles in five longwall panels at four mines and seven geotechnical domains. The validation process depended upon the development of new software capable of both handling the large quantity of data emanating from a modern longwall and accurately delineating load cycles. Existing software was found not to be capable of delineating load cycles to a sufficient accuracy. Load-cycle analysis can now be used quantitatively to assess the adequacy of support capacity and the appropriateness of set pressure for the conditions under which a longwall is being operated. When linked to a description of geotechnical conditions, this has allowed the development of a database for support selection for greenfield sites. For existing sites, the load-cycle characteristic concept allows for a diagnosis of strata-support problem areas, enabling changes to be made to set pressure and mining strategies to manage better, or avoid, strata control problems. With further development of the software, there is the prospect of developing a system that is able to respond to changes in strata-support interaction in real time.

Considerable physical evidence has been accumulated in support of the polarity of α-keratin fibres and is summarised here. Dielectric loss and dielectric dipole movement in dry intact fibres as they undergo thermal transition above 200 °C show α-keratin to be a polar structure. X-ray diffraction has shown that this transition corresponds to the randomisation of the organised α-helical structure resulting in the loss of polarity of the fibre. The piezoelectric properties of α-keratin can only be explained if its α-helical dipoles in the ordered structure α-keratin are synergistically aligned in the axial direction. If the α-helical units of the IFs of α-keratin fibre were in an anti-parallel conformation then dry α-keratin would show no polarity. FTIR measurements on α-keratin fibres extended in water at 21 and 95 °C explain the formation of anti-parallel β-structures when fibres are extended in steam. Contrary to in vitro experimental data there is clear evidence that native α-keratin fibres are polar structures with the α-helices aligned in a parallel conformation.

Collections of owl pellets deposited before and after a change in nearby habitats from producing wheat fields only to producing wheat fields and a patchy grass field were obtained from Columbia County, southeastern Washington. Pellets deposited before the change contained more than three times as many deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) as montane vole (Microtus montanus); pellets deposited after the change contained more than three times as many voles (M. montanus, M. longicaudus) as deer mice. The change in the ratio of deer mice to voles mirrors changes in rodent faunas in nearby areas caused by altered agricultural practices and resulting changes in vegetation. Because biologists correctly suggest the change in prey ratios could reflect variation in predation behaviours or prey availability, it is apparent that multiple lines of evidence are necessary to establish that changes in rodent faunas reflect changes in habitats. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Improvements in air quality in air polluted areas are often followed by recolonization of habitats by sensitive lichens that had died out when air quality was worse. To test the hypothesis that air quality at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore has improved such that lichens could recolonize the area, samples of a species that once grew in the park, Hypogymnia physodes , were transplanted from Door County, Wisconsin to the park and three other sites along the western shore of Lake Michigan, including one at the site of origin as a control. The lichens were sampled for 3 years and tissue concentrations of 20 chemical elements were measured. There were no significant differences between concentrations over the 3 year study duration at the control site in Door County, suggesting that transplanting itself had no impacts on tissue concentrations. All but two elements increased in concentration from north to south with the greatest increases occurring in the third year of the study. Lichens at Indiana Dunes at the end of the study had suffered severe mortality. Chromium increased the most from north to south but concentrations were not higher than maxima observed in other studies. Arsenic and sulfur, however, exceeded known toxic thresholds or maxima observed in other studies on this species. Four hypotheses are presented to explain the toxicity of elements to this species.

A breadth of previous life experience in marriage and family therapy (MFT) trainees is viewed by many theoreticians, clinicians, and supervisors as a prerequisite for practicing MFT. This study assessed the relationship of trainees' life experiences and therapeutic outcome. We predicted that trainees with more life experience would have better therapeutic outcomes during the process of training than those with less experience. Surprisingly, the results indicated that trainees with greater life experience are not generally perceived by clients as more effective. This finding challenges us to rethink our assumptions about the role of life experience in selecting trainees.

Several important cases involving land‐use regulations have reached the U.S. Supreme Court in recent years. In these cases, environmentalists argued that the regulations in question are necessary to protect environmental quality, community character, or beachfront access. Property advocates, however, argued that the regulations in question have “taken”; property, tantamount to seizures of land. Property advocates have based their arguments on the Fifth Amendment guarantee that private property cannot be seized “without just compensation.”; Today, the two sides continue to clash in courts and legislatures over interpretations of where an individual ‘s rights end and the public interest begins. The problem of balancing the public good against private interests is especially important in coastal areas, where half of the U.S. population lives. Participants in this conference plenary session addressed not only the differing views on issue of property rights versus public interests, but also offered suggestions...

Infrared difference spectroscopy was used to study how changes in the processing of Arabica coffee cherries into green beans affected the flavor of coffee brewed from roasted green beans. Paired samples of green beans, in which the drying step or fermentation/washing step in their processing was altered, were roasted and brewed in a standard manner and their ATR-FT-IR spectra obtained. Difference spectra of the 1800 to 1680 cm−1 carbonyl region of water-subtracted spectra of paired samples of these brewed coffees provided data which indicated differences in brewed coffee flavor due to changes in fermentation/washing steps and drying steps involved in the processing of coffee cherries. The role of acid, ketone, aldehyde, ester, lactone, and vinyl ester carbonyl components on the flavor of brewed coffee is proposed that is consistent with the flavors as perceived by the coffee tasters.

An anomalous hot spot, which occurs when the motion of the Leksell Gamma Unit is halted, was investigated. A series of measurements indicated that the source of this hot spot is the focusing property of the primary collimator. It was determined that this effect is unlikely to result in serious consequences to the patient, even in the event of failure of the hydraulic unit.

A substantial research project on the performance of a 600 tonne per hour Batac jig involved removing large bed samples from four locations across the bed in the first compartment. The bed was sampled as four or more layers of constant thickness. In order to arrive at estimates of the continuous variation of bulk density and concentrations of particle size and density fractions with depth in a bed, a new method of interpolation, the basis of which is developed in the first paper in this series, was applied to the data. While it was not possible to determine trends in stratification with operating conditions of the jig, the work provided insight into bed stratification. A new jig bed stratification index was devised to quantify the state of stratification of the bed. The use of the interpolation method made possible the objective estimation of stratification.

Hughes’ has proposed a method for dealing with the problems of interpolating coal washability data which eliminates many of the difficulties encountered in previously proposed procedures. In particular, the problem of the interpolating function becoming negative was solved, but the computational procedure proposed was not suited to convenient computation. Lyman modified the solution to provide a smoother interpolating function, recast the computations in a manner well-suited to fully-automatic operation, and generalised and further extended the method to deal with a more difficult problem relating to interpolation of bulk density, size distribution and density distributions as a function of bed depth in samples taken from a jig bed. These methods were implemented in a major project by the author. This paper presents the mathematical background to both applications and provides an example of their application to simple interpolation of washability information. The second paper of this pair provides examples of the more complex application of the method to data arising from sampling a jig bed in layers, and the third paper considers two-dimensional interpolation of washability data.

The first paper in this series' presented the mathematical basis and computational procedures for problems of interpolation of sizing and density data commonly encountered in coal preparation problems. Robust methods having the desirable property that the interpolations reduce exactly to the original data were developed. This work discusses the application of the method to two-dimensional interpolation of size-by-size density and ash data. The primary application of the method is in consistently recalculating washability information to some chosen set of size and density intervals, given sets of data defined on a different set of intervals. Such a problem occurs when preparing drill core or bulk sample data for washery calculations. No ‘model’ of coal properties or assumptions regarding the forms of the mass or ash distribution are involved. The method is consistent, objective and computationally robust.coal preparation, Coal, density distribution, interpolation, size distribution, washability.

Fifteen patients were treated in the Gamma Knife Unit and followed for 18 months or longer. Four patients had Cushing's disease, 4 had acromegaly, 3 had Nelson's syndrome and 3 had prolactinomas. One patient had no endocrinopathy. One of the patients with acromegaly and 2 of those with prolactinomas had been operated prior to Gamma Knife treatment. Radiological tumor localization was not an insuperable problem in this series. The effect of Gamma Knife treatment on the anterior pituitary neoplasia, as such, was consistently successful. All the tumors which received 10 Gy or more to the edge showed either a reduction in volume or at least cessation of growth. On the other hand, the effect of the treatment was less consistent in respect to the endocrinopathies. These results are discussed in respect of dose and tumor size. It is suggested that the role of the Gamma Knife in the treatment of pituitary adenomas requires further clarification, based on prospective studies.

This paper reports on the religious beliefs and traditions of Navajo American Indian elders. It reinforces the importance of religion in their everyday lives, and the commitment they have to fulfilling important roles within their culture as American Indian elders. The paper also discusses developing an appreciation of Navajo religious beliefs and particularly honesty, acceptance and understanding. Information for this paper was gleaned from poetry group sessions with older Navajo Indians who were residents of an extended care facility.

In the two step synthesis of urethane copolymers, most statements from the literature assume that all of the diisocyanate will be used up in the formation of the isocyanate-endcapped polyol. However, a computerized simulation indicated the formation of three kinds of product.

The jig in its variety of forms applied in coal preparation has been a major unit in coal washeries for one hundred years; yet the principles of jigging are still less well understood than those governing many other coal preparation unit operations. Jig control has also been viewed as an art rather than a science until recently. This review considers some of the history of jigs and the theories that have been advanced to explain their operation. Special emphasis is placed on discussion of the means of control of jigs, starting from the traditional means and working towards the novel methods that have been proposed recently. It is clear that our understanding of jigs and the means by which they will be controlled in the future will benefit from our rapidly increasing engineering computational power and will make much fuller use of microprocessor control and modern instrumentation.

Seven signals were accurately measured and data logged in exhaustive experiments using a highly instrumented and controlled pilot scale Baum jig. These signals provide a basis for understanding the effect of the operating parameters on the air and water behaviour in the jigging process. The measurements include the air pressure, water pressures and displacement, the hutch water flowrate. A Fourier decomposition method was applied to remove signal noise and smooth the signals. Water velocities and accelerations are calculated from the smoothed displacement data. The frequency of pulsation, air pressure in the accumulator and inlet period of the air cycle play significant roles in determining the air and water behaviour in the jigging process. The bed thickness. expansion period of the air cycle, hutch water flowrate and the rate of opening of the inlet valve are less important. The characteristics of four typical air cycles, namely, the conventional Baum jig cycle. Mayer cycle. Jeffrey/Bird cycle ...

The structure of human hair was studied by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy. The use of Ge, ZnSe, and Si internal reflection elements, various incident light angles, and difference spectra allowed detailed analysis of the cuticle, cortex, and cuticle–cortex intercellular regions without physically or mechanically removing the cuticle of the hair fiber. The ATR-FT-IR data showed the cuticle to be composed of protein having predominately beta-sheet and disorder and beta-turn configurations. In contrast, the cortex spectra showed alpha-helical structures due to the presence of intermediate filaments of alpha keratin plus beta-sheet, beta-turn and disorder structures. In the cuticle–cortex interface region the protein structures were primarily disorder and beta-turn with small amounts of beta-sheet configurations. The spectral analyses are consistent with the general information on hair fiber structure proposed in the literature.

This study examined memory for common odors and odors names that were encoded with visual, verbal, and olfactory elaboration.

The clinical use of polymeric materials in the body to repair and restore damaged or diseased tissues and organs is substantially increasing on an annual basis. Concomitant with this use is an increase in materials related research on medically used polymers. Information on the historical and current clinical use of polymeric materials is provided in order to establish a basis for the philosophy and problems encountered in assessing the acceptability of various polymers in the biological system. The requisite properties which must be demonstrated by a polymer in contact with the body are discussed from two viewpoints, i.e., the effects of the material on the stability of the host and the effects of the host on the stability of the material. In addition, the effects of synthesis, processing, storage, sterilization, implantation, and possible degradation of polymers are discussed, poly(ethylene terephthalate) being used as an example.

Stereotactic irradiation appears to be effective in causing partial or complete thrombosis of AVM that are not surgically resectable. Use of heavy particles generated in a cyclotron allows better spatial definition and dose distribution than do other methods, allowing larger AVM to be treated [1–3]. From these preliminary results, it is evident that heavy-partiele irradiation therapy, like proton beam therapy, does not offer protection from recurrent hemorrhage for at least 12 months, nor is it devoid of major complications; it does offer a noninvasive mode of therapy for AVM that are difficult to treat surgically, however.

To carry out washery optimization calculations in a digital computer, both the raw coal feed characteristics and separator efficiency performance must be reduced to a form that is both accurate and easv to translate into code. A systematic analysis has been made of mathematical representation for partition curves and separation characteristics for froth flotation machines. A number of representations of the partition curves have been found to be useful. The programs developed accept conventional partition data or modelled partition curve parameters. Flotation performance is specified according to a two-rate constant kinetic model. Feed coal characteristics used are typical for coal preparations plants in China. Optimization of the process is carried out by maximization of yield, and three programs have been developed for the purpose. The programs can deal with any one of seven plant flowsheets commonly used in China. One program can be applied to determine the optimal ash content of clean coal for either each category of separator or each coal feed group. The other two programs are very useful to determine the optimal cut points of separators being installed in a plant. The computing techniques applied in both the programs are the Rosenbrock pattern search and the so-called “Replacement Method”. The cubic spline interpolation techniques have been applied in a number of calculations with success. All the programs have been proved to be effective and convenient tools for the design and operation of coal preparation plants.

Models which have been presented in the literature consider only selected aspects of dense medium cyclone operation, are empirical in nature and generally relate only to severely limited ranges of operating parameters. This paper reports progress towards development of a more comprehensive and robust model. The data base consists of partitioning parameters developed using density tracers and conventional coal sampling and analysis techniques, together with recordings of parameters such as cyclone dimensions, feed pressure, medium size distribution and product media densities. These data were drawn from 15 Australian coal preparation plants. To eludicate the effects of important operating parameters on medium behaviour and on the partitioning of large particles a series of pilot scale tests were also conducted. The present model consists of eight sub-models which relate to particular aspects of dense medium cyclone operation such as medium flowrates and densities, or size-by-size separation densit...

The density tracer technique has for some years been utilised for determination of the separation efficiencies of density separators in the diamond and iron ore industries. At the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC), the technique has been adapted for studies of coal separation, and refined to a point where a Tromp or partition curve for a dense medium cyclone module can be determined quickly and accurately. Test programs using 33 mm tracers in seven Australian coal washeries are reported, and the effects of selected operating variables on separator performances are examined. The density tracer technique is shown to have substantial potential in improvement of day to day washery operation and the detection of unusual operating conditions, and in coal preparation research.

A four-parameter corresponding states method with the critical temperature, the critical pressure, the radius of gyration, and a fourth parameter developed from the Frost-Kalkwarf vapor pressure equation has been applied to the correlation of liquid heat capacities. An equation has been developed to predict the temperature dependence of the saturated liquid heat capacities of both normal and polar fluids over the liquid range from a reduced temperature of 0.35 to 0.96. The accuracy of the predictions obtained is superior to that of the presently available generalized correlation for polar liquids. The new correlation may be easily adopted for computer use.