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In this study we monitored antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from different animals gastrointestinal tracts (GIT). We isolated Enterobacteriaceae from chicken, ducks, lambs, pigs, sheeps, cows and rabbits collected from slovakian farms. Enterobacteriaceae strains were cultivated on MacConkey agar at 35° ± 2°C at 24 hours. Pure cultures of Enterobacteriaceae strains were obtained by four-way streak method on Chromogenic coliform agar. Identification of purified Enterobacteriaceae strains was done by Enterotest 24 and MALDI TOF MS. For susceptibility testing disk diffusion method was used according by EUCAST. We determined the most resistance in Enterobacteriaceae strains against streptomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, piperecillin, levofloxacine, chloramphenicol and smaller level of resistance against amikacin, ceftriaxone and ofloxacine. Equally we detected resistance to more antibiotics in one strain. The most resistance was Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium. Also E. coli was resistance against four antibiotics and Raoultella ornithinolytica too. Antibiotic resistance was found in other isolated strains too.

Aim of this study was researched antibacterial activity of habanero chili sauces against selected pathogenic bacteria, as Escherichia coli, Bacillus thuringiensis, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium. Antibacterial activity of chili sauces was determined by two-fold broth microdilution methods in 96 well plates. Determination of microbial density before and after experiment was measured by ELISA reader and measured values were counted out. Absorbance differences which were greater than 0.05, it were considered as bacterial growth. The best antibacterial activity of chili sauce had against Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium (33 %) and Yersinia enterocolitica(16.65 %). Other concentration has weaker inhibition effect to growth of bacteria. Also chili sauces have weaker antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and Bacillus thuringiensis. This experiment confirms that habanero chili sauces have antibacterial activity and it showed the next possibilities to study of antimicrobial activity of habanero chili sauces.

The aim of the present work was monitoring chicken thighs microbiological quality after treatment by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), coriander (Coriandri aetheroleum) and spearmint (Menthae spicata aetheroleum) essential oil, stored under vacuum packaging, at 4±0.5°C for a period of 16 days. The following treatments of chicken thighs were used: Air-packaging control samples, control vacuum-packaging samples, vacuum-packaging with EDTA solution 1.50% w/w, control samples, vacuum-packaging with Menthae crispae aetheroleum essential oil at concentrations 0.2% v/w and vacuum-packaging with Coriandri aetheroleum essential oil at concentration 0.2% v/w. The quality assessment of all samples was established by microbiological analysis. The microbiological parameters as the total viable count, Enterobacteraceae genera counts, lactic acid bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. were detected. The results of this present study suggest the possibility of application the essential oil of Coriandri aetheroleum and Menthae spicata aetheroleum as natural food preservatives and potential sources of antimicrobial ingredients for food industry

Medicinal plants are traditionally used for the treatment in human medicine. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of four plant species (Achillea millefolium L., Agrimonia eupatoria, Melissa officinalis and Tilia platyphyllos) applied in the traditional medicine in Slovakia were tested. Extracts of certain parts of these plants were tested in vitro against six bacterial species (Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus hilgardii and Serratia rubidea) strains using the disc diffusion method and microbroth dilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for the extracts against all the microorganisms were determined by serial dilutions. All the extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and partially against Gram-negative bacteria.

Overall, chemical and microbiological analyses are very important for the quality of wine during and after winemaking process. One of the most important factors during wine storage is the temperature of storage. The aim of our study we used two different wines, specifically Cabernet Sauvignon and Blaufränkisch and chemically and microbiologically analysed these wines during storage at different temperatures. These wines were bottled in 2011 and 2013. We stored these samples at different temperatures. The first four samples were stored at 6-8°C in refrigerator, and the next four were stored at 20-25°C in room temperature. We had together eight wine samples. We had determined in all wine samples sequentially the free and total sulphur dioxide content, ethyl-alcohol content, extract, residual sugars, total and volatile acids. Microbiological parameters were observed during wine storing after filtration through different micro filters. We determined the total count of bacteria (TCB), Acetobacter cells, Lactobacillus cells, yeast and moulds in wine samples with classic plate dilution method. The highest quality wines from microbiological properties were wines from 2013, which was filtered through micro filter and aseptically filled into the bottles, but wines from 2011 was filtered through cross-flow filter and samples directly collected from the storage tanks without microfiltration.

Wine is a beverage made from grape berries. However, without the help of beneficial microorganisms, fermentation and producing of good wine is not possible. But very often wines contain acetic acid bacteria, which are undesirable in winemaking process. Acetic acid bacteria as known as a vinegar bacteria are Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and ubiquitous bacteria. This study was focused on species of acetic acid bacteria, specifically Acetobacter aceti that make spoilage in wine. The aim of our study was the identification of Acetobacter aceti in spoiled red wine samples, with plate dilution method on agar plates and using sensitive Real Time PCR method. We used five different red wine samples for this experiment: Alibernet 2013, Blaufränkisch 2013, Cabernet Sauvignon 2013, Dunaj 2012 and Saint-Laurent 2012. Next we extracted DNA from wine samples and from pure Acetobacter aceti CCM 3620T strain. Susceptibility of Acetobacter aceti was varied in different isolates from 102 to 107 CFU.mL-1. The number of Acetobacter cells on GYC medium ranged from 4.05 to 4.83 log CFU.mL-1 in different wine samples. The higher number of Acetobacter cells (4.83 log CFU.mL-1) was found in Cabernet Sauvignon 2013 wine.

In this paper the antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extracts obtained from Ganoderma lucidum and Trametes versicolor were investigated. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermis, E. raffinosus, S. cerevisiae and C. albicans were determined by the microbroth dillution method according by EUCAST in 96-well microplates. Microorganisms were obtained from Czech Collection of Microorganisms. Absorbances after and before the experiment were subtracted, converted to binary system and obtained values to Probit analysis were used. Of the two macromycetes extracts tested, not all extracts showed antimicrobial activity in tested MICs range. The highest antimicrobial activity showed the both extracts to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The less antimicrobial effects had the both macromycetes extracts to Staphylococcus epidermis. Antimicrobial activity of macromycetes methanolic crude extracts to others tested microorganisms showed no effect or used concentration could be higher.

The aim of this study was to determine biological activity of plants with adaptogenic effect: Panax ginseng Mayer., Withania somnifera L., Eleuterococcus senticosus Rupr. et Maxim., Astragallus membranaceus Fisch. and Codonopsis pilosulae Franch. The antioxidant activity was detected by DPPH and phosphomolybdenum method, total polyphenol content with Folin – Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids content by aluminium chloride method. The detection of antimicrobial activity was carried out by disc diffusion method against three species of Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli CCM 3988, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica CCM 3807, Yersinia enterocolitica CCM 5671 and two Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus thuringiensis CCM 19, Stapylococcus aureus subsp. aureus CCM 2461. Results showed that plants with adaptogenic effect are rich for biologically active substances. The highest antioxidant activity by DPPH method was determined in the sample of Eleuterococcus senticosus (3.15 mg TEAC – Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity per g of sample) and by phosphomolybdenum method in the sample of Codonopsis pilosulae (188.79 mg TEAC per g of sample). In the sample of Panax ginseng was measured the highest content of total polyphenols (8.10 mg GAE – galic acid equivalent per g of sample) and flavonoids (3.41 μg QE – quercetin equivalent per g of sample). All samples also showed strong antimicrobial activity with the best results in Panax ginseng and Withania somnifera in particular for species Yersinia enterocolitica CCM 5671 and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica CCM 3807. The analyzed species of plant with high value of biological activity can be used more in the future, not only in food, but also in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

Antibiotic resistance of bacteria is very big problem in clinical and veterinary medicine in recent year. This problem is increasing by the exposure of bacteria against antibiotics. The most spread of resistance is resistance against penicillins antibiotics. Ampicillin is common use antibiotic in the both medicine. Therefore, detection of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance are very important for prevention of spread of antibiotics in the environment and resistant bacteria too. Therefore the aim of this study was detection of ampicillin, its sodium salts and alkaline hydrolysis products by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. For detection of pure ampicillin, its sodium salts and alkaline hydrolysed products MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix Assisted Light Desorption Ionization – Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry) Microflex LT in positive ion mode was used. Determined mass spectra were observed by FlexAnalysis software. The mass spectra and molecular weight of ampicillin, its sodium salts and hydrolysed products were compared with theoretical molecular weight of these compounds. The results showed that it is possible to detect ampicillin, its sodium salts and hydrolyzed products by MALDI-TOF MS in positive ion mode with some correction in analytical software. This knowledge is resulting that MALDI-TOF MS detection method can be useful for detection of ampicillin from different kind of environment samples and it is possible to detect ampicillin resistance mechanism (enzymatic destruction) indirectly, because resistance against penicillins is enzymatic hydrolysis of beta-lactam core. Also the most important issue is that method is very quickly and cheap.

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of chicken’s thighs meat after application of Thymus serpyllum and Ocimum basilicum essential oils with combination of vacuum packaging and EDTA treatment. The microbiological quality of control samples without vacuum packaging, vacuum packed with and without EDTA treatment, vacuum packed and treated with EDTA and samples treated with the essential oils of basil and breckland thyme were followed for 16 days. Microbiological analyses were conducted with standard microbiological methods. For anaerobic plate count, PCA agar was inoculated and incubated for 2 days at 35°C anaerobically. Pseudomonas spp. count was determined on Pseudomonas Isolation agar after incubation at 48 h at 25°C. For lactic acid bacteria (LAB), MRS agar was inoculated and incubated for 48-78 h at 37°C microaerophilly. For Enterobacteriaceae, VRBG agar was inoculated and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Anaerobic plate count ranged from 2.89 log CFU/g in all tested group on 0 day to 5.19 log CFU/g on 16 day in control group stored in air. LAB count ranged from 3.01 log CFU/g in all tested group on 0 day to 4.08 log CFU/g on 16 day in control group stored in air. Enterobacteriacea counts were from 1.33 log CFU/g on 0 day to 5.11 on 16 day in control group stored in air. Pseudomonas spp. were found only in control group stored in air on 12 and 16 day. The results of the present study suggest the possibility of application of Thymus serpyllum and Ocimum basilicum essential oils as natural food preservatives and potential sources of antimicrobial ingredients for food industry.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of two selected plants: Tussilago farfara L. and Cetraria islandica L. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and phosphomolybdenum method, total polyphenol content with Folin – Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids content by aluminium chloride method. The detection of antimicrobial activity was carried out by disc diffusion method and evaluation of minimal inhibition concentration against five species of Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli CCM 3988, Klebsiella pneumoniae CCM 2318, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica CCM 3807, Shigella sonei CCM 1373, Yersinia enterocolitica CCM 5671 and five Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus thuringiensis CCM 19, Clostridium perfringens CCM 4435, Haemophilus influenzae CCM4456, Listeria monocytogenes CCM 4699, Stapylococcus aureus subsp. aureus CCM 2461. Tussilago farfara showed stronger antioxidant activity (DPPH method – 7.67 mg TEAC – Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity per g of sample; phosphomolybdenum method – 111.67 mg TEAC per g of sample), total polyphenol (11.92 mg GAE – galic acid equivalent per g of sample) and flavonid content (47.62 μg QE – quercetin equivalent per g of sample) with compare to Centraria islandica. Tussilago farfara also showed the higher antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria confirmed by both methods – disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Melissa officinalis L. and Mentha piperita L. from Lamiaceae species (The detection of antimicrobial activity was carried out by disc diffusion method and evaluation of minimal inhibition concentration against five Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli CCM 3988, Klebsiella pneumoniae CCM 2318, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica CCM 3807, Shigella sonei CCM 1373, Yersinia enterocolitica CCM 5671 and five Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus thuringiensis CCM 19, Clostridium perfringens CCM 4435, Haemophilus influenzae CCM4456, Listeria monocytogenes CCM 4699, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus CCM 2461. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging and phosphomolybdenum antioxidant methods. The content of polyphenols and flavonoids was measured by colorimetric methods. Both tested plants showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria confirmed by both methods - disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration. Additionally, both tested plants exhibited high antioxidant activity. The highest content of total polyphenol (37.37 mg GAE/g g) was identified in lemon balm, but flavonoids (33.90 µg QE/g) in peppermint.

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify yeast species in wine samples from five different countries, and determine the genera of spoilage yeasts. One hundred and thirty four (no. 134) wine samples (86 white and 48 red wine); (30 bottled, 104 tank wine) from five countries Slovakia (no. 53), Czech Republic (no. 17), Hungary (no. 6), Spain (no. 32) and Italy (no. 26) were used in this study. Yeasts were cultivated on Malt extract agar supplemented with bromocresol green. After cultivation, yeasts were identified on species level by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. We identify 10 yeasts genera from total of 285 isolates; Saccharomyces (97 isolates, 1 species), Pichia (120 isolates, 5 species), Kregervanrija (6 isolates, 1 species), Zygosaccharomyces (32 isolates, 2 species), Candida (13 isolates, 2 species), Rhodotorula (4 isolates, 1 species), Wickerhamomyces (7 isolates, 1 species) Meyerozyma (4 isolates, 1 species) and genera with only 1 isolate and species: Torulaspora, and Cyberlindnera.

In this paper the antibiotic resistance of microbial contaminations isolated from husbandry animals and foodstuffs were investigated. Microorganisms isolated from animals and foodstuffs were contaminations of selective media as MacConkey agar for Enterobacteriaceae genera and MRS agar for lactobacilli strains. Microorganisms were isolated and puryfied by agar four ways streak plate method. Identification of isolated microorganisms was done by mass-spectrometry method in MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. For investigation of antibiotic resistance disc diffusion method by EUCAST was used. In this study Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were identified. The most resistant or multi-resistant bacteria as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter lwoffi, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis were determined. Other identified microorganisms were resistant to one antibiotic or not at all.

Microbial communities on fresh-consumed plant products are an important predictor of quality and safety for the consumer. Totally, 45 samples of berry fruits (8 blackberries, 9 blueberries, 8 strawberries, 8 raspberries, 12 currants) and 40 samples of leafy vegetables (20 lettuce, 6 cornsalad, 8 rocket, 8 spinach) were analyzed using cultivation and DNA-depended methods. Total aerobic count, coliforms, and yeasts were significantly lower in fruits while counts of filamentous fungi were similar. Pantoea, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella were the most common colonies grown on VRBL agar. Salmonella was detected in single sample of cornsalad using qPCR but no sample contained Escherichia coli harboring stx1, stx2 and intimin genes. Sequencing of V4 region of bacteria 16S rRNA and ITS2 region of fungi amplified from plant tissue-extracted DNA confirmed different composition of fruit and vegetable microbiome. Pre-enrichment of bacteria in phosphate buffered water allowed deeper analysis of Enterobacteriaceae using V4–V5 region of 16S rRNA while differences among communities were described similarly. Pantoea, Klebsiella, or Staphylococcus were more frequent in berries while Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, or Sphingobacterium in leafy vegetables. Comparison of inner and outer leaves of head-forming lettuces (6 iceberg, 5 romain) showed that outer leaves are colonized by more bacteria with higher diversity. Microbiological safety of fresh production requires more attention as the potentially pathogenic bacteria were detected, particularly in leafy vegetables. However, the true pathogenicity of such bacteria needs further research.

Rapeseed is an important oil crop strongly dependent on high agrochemical inputs. Some pathogens, including Leptosphaeria maculans, cause blackleg disease and can drastically decrease yields. Microbial inoculants seem to be a promising solution to these problems. However, a selection of potent bacterial strains able to improve growth and/or suppress disease is needed. Endophytic bacteria (n = 38) isolated from rapeseed plants with exceptionally good growth were screened for plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and L. maculans antifungal activity. A majority of isolates (35) showed the ability to produce siderophores, 17 isolates solubilized phosphate, and 28 isolates inhibited the growth of L. maculans. The six most promising isolates belonging to Bacillus genera were characterized in detail and compared to two previously published PGP strains. Plant growth measured as total weight and root length of rapeseed seedlings was stimulated by all isolates in comparison to control. The best isolate, 1L6, preliminary identified as Bacillus pumilus showed the highest phosphate solubilization, IAA and HCN production, and growth promotion of plants. Isolates with high antifungal activity in screening showed good potential to suppress disease on plants, with 87% reduction of lesions caused by L. maculans. These strains are good candidates to be explored under field use either solely or in combination.

Chocolate is one of the most consumed delicacies in the world. Nowadays, raw chocolates without vanilla or allergens are getting more attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the biological activity of different types of chocolate - cold processed chocolate and chocolate made by traditional way. Total content of fat, crude fibre, polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and metylxantines - theobromine and caffeine was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was determined by a method using DPPH radical, reducing power method and phosphomolybdenum method. Both evaluated chocolates had similar content of fat and crude fibre, but sample of chocolate made by traditional way probably due to the higher content of cocoa mass had almost two times higher content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and phenolic acids as cold processed chocolate. Also the content of theobromine and caffeine was slightly higher in chocolate made by traditional way. This sample had the highest antioxidant activity - 93.68 mg TEAC.g-1 determined by phosphomolybdenum method, while in the sample of chocolate made by cold processed way was measeured value 50.82 mg TEAC.g-1. Similarly, reducing power of chocolate made by traditional way was almost two times higher, but antioxidant activity determined with DPPH method was similar in both samples (3.58 and 3.62 mg TEAC.g-1). The antioxidants and metylxantines in chocolates determine its potential to be a significant source of biologicaly active compounds with favorable effects to human health. It can be concluded in this study, that chocolate produced by conventional production technology can have more health-promoting ingredients reserved, but more extensive researches are still needed.

Quantitative microbiological analysis by dilution plating method of pollen and additional male and female catkins, leaves of Betula verrucosa Ehrh. and its two cultivars: ‘Purpurea’ and ‘Youngii’ relatively of flowering period of Betula has been realized with the aim to provide new knowledge of the microbiological quality of anemophilous pollen for processing and its further application. Qualitative microbiological analysis with MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper was used in the identification of aerobic, anaerobic mesophilic bacteria and coliforms. Mixed microbiota was determined, consisting of aerobic (4.68–4.89 log cfu/g) and anaerobic (3.30–3.48 log cfu/g) mesophilic bacteria, lactobacilli (0–3.48 log cfu/g), coliform bacteria (0–4.57 log cfu/g), fungi and yeast (3.78–3.95 log cfu/g) on the pollen grains, that indicates acceptable quality in comparison with the microbiological quality parameters for bee pollen. Pantoea agglomerans was found associated with pollen of Betula verrucosa Ehrh. Recommendations on the collection of anemophilous pollen were established.

The purpose of this study was to determine in vitro antibacterial activity of selected teas (Assam: Indian black tea from Camellia sinensis, Pu-erh: darkpu-erh (shu) from Camellia sinensis, Sencha: Japanese green tea from Camellia sinensis) against five species of pathogenic microorganisms. In our study, we determined the total viable count (TVC), number of yeasts (Y) and number of Enterobacteriaceae genera (E). Then MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper identified colonies after cultivation. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity was performed by disc diffusion method, well diffusion method and detection of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). For antibacterial activity, bacteria Escherichia coli CCM 2024, Yersinia enterocolitica CCM 5671, Klebsiella pneumonie CCM 2318, Staphylococus aureus CCM 2461 and Bacillus thurigiensis CCM19 were used. The inhibition zones were measured in mm in disc diffusion method and well diffusion method. The MIC of the individual extracts was measured spectrophotometrically. The high number of total viable count was found in Pu-erh tea (2.1 log CFU.g-1) and lowest number was found in Assam tea (0.7 log CFU.g-1). The high number of Enterobacteriacea genera was found in Pu-erh tea (2.03 log CFU.g-1) and lowest number was found in Assam tea (0 log CFU.g-1). The higher number of yeasts was found in Pu-erh tea (1.83 log CFU.g-1) and lowest number was found in Assam tea (0.3 log CFU.g-1). Mass spectrometry revealed seven Gram positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, B. mycoides, B. pumilus, Enterococcus durans, Staphylococcus epidermis, S. hominis, S. warneri, four Gram negative bacteria Acinetobacter junii, Hafnia alvei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Sphingomonas spp. and two yeast Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus albidus. The results show that certain tea extracts are particularly active against various pathogenic bacteria. Tea extracts (Sencha, Rooibos, Mate, Assam) were found to have the strongest antibacterial activity against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus CCM 2461.

The effect of caraway (CEO) and anise (AEO) essential oils as well as vacuum packaging (VP) in extending of the shelf life of fresh chicken breast meat stored at 4 °C was investigated. CEO and AEO were used at concentrations 0.2% v/w with and without VP. Microbiological properties of chicken breast meat were monitored over a 16 day period. The microbiological parameters as the anaerobic plate count (AC), Enterobacteraceae, lactic acid bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. counts were detected. The anaerobic plate counts ranged from 2.77 log cfu.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 5.45 log cfu.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. The number of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 3.20 log cfu.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 4.75 log cfu.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. Enterobacteriaceae counts ranged from 0.00 to 4.25 log cfu.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. The number of Pseudomonas spp. ranged from 0.00 log cfu.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 2.65 log cfu.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. Statistically significant differences (P≤0.001) were found among tested group in all tested microorganisms. Among the antimicrobial combination treatments were examined in the study, the as application of vacuum packaging, EDTA, and essential oils were the most effective against the growth of lactic acid bacteria and Enterobactericeae and to a less extent on anaerobic plate count. The results of this present study suggest the possibility of using the essential oil of caraway and anise as natural food preservatives and potential source of antimicrobial ingredients for chicken breast meat.

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify yeasts in different new wine "federweisser" samples. We collected the samples at the end of the August 2015 and in the middle of the September 2015. Used 15 new wine samples in this study (5 white and 10 red) were from the local Slovak winemakers. Irsai Oliver (3), Moravian Muscat (2), Agria/Turan (1), Dornfelder (3), Blue Frankish (3), Pinot Noir (1) and Saint Laurent (2). Three cultivation media were used for detection of yeasts in "federweisser" samples. Malt extract agar base (MEA), Wort agar (WA) and Wild yeast medium (WYM) were used for the cultivation of yeasts. Cultivation was performed by spread plate method. Ethanol/formic acid extraction procedure was used for preparation of samples. MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer (Microflex LT/SH) (Bruker Daltonics, Germany) was used for the identification of yeasts. We identified seven different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (23; 70%), two strains of Kloeckera apiculata [teleomorph Hanseniaspora uvarum] (7; 21%), and one strain of Pichia kluyveri (1; 3%), Pichia occidentalis [anamorph Candida sorbosa] (1; 3%) and Metschnikowia pulcherrima (1; 3%) in 15 new wine "federweisser" samples. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was dominant species in each new wine sample, and formed creamy convex colonies with circular edge. Metschnikowia pulcherrima formed convex to pulvinate, circular white-pink colored colonies, Kloeckera apiculata formed flat, circular smooth colonies with turquoise center with gray edge, Pichia occidentalis formed irregular pulvinate light-cream colored colonies, and Pichia kluyveri formed turquoise, convex, undulate and smooth colonies on Malt extract agar base with bromocresol green.

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify yeasts in different new wine "federweisser" samples. We collected the samples at the end of the August 2015 and in the middle of the September 2015. Used 15 new wine samples in this study (5 white and 10 red) were from the local Slovak winemakers. Irsai Oliver (3), Moravian Muscat (2), Agria/Turan (1), Dornfelder (3), Blue Frankish (3), Pinot Noir (1) and Saint Laurent (2). Three cultivation media were used for detection of yeasts in "federweisser" samples. Malt extract agar base (MEA), Wort agar (WA) and Wild yeast medium (WYM) were used for the cultivation of yeasts. Cultivation was performed by spread plate method. Ethanol/formic acid extraction procedure was used for preparation of samples. MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer (Microflex LT/SH) (Bruker Daltonics, Germany) was used for the identification of yeasts. We identified seven different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (23; 70%), two strains of Kloeckera apiculata [teleomorph Hanseniaspora uvarum] (7; 21%), and one strain of Pichia kluyveri (1; 3%), Pichia occidentalis [anamorph Candida sorbosa] (1; 3%) and Metschnikowia pulcherrima (1; 3%) in 15 new wine "federweisser" samples. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was dominant species in each new wine sample, and formed creamy convex colonies with circular edge. Metschnikowia pulcherrima formed convex to pulvinate, circular white-pink colored colonies, Kloeckera apiculata formed flat, circular smooth colonies with turquoise center with gray edge, Pichia occidentalis formed irregular pulvinate light-cream colored colonies, and Pichia kluyveri formed turquoise, convex, undulate and smooth colonies on Malt extract agar base with bromocresol green.

The aim of the present study was analysed the physical and chemical parameters in lump cheese and Korbáčik cheese. Sensory evaluation was performed only in Korbáčik cheese. There was compared quality of Korbáčik cheese made from lump cheese ripened one and three weeks. The statistical analysis of the moisture showed significant differences (p <0.001) among Korbáčik cheese made from raw material ripened one and three weeks. Average moisture of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened one week was 44.73% and of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened three weeks was 53.73%. The statistical analysis of the dry mater value showed significant differences (p <0.001) among the Korbáčik cheese made from raw material ripened one and three weeks. Average value of dry matter of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened one week was 55.27% and of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened three weeks was 46.27%. The statistical analysis of the fat content showed significant differences (p <0.01) among the Korbáčik cheese made from raw material ripened one and three weeks. Average fat content of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened one week was 22.67% and of the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened three weeks was 20.20%. The statistical analysis of the fat content in dry matter showed significant differences (p <0.001) among Korbáčik cheese made from raw material ripened one and three weeks. Average NaCl content in the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened one week was 3.78% and in the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened three weeks was 2.93%. The statistical analysis of MDA content showed significant differences (p <0.05) among the Korbáčik cheese made from raw material ripened one and three weeks. Average MDA content in the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened one week was 0.29 mg.kg-1 and in the Korbáčik made from cheese ripened three weeks was 0.36 mg.kg-1. Korbáčik cheese made from cheese aged 3 weeks was practically in all sensory parameters better evaluated than the Korbáčik cheese made from cheese aged one week.

The aim of the present work was monitoring of chicken quarters microbiological indicators after treatment by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil, stored under vacuum packaging, at 4 ±0.5°C for a period of 16 days. The following treatments of chicken quarters were used: Air-packaging control samples, control vacuum-packaging samples, vacuum-packaging with EDTA solution 1.50% w/w, control samples, vacuum-packaging with Lavandula angustifolia essential oil at concentrations 0.2% v/w and vacuum-packaging with Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil at concentration 0.2% v/w. The quality assessment of all samples was established by microbiological analysis. Sampling was carried out after certain time intervals: 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. Chicken quarters were stored under vacuum packaging, at 4 ±0.5°C during experiment. Microbiological analyses were conducted by using standard microbiological methods. Anaerobic plate count were determined using Plate Count Agar, after incubation for 2 days at 35°C under anaerobic condition. Pseudomonas spp. were determined on Pseudomonas Isolation agar after incubation at 48 h at 25°C. For lactic acid bacteria were inoculated into Rogosa and Sharpe agar after incubation 48-78 h at 37°C in an aerobic atmosphere supplemented with carbon dioxide (5% CO2). For members of the family Enterobacteriaceae violet red bile glucose agar were used and samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The initial APC value of chicken quarter was 3.00 log CFU.g-1 on 0 day. The number of anaerobic plate count ranged from 3.00 log CFU.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 6.11 log CFU.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. The initial LAC value of chicken quarter was 3.00 log CFU.g-1 on 0 day. The number of lactic acid bacteria ranged from 3.00 log CFU.g-1 in all tested group on 0 day to 3.58 log CFU.g-1 on 16 day in control group stored in air condition. The initial Enterobacteriacea genera value of chicken quarter was 2.00 log CFU.g-1 on 0 day. Presences of these bacteria were found on all groups at 16 days. The results of this present study suggest the possibility of application the Lavandula angustifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil as natural food preservatives and potential sources of antimicrobial ingredients for food industry.

Bee bread is product with long history used mainly in folk medicine. Nowadays, bee bread is growing in commercial interest due to its high nutritional properties. The objective of this study was to determine biological activity of ethanolic extract of bee bread obtained from selected region of Ukraine - Poltava oblast, Kirovohrad oblast, Vinnica oblast, Kyiv oblast, Dnepropetrovsk oblast. The antioxidant activity was measured with the radical scavenging assays using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical as well as phosphomolybdenum assay. Total polyphenol content was determined with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and total flavonoid content by aluminium-chloride method. Secondary was also evaluated antimicrobial activity in bee bread samples with disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentrations. Antioxidant activity expressed as mg TEAC per g of dry weight (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) was the highest in bee bread from Poltava oblast in DPPH and also phosphomolybdenum method. Samples of bee bread contained high levels of total polyphenols (12.36 - 18.24 mg GAE - gallic acid equivalent per g of dry weight) and flavonoids (13.56 - 18.24 μg QE - quercetin equivalent per g of dry weight) with the best values of bee bread from Poltava oblast. An elevated level of antioxidant potential in the bee bread determines its biological properties, which conditioned of the biological active substances. The best antibacterial activity of bee bred with disc diffusion method was found against Bacillus thuringiensis CCM 19. The antibacterial activity inhibited by the bee bread extract in the present study indicate that best minimal inhibition concentration was against bacteria Escherichia coli CCM 3988 and Salmonella enterica subs. enterica CCM 3807.

The aim of this study was to screen 15 essential oils of selected plant species, viz. Lavandula angustifolia, Carum carvi, Pinus mungo var. pulmilio, Mentha piperita, Chamomilla recutita L., Pinus sylvestris, Satureia hortensis L., Origanum vulgare L., Pimpinella anisum, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Abietis albia etheroleum, Chamomilla recutita, L. Rausch, Thymus vulgaris L., Origanum vulgare L. for antifungal activity against five Penicillium species: Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium crustosum, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium griseofulvum. The method used for screening included the disc diffusion method. The study points out the wide spectrum of antifungal activity of essential oils against Penicillium fungi. There were five essential oils of the 15 mentioned above which showed a hopeful antifungal activity: Pimpinella anisum, Chamomilla recutita L., Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare L. The most hopeful antifungal activity and killing effect against all tested penicillia was found to be Origanum vulgare L. and Pimpinella anisum. The lowest level of antifungal activity was demonstrated by the oils Pinus mungo var. pulmilio, Salvia officinalis L., Abietis albia etheroleum, Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch, Rosmarinus officinalis.

The aim of this study was to screen 15 essential oils of selected plant species, viz. [i]Lavandula angustifolia[/i], [i]Carum carvi[/i], [i]Pinus mungo var. pulmilio[/i], [i]Mentha piperita[/i], [i]Chamomilla recutita[/i] L.,[i] Pinus sylvestris[/i], [i]Satureia hortensis[/i] L., [i]Origanum vulgare[/i] L., [i]Pimpinella anisum[/i], [i]Rosmarinus officinali[/i]s L., [i]Salvia officinalis[/i] L., [i]Abietis albia etheroleum[/i], [i]Chamomilla recutita[/i] L. [i]Rausch[/i], [i]Thymus vulgaris[/i] L., [i]Origanum vulgare[/i] L. for antifungal activity against five [i]Penicillium[/i] species: [i]Penicillium brevicompactum[/i], [i]Penicillium citrinum[/i], [i]Penicillium crustosum[/i], [i]Penicillium expansum[/i] and [i]Penicillium griseofulvum[/i]. The method used for screening included the disc diffusion method. The study points out the wide spectrum of antifungal activity of essential oils against [i]Penicillium[/i] fungi. There were five essential oils of the 15 mentioned above which showed a hopeful antifungal activity: [i]Pimpinella anisum[/i], [i]Chamomilla recutita[/i] L., [i]Thymus vulgaris[/i], [i]Origanum vulgare[/i] L. The most hopeful antifungal activity and killing effect against all tested penicillia was found to be [i]Origanum vulgare[/i] L. and [i]Pimpinella anisum[/i]. The lowest level of antifungal activity was demonstrated by the oils [i]Pinus mungo var. pulmilio[/i], [i]Salvia officinalis[/i] L., [i]Abietis albia etheroleum[/i], [i]Chamomilla recutita[/i] L.[i] Rausch[/i], [i]Rosmarinus officinalis[/i].

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most toxic mycotoxins. One of the producers of AFB1 is Aspergillus flavus. Therefore, its rapid identification plays a key role in various sectors of the food and feed industry. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is one of the fastest and most accurate methods today. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop the rapid identification of producing and non-producing strains of A. flavus based on the entire mass spectrum. To accomplish the main goal a different confirmatory MALDI-TOF MS and TLC procedures such as direct AFB1 identification by scraping from TLC plates, A. flavus mycelium, nutrient media around A. flavus growth, and finally direct AFB1 identification from infected wheat and barley grains had to be conducted. In this experiment, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with various modifications was the main supporting technology. All confirmatory methods confirmed the presence of AFB1 in the samples of aflatoxin-producing strains of A. flavus and vice versa; AFB1 was not detected in the case of non-producing strains. Entire mass spectra (from 2 to 20 kDa) of aflatoxin-producing and non-producing A. flavus strains were collected, statistically analyzed and clustered. An in-depth analysis of the obtained entire mass spectra showed differences between AFB1-producing and non-producing strains of A. flavus. Statistical and cluster analysis divided AFB1-producing and non-producing strains of A. flavus into two monasteries. The results indicate that it is possible to distinguish between AFB1 producers and non-producers by comparing the entire mass spectra using MALDI-TOF MS. Finally, we demonstrated that if there are established local AFB1-producing and non-producing strains of A. flavus, the entire mass spectrum database identification of aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains can be even faster and cheaper, without the need to identify the toxin itself.

Background and Aim. Thromboembolic disease is the third most common cardiovascular disorder and deep vein thrombosis carries the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE). Questions related to reperfusion after PE remain, especially risk factors. Incomplete reperfusion after PE is closely related to the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between reperfusion after PE in the long term over a period of 24 months, laboratory results and clinical risk factors found during the initial PE event. Patients and Methods: 85 consecutive patients with a first episode of acute PE, diagnosed at 4 cardiology clinics, were followed up using clinical evaluation, scintigraphy and echocardiography (6, 12 and 24 months after the PE. 35 patients were in the low risk category (41%), 42 (49%) in the intermediate risk group and 8 (9%) in the high risk category. Results: Perfusion defects persisted in 20 patients (26%) after 6 months, in 19 patients (25%) after 12 months and in 14 patients (19%) after 24 months. The incidence was more frequent in older patients, with more serious (higher risk) PE, increased right ventricular internal diameter during the initial episode, and more significant tricuspid insufficiency in the initial echocardiography. Notably, higher hemoglobin levels were also shown as a significant risk factor. The presence of perfusion defects after 24 months correlated with a concurrent higher pulmonary pressure but not with either patient function or adverse events (recurrence of PE, re-hospitalization or bleeding). In 3 cases (4% of patients), long-term echocardiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension was detected. Conclusion: Even after 24 months from acute PE with adequate anticoagulation treatment, incomplete reperfusion was found in 19% of patients with a corresponding risk of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease and hypertension.