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La investigación debe contribuir a la formación de profesionales y no solo a requisitos de acreditación. Por ello, este estudio de tipo cuantitativo deja en evidencia, mediante el levantamiento de dos índices denominados de vigencia y DIAFORIN (Diálogo entre Formación e Investigación), el bajo nivel de impacto de la investigación dentro de sus procesos formativos (programas de estudio de las carreras de pedagogía de una universidad regional y estatal de Chile). Para la operacionalización de los índices se utilizaron 124 programas formativos, que enmarcan este estudio en un paradigma positivista, cuyo nivel de profundización es inferencial. Entre las variables que se consideraron para la construcción de los índices se encuentran el número de referencias, número de referencias en inglés, año de la referencia más reciente, número de referencias por lo menos con una persona autora de la universidad, entre otras. Los valores observados de ambos índices (vigencia y DIAFORIN) dan evidencia de grandes desafíos, como la consolidación del diálogo entre la investigación y la formación en educación superior; adicionalmente, contribuye a promover planes formativos actualizados que integran conceptos como internacionalización y conocimiento dinámico.

La última encuesta Casen aplicada en Chile muestra cifras alarmantes de deserción escolar, cerca de 5 millones de estudiantes entre 14 y 17 años han abandonado sus estudios. Son estos jóvenes quienes necesitan de una Educación para Personas Jóvenes y Adultas (EPJA) fortalecida y con la capacidad de ofrecerles oportunidades de finalizar con su educación formal. Esta investigación es de carácter cuantitativo, descriptivo e inferencial, que tiene por objetivo conocer el grado de contribución de la Formación Inicial Docente desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes en formación, mediante un cuestionario estructurado en tres dimensiones. Los resultados de esta investigación señalan conocimientos en el área de medio a nulo, prejuicios atribuidos a los estudiantes que asisten a estos establecimientos, bajas expectativas laborales en el área y menor preparación dependiendo de la carrera

Abstract Hereditary transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis (ATTRv) is an autosomal dominant, systemic disease transmitted by amyloidogenic mutations in the TTR gene. To prevent the otherwise fatal disease course, TTR stabilizers and mRNA silencing antisense drugs are currently approved treatment options. With 90% of the amyloidogenic protein produced by the liver, disease progression including polyneuropathy and cardiomyopathy, the two most prominent manifestations, can successfully be halted by hepatic drug targeting or—formerly—liver transplantation. Certain TTR variants, however, favor disease manifestations in the central nervous system (CNS) or eyes, which is mostly associated with TTR production in the choroid plexus and retina. These compartments cannot be sufficiently reached by any of the approved medications. From liver-transplanted patients, we have learned that with longer lifespans, such CNS manifestations become more relevant over time, even if the underlying TTR mutation is not primarily associated with such. Are we therefore creating a new phenotype? Prolonging life will most likely lead to a shift in the phenotypic spectrum, enabling manifestations like blindness, dementia, and cerebral hemorrhage to come out of the disease background. To overcome the first therapeutic limitation, the blood–brain barrier, we might be able to learn from other antisense drugs currently being used in research or even being approved for primary neurodegenerative CNS diseases like spinal muscular atrophy or Alzheimer’s disease. But what effects will unselective CNS TTR knock-down have considering its role in neuroprotection? A potential approach to overcome this second limitiation might be allele-specific targeting, which is, however, still far from clinical trials. Ethical standpoints underline the need for seamless data collection to enable more evidence-based decisions and for thoughtful consenting in research and clinical practice. We conclude that the current advances in treating ATTRv amyloidosis have become a meaningful example for mechanism-based treatment. With its great success in improving patient life spans, we will still have to face new challenges including shifts in the phenotype spectrum and the ongoing need for improved treatment precision. Further investigation is needed to address these closed barriers and open questions.

En la actualidad los perfiles de egreso son considerados de gran importancia, ya que delinean la formación que se entregará en cada carrera, sin embargo, encontramos una variedad de elementos en ellos, algunos muy completos y otros con escasas competencias mencionadas especialmente, en las carreras de pedagogía, como se señala en este estudio. La siguiente investigación propone los elementos que deberían considerarse para la construcción de perfiles de egreso de los futuros profesores, basados en una revisión bibliográfica y las principales Políticas Educativas de Chile. Los perfiles de egreso son fundamentales para la construcción de mallas y programas de estudios, asimismo su correcta elaboración es crucial para la consideración del modelo de profesor que queremos para el país, los que deben alinearse con las demandas de la sociedad, las Políticas Educativas actuales y las experiencias internacionales exitosas. Este trabajo propone un perfil de egreso para profesores, orientado y focalizando competencias para la Formación Inicial Docente, delineando así un modelo de profesor, quedando constituido por: una competencia global común, competencias genéricas o transversales separadas por ejes, competencias de la disciplina y competencias del sello de la universidad. En este trabajo se propone un perfil de egreso para profesores y busca contribuir a orientar, focalizar y potenciar las Políticas Educativas de Formación Inicial Docente, tanto a nivel regional como nacional logrando un perfil de egreso para profesores y delineando un modelo de profesor para el país.

Expanding metabolome coverage to include complex lipids and polar metabolites is essential in the generation of well-founded hypotheses in biological assays. Traditionally, lipid extraction is performed by liquid-liquid extraction using either methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or chloroform, and polar metabolite extraction using methanol. Here, we evaluated the performance of single-step sample preparation methods for simultaneous extraction of the complex lipidome and polar metabolome from human plasma. The method performance was evaluated using high-coverage Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-ESI coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-MS/MS) methodology targeting a panel of 1159 lipids and 374 polar metabolites. The criteria used for method evaluation comprised protein precipitation efficiency, and relative MS signal abundance and repeatability of detectable lipid and polar metabolites in human plasma. Among the tested methods, the isopropanol (IPA) and 1-butanol:methanol (BUME) mixtures were selected as the best compromises for the simultaneous extraction of complex lipids and polar metabolites, allowing for the detection of 584 lipid species and 116 polar metabolites. The extraction with IPA showed the greatest reproducibility with the highest number of lipid species detected with the coefficient of variation (CV) < 30%. Besides this difference, both IPA and BUME allowed for the high-throughput extraction and reproducible measurement of a large panel of complex lipids and polar metabolites, thus warranting their application in large-scale human population studies.

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease associated with metabolic reprogramming. The shifts in the metabolome caused by BC still lack data from Latin populations of Hispanic origin. In this pilot study, metabolomic and lipidomic approaches were performed to establish a plasma metabolic fingerprint of Colombian Hispanic women with BC. Data from 1H-NMR, GC-MS and LC-MS were combined and compared. Statistics showed discrimination between breast cancer and healthy subjects on all analytical platforms. The differentiating metabolites were involved in glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, amino acid and fatty acid metabolism. This study demonstrates the usefulness of multiplatform approaches in metabolic/lipid fingerprinting studies to broaden the outlook of possible shifts in metabolism. Our findings propose relevant plasma metabolites that could contribute to a better understanding of underlying metabolic shifts driven by BC in women of Colombian Hispanic origin. Particularly, the understanding of the up-regulation of long chain fatty acyl carnitines and the down-regulation of cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA). In addition, the mapped metabolic signatures in breast cancer were similar but not identical to those reported for non-Hispanic women, despite racial differences.

John of God was the epitome of hospitality and beneficent charity at that time. He practiced a humanistic Chistianity consolidated by his acts in hospital care, which he universalized with time. John Ciudad Duarte was the “seed” of what is now the Order of the Brothers Hospitallers, with 1.000 members of the religious order, 30.000 workers and 225 centres around the world. The material and methods which have been used include documents published from 1995 to 2013, thanks to an exhaustive bibliography of electronic resources and books. For this purpose, we have taken into account variable such as its opening, historical, context, the role of Juan Ciudad Duarte and the health system at that time. Among the results, we can mention that in the Hospital of San Juan de Dios, patients were put in a particular hospital according to their disease. Hygiene was of the utmost importance and patients´ urine and excrements were properly disposed of. The way mentally ill people were treated was new. The work was carried out by own bothers of the order.

The sensorial properties of Colombian coffee are renowned worldwide, which is reflected in its market value. This raises the threat of fraud by adulteration using coffee grains from other countries, thus creating a demand for robust and cost-effective methods for the determination of geographical origin of coffee samples. Spectroscopic techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), near infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared (mIR) have arisen as strong candidates for the task. Although a body of work exists that reports on their individual performances, a faithful comparison has not been established yet. We evaluated the performance of 1H-NMR, Attenuated Total Reflectance mIR (ATR-mIR), and NIR applied to fraud detection in Colombian coffee. For each technique, we built classification models for discrimination by species (C. arabica versus C. canephora (or robusta)) and by origin (Colombia versus other C. arabica) using a common set of coffee samples. All techniques successfully discriminated samples by species, as expected. Regarding origin determination, ATR-mIR and 1H-NMR showed comparable capacity to discriminate Colombian coffee samples, while NIR fell short by comparison. In conclusion, ATR-mIR, a less common technique in the field of coffee adulteration and fraud detection, emerges as a strong candidate, faster and with lower cost compared to 1H-NMR and more discriminating compared to NIR.

The Saint Lazarus Hospital was founded. Poverty and diseases were seen as a problem of public and social order and medical assistance as a state’s task. However, the Church still kept an important role. The aim of this study is to present a general overview of the Saint Lazarus Hospital of Granada, from its beginning to its end, and to describe the lives of lepers in the hospital, the organization of health care as well as the role of nurses. The material and methods used in this study include an exhaustive bibliography of electronic resources and books. The method consists of gathering documents published from 1996 to 2010, taking into account variables such as the opening date, its demolition, social and historical context of leprosy, medical assistance and the lives of patients. The main conclusions are: - The hospital was the only hospital founded in Granada in the sixteenth century which took care of lepers and aimed at reducing the spread of the disease. - The main figure of the medical assistance was the permanent doctor and the nurses.

In a previous work using 1H-NMR we reported encouraging steps towards the construction of a robust expert system for the discrimination of coffees from Colombia versus nearby countries (Brazil and Peru), to assist the recent protected geographical indication granted to Colombian coffee in 2007. This system relies on fingerprints acquired on a 400 MHz magnet and is thus well suited for small scale random screening of samples obtained at resellers or coffee shops. However, this approach cannot easily be implemented at harbour’s installations, due to the elevated operational costs of cryogenic magnets. This limitation implies shipping the samples to the NMR laboratory, making the overall approach slower and thereby more expensive and less attractive for large scale screening at harbours. In this work, we report on our attempt to obtain comparable classification results using alternative techniques that have been reported promising as an alternative to NMR: GC-MS and GC-C-IRMS. Although statistically significant information could be obtained by all three methods, the results show that the quality of the classifiers depends mainly on the number of variables included in the analysis; hence NMR provides an advantage since more molecules are detected to obtain a model with better predictions.

In the 4-cell C. elegans embryo, a signal from P2 to its anterior sister, EMS, specifies the posterior daughter of EMS, E, as the sole founder cell for intestine. The P2-to-EMS signal restricts high level zygotic expression of the redundant GATA transcription factors, END-1 and END-3, to only the E lineage. Expression of END-1 or END-3 in early blastomeres is sufficient to drive intestinal differentiation. We show here that a number of E lineage characteristics, which are also regulated through P2-EMS signaling, can be uncoupled from intestine development, and each with a different sensitivity to specific perturbations of the P2-EMS signal. For example, we show that the extended cell cycle in Ea and Ep depends on the P2-induced high level expression of the cell cycle regulator, WEE-1.1, in E. A mutation in wee-1.1 results in shortened Ea and Ep cell cycles, but has no effect upon intestinal differentiation or embryogenesis. Furthermore, it has been shown previously that the total number of E lineage cell divisions is regulated by a mechanism dependent upon E being specified as the intestinal founder cell. We now show, however, that cell division counting can be uncoupled from intestine differentiation in the E lineage. Many mutations in P2-EMS signal genes exhibit nonfully-penetrant defects in intestinal differentiation. When embryos with those mutations generate intestinal cells, they often make too many intestinal cells. In addition, at the level of individual embryos, expression of end-1 and end-3, and another very early E-specific zygotic gene, sdz-23, exhibit stochastic and discordant defects in P2-EMS signaling mutants. We show here that sdz-23 is expressed close to wildtype levels in embryos deleted of both end-1 and end-3. sdz-23 does not appear to function in intestine development, raising the intriguing possibility that the P2-EMS interaction has downstream molecular consequences within the E lineage independent of end-1/3 and intestinal development.

La contribución al conocimiento científico de los casos clínico/planes de cuidados es escasa, sin embargo constituyen una herramienta docente muy importante. En los últimos años, la Enfermería está creando espacios comunes que ayudan a la correcta toma de decisiones basadas en sesiones clínicas y en el cuestionamiento de casos clínicos. Por ello, se considera pertinente realizar este estudio con el objetivo de evaluar la calidad metodológica de este tipo de diseños publicados en la revista ENE en el periodo 2007-2013. Se tuvieron en cuenta dos herramientas de evaluación metodológicas, una para casos clínicos (30 ítems) y otra para planes de cuidados (15 ítems). Se identificaron 30 artículos a estudio (13 casos clínicos y 17 planes de cuidados). Como resultados principales destacan que las puntuaciones en los planes de cuidados fueron más elevadas que en los casos clínicos.

El auge de la investigación enfermera en nuestro entorno crea la necesidad de realizar estudios bibliométricos que la visibilicen. El objetivo principal de este estudio consiste en analizar la producción científica en la revista ENE durante el periodo 2009-2013. Se trata de un diseño bibliométrico donde se incluyeron 75 artículos con resultados de investigación, los cuales fueron analizados por pares. Los resultados más relevantes son que gran parte de la producción son resultados de investigaciones de ambos abordajes metodológicos (cuantitativos/cualitativos), predominantemente de origen español, en su mayoría de Canarias, y con una participación internacional de ámbito iberoamericano. Existe escasa colaboración entre instituciones, CCAA y países. Hay un cambio de tendencias en las áreas temáticas donde los Cuidados Básicos y Fundamentos de Enfermería han pasado a encabezar la lista.

RESUMEN: El Hospital de San Lázaro fue fundado debido a que la pobreza y la enfermedad en esta época empiezan a ser consideradas como un problema de orden publico y social, y la asistencia una labor del Estado. No obstante, la Iglesia seguirá manteniendo un papel importante. El objetivo del estudio es realizar una visión global del Hospital de San Lázaro de Granada desde el momento de su apertura hasta su cierre, prescribir la vida de los leprosos en el hospital y la organización asistencial, describiéndola figura de enfermería. El material y métodos utilizados han sido una exhaustiva búsqueda bibliográfica mediante recursos electrónicos y en formato papel. El método empleado consiste en recopilar documentación publicada desde el ano 1996 al 2010, teniendo en cuenta variables como fechas de apertura y demolición del mismo, contexto histórico y social de la enfermedad de la lepra en la época, organización asistencial y vida de los leprosos en el hospital. Las conclusiones mas destacadas son que el hospital fue el único fundado en Granada en el siglo XVI con función asistencial y de aislamiento como prevención de la lepra, la figura principal de la asistencia era el medico, dos enfermeros y dos enfermeras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims. The main objective of this study was to describe the profile of patients who were benefitted in a collective effort to perform liver biopsies in Bahia, Brazil.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample composed of all the patients who were submitted to liver biopsy during a collective effort carried out in Bahia between July 2007 and November 2009. At the time of the procedure, data on the age and gender of patients and the reason for performing the biopsy were recorded. Data on the degree of fibrosis and the presence of co-morbidities. Following statistical analysis, the frequency of the liver diseases that led to the biopsy procedure was described, and the profile of the patients was stratified into groups according to the most prevalent etiologies.Results. Of the 550 patients evaluated, 55.3% were men and 44.7% women. Mean age was 46.63 ± 11.59 years and there was no statistically significant difference in age between males and females. Of the 550 patients, 72% had hepatitis C and the mean age of these patients was 48.49 ± 10.1 years, significantly higher than the mean age of the patients with hepatitis B (40.41 ± 12.43 years). Furthermore, 70.7% of the patients with hepatitis C were between 41 and 60 years of age. The most frequent fibrosis grade was F2 (44%) and the prevalence of advanced fibrosis was 27.7%. Overall, 85 patients, most of them men, had some degree of iron overload. With respect to the safety of the biopsy procedure, severe complications occurred in only two patients.Conclusion. Hepatitis C is the predominant liver disease that demanded liver biopsy. The profile of the patients who benefitted from this collective effort is similar to that of patients in the rest of the country. Moreover, non-Ultrasonography guided liver biopsy is safe and the collective effort to carry out liver biopsies in Bahia was found to be a viable venture.

Introduction: Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) is the most severe form of TB due to its high mortality and functional sequelae. There are several differential diagnoses for TB; and, it can also cause secondary conditions, such as vasculitis. Methodology: 155 biopsies, corresponding to 155 different patients out of 5,386 registered biopsies from 2008-2013, met the criteria of unknown etiology vasculitis and evidence of cerebral vascular disease. These were analyzed to assess the presence of central nervous system TB. The selected cases were assessed with Suzaan Marais (SM) criteria for clinical tuberculosis. After that, Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to amplify a fragment of the insertion sequence IS6110 of M. tuberculosis. 21 patients met the criteria for definitive tuberculosis by ZN staining and PCR, and 2 met the criteria for possible tuberculosis. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α, TNF-R1, and TNF-R2 were determined by immunohistochemistry in histological sections from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FF-PE) tissues in the 23 selected patients. Results: Granulomatous TB was present in almost half of the cases. TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 were expressed mainly in blood vessels, histiocytes, and macrophages. TNF-R2 expression was higher than the other markers, which suggests an anti-inflammatory response against M. tuberculosis Conclusions: The histopathological presentation of TB is not always limited to granulomas, abscesses, or meningitis; there are also clinical presentations characterized only with chronic inflammation of nervous and vascular tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]